Reciclagem de cobre proveniente de analisador automático de carbono e nitrogênio

Isotopic and elemental analysis of N, C and S in liquid and solid samples has been simplified with the advent of automated systems. The simplest method of automation for this kind of analysis involves an elemental analyzer interfaced directly to the ion source of an IRMS (Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry). In the analyzer reduction system, an expressive amount of oxidized copper is generated as solid residue. This material is normally imported and the price is very high. A methodology was proposed for the recovery of metallic copper in order to recycle this reagent in the reduction system of a GC-IRMS, using the hydrogen gas in the vacuum line. Results show that it is possible to obtain a recycle of about 95 % of the initial metallic copper used in the reduction system.

Reciclagem química de zeólitas comerciais desativadas

Pyro and hydrometallurgical processes were applied to the treatment of spent commercial zeolites (a molecular sieve and a ZSM-5 sample). Both catalysts were employed in pilot plant units. They were kept in their original shape, they were not regenerated and were not subjected neither to mechanical stress nor to overheating zones during their time on-stream. Two recycling processes were tested: (i) direct solubilization of samples in mixtures of HF + H2O2 (60 ºC, 1 h). Although silicon was solubilized, insoluble matter was found in both samples, particularly in the molecular sieve, due to its high amounts of alkaline and alkaline-earth metals; (ii) fusion with KHSO4 (5 h, 600 ºC) with KHSO4/zeolite mass ratio 6:1. After fusion the solid was solubilized in water (100 ºC), leaving silicon as SiO2 residue. In both processes, solubilized metals were isolated by conventional selective precipitation techniques. Analysis of final products by common analytical methods shows that metals present in the original catalysts were recovered with very high yields except when the molecular sieve was treated with HF + H2O2. This reactant mixture proved to be suitable for processing zeolites with a low alkaline and alkaline-earth metal content whereas fusion with KHSO4 appeared to be adequate for all types of zeolites.

A tecnologia da reciclagem de polímeros

Solid municipal waste contains a large volume of polymers and its final disposal is a serious environmental problem. Consequently, the recycling of the principal polymers present in the solid waste is an alternative. In this review we describe the mechanical and chemical recycling of polymers and the energy recovery from plastic wastes. Polymer recycling involves not only the development of processing technologies, but also the solution of many chemical and analytical problems. The technological, economical and social aspects of polymer recycling are also considered.

Estudo dos efeitos do silício e do fósforo na redução da disponibilidade de metais pesados em área de mineração

This study was developed with a soil contaminated by heavy metals, with the purpose of evaluating the action of silicon and phosphorus as protection agents through simple extractions by DTPA. The collected samples were prepared and incubated with five doses of silicon and five doses of phosphorus, with four replicates, amounting to 100 experimental units. After 30 and 60 days, samples of each treatment were collected, submitted to pH analyses and simple extraction by DTPA. The amounts of DTPA-extracted metals depended on the doses of silicon and phosphorus and on the pH. Treatments with silicon and phosphorus was efficient in decreasing the availability of heavy metals in soil.

Influência das variáveis nitrogênio, fósforo e ºBrix na produção dos metabólicos secundários contaminantes totais da fermentação alcoólica

The present study evaluated the influence of nitrogen, phosphorus and ºBrix on the production of MSCT through a factorial design methodology and analysis of response surface. The objective was to propose a statistically significant probabilistic model for the alcoholic fermentation. In order to obtain less MSCT, the medium under fermentation needs to present low sugar concentration. It was observed that phosphorus and nitrogen, even with no significant individual effects, presented interactions with each other decreasing the production of MSCT, which improves alcohol quality.

Estudo das diferentes formas de fósforo nas águas da plataforma continental do Amazonas

Hydrological samples were collected on the continental shelf of the Amazon river to determine particulate organic and inorganic matter, dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP), phosphate, total particulate phosphorus (TPP), chlorophyll a, temperature, salinity, pH, water transparency, dissolved oxygen (DO) and saturation rate. The objective was to study the forms of DOP, phosphate and TPP. In the euphotic layer, the fluvial discharge from the Amazon river favored the distribution of phosphate, TPP and DOP. In the aphotic layer, the phosphate concentration increased due to the decomposition of DOP and TPP. This increase is due to the absence of photosynthetic processes.

Geoquímica de fósforo como indicadora da qualidade ambiental e dos processos estuarinos do Rio Jaguaribe - costa nordeste oriental brasileira

Phosphorus geochemistry as a proxy of environmental estuarine processes at the Jaguaribe River, Northeastern Brazil. Sedimentation of different phosphorus geochemical fractions can characterize the natural or anthropogenic processes dominant in the watershed. Selective chemical extraction of different phosphorus geochemical forms in estuarine sediments showed the predominance of inorganic over organic forms suggesting an increase in inorganic phosphorus input from anthropogenic sources. Local hydrochemistry favors the dominance of inorganic ferric and carbonatic phosphorus. Ongoing changes in the estuarine throphy, from mesothrophic to euthrophic, may decrease the immobilization of these forms, increasing dissolved phosphorus and favoring euthrophy. Detritic phosphorus suggests a fluvial origin of this fraction and acts as a tracer of river influence upon the estuary.

Espectroscopia Mössbauer na caracterização de compostos ferrosos em solos e sua relação com retenção de fósforo

The chemical role of iron-bearing compounds on the dynamics of phosphorus in selected Brazilian latosols was investigated. The iron oxides were characterized in an attempt to assess their main chemical-mineralogical properties influencing the ion sorption mechanisms in those pedosystems. It was found that increasing total iron contents tend to increase the phosphorus adsorption capacity in the selected soils. 110 K-Mössbauer data reveal that the dominant iron oxides are hematite and goethite. Particularly for the yellower soil samples some prominent doublets, more certainly due to superparamagnetic relaxation, may be assigned to corresponding fractions of relatively small-sized particles.

Determinação de fósforo biodisponível em rações de peixes utilizando extração assistida por ultra-som e espectrofotometria no visível

The aim of the present work was to develop and optimize a method for determination of bioavailable phosphorus in samples of feces and fish feed using ultrasound extraction and subsequent quantification by visible spectrophotometry. Using as extractor solution HNO3 0.50 mol L-1, the great conditions of extraction established were: sample mass - 100 mg, samples granulometry - < 60 µm, sonification time - five cycles of 40 s and ultrasound potency - 136 W. The proposed method was applied in studies of digestibility of this nutrient in different feeds used in diets of juvenile of Nile tilapia.

Comparação entre um trocador aniônico de sal de amônio quaternário de quitosana e um trocador comercial na extração de fósforo disponível em solos

The present work aimed modify chemically the chitosan (QTS) surface to obtain a reticulate chitosan quaternary ammonium salt (SAQQR), and compare this anionic exchanger with an commercial ion exchanger in the extraction of available phosphorus in soils. The results showed that the two exchangers are identical, extracting similar and proportional quantities of available phosphorus in the studied soils, and the anionic exchanger of SAQQR provides a high chemical stability, not affected by the pH difference of soils.

Utilização de planejamento fatorial no preparo de amostras de detergente em pó para a determinação de fósforo por análise em fluxo

The decomposition of detergent powder samples in a microwave oven and autoclave was evaluated. To establish the best experimental conditions a 2(5) factorial design was performed, varying the conditions in autoclave and microwave digestion and flow system parameters for the determination of phosphorus. The best composition was: 0.2 mL sulfuric acid; 500 W power and a 2 min time interval; 6 mmol L-1 of ascorbic acid and 16 mmol L-1 of molybdate to flow system. This factor levels use less reagents than the reference method. No statistically significant differences were found between the autoclave and microwave oven responses at the 95% confidence level.

Aplicação de fósforo para imobilização química do cádmio em solo contaminado

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of phosphorus on the Cd availability to plants of a contaminated soil using 109Cd isotope and chemical extractants. The experiment was set in a randomized block design and the soil was labeled with 222 KBq of 109Cd per pot and received 5 rates of P as triple superphosphate, growing lettuce plants as test crop. The use of phosphorus reduced pH of soil which altered the Cd availability in DTPA and Mehlich extractants. The lettuce Cd content decreased but its accumulation and L value increased in all treatments compared to the control, demonstrating the inefficiency of phosphorus in reducing the Cd availability.

Cargas superficiais da fração argila de solos influenciadas pela vinhaça e fósforo

Effects of vinasse, P sorption and the interaction vinasse-phosphorus on zeta potential and point of zero charge (PZC) as well as the effects of vinasse on P sorption on clay-fraction samples from two soils were evaluated. The vinasse and P sorption influenced the surface charge of clay fraction of both soils. Sorption of P increased negative charges from soil particles reducing PZC. These effects were more pronounced when clay fraction was previously treated with vinasse. Vinasse treatment reduced P sorption, probably due to coating of P-adsorption sites and by enhancing the negative charges.

Reciclagem do crômio de resíduos químicos provenientes da determinação de carbono oxidável em fertilizantes orgânicos

This work proposes a separation, recovery and reuse procedure of chemical residues with chromium. This residue was generated by the determination of oxidizable carbon in organic fertilizers samples. The Cr(VI) of the residue was reduced with ethanol and precipitated with NaOH. The Cr(OH)3 precipitate was separated and oxidized to dichromate ions with hydrogen peroxide. This solution was used another time in organic carbon determination. The uses of recycled dichromate solution were appropriated in four successive recycling. The accuracy was proven using potassium hydrogen phthalate and ten organic fertilizer samples. The organic carbon results, determined with recycled solutions, were similar the conventional solution.

A gestão do conhecimento aplicada à reciclagem de componentes automotivos através do tratamento das informações contidas em documentos de patentes

This article evaluates the technologies adopted for recycling and reuse of automobile components, through the analysis of patents documents. The automobile batteries recycling is the main topic, followed by the automatic disassembly of vehicles, tires recycling and polyurethane recycling. None document approached recycling of steel and aluminum or ceramics products. The reduced number of technologies for the recycling of the polymeric compounds (including polyurethane) indicates that a bigger number of research and inventions must be elaborated in the next years, aiming at to the reduction of costs of processes and adequacy to the more restricted environmental legislation.