Cournot duopoly with competition in the R&D expenditures

We present a new R&D investment in a Cournot Duopoly model and we analyze the different possible types of Nash R&D investments. We observe that the new production costs region can be decomposed in three economical regions, depending on the Nash R&D investment, showing the relevance of the use of patents in new technologies.

The Risks of Self - Medication: Case Report of Familial Misuse of AM3 (Immunoferon®)

Over the last decades extended medical knowledge has been an important health care benefit in terms of disease prevention and management. However, probably with no exception, most pharmaceutical products are not devoid of adverse consequences. Immunomodulators are commonly considered a “benign” drug whose advantages bypass consequences. The immunomodulator AM3 (Immunoferon®) is a clinically used, orally administered compound whose active principle is stabilised in an inorganic matrix of calcium. We report the misuse of AM3 in three members of a family; father and two children. The drug was prescribed to the father who subsequently administered it to the children without seeking medical advice. Two months later, all subjects developed abdominal and/or flank colicky pain. Hypercalciuria was diagnosed in the children with different degrees of severity. It is likely that the calcium content of the inorganic matrix played an important role in the onset of symptoms. No adverse side effects related to the inorganic matrix of calcium of immunoferon® have been documented so far. This family case report calls attention to the risks of self -medication in a susceptible family. Paediatric patients are vulnerable as they rely on adults for the supply of medications. Concerning the use of drugs in family, especially nonprescription drugs, the quality of health care provided to the children depends on the health literacy of their parents.

Toxicity of saponin isolated from Gymnema sylvestre R. Br. (Asclepiadaceae) against Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles (Diptera: Culicidae) Japanese encephalitis vector mosquito in India

To determine the larvicidal activity of various extracts of Gymnema sylvestre against the Japanese Encephalitis vector, Culex tritaeniorynchus in Tamilnadu, India. To identify the active principle present in the promising fraction obtained in Chlorofom:Methanol extract of Fraction 2. The G. sylvestre leaf extracts were tested, employing WHO procedure against fourth instar larvae of C. tritaeniorhynchus and the larval mortalities were recorded at various concentrations (6.25, 12.5, 25.0, 50 and 100 µg/mL); the 24h LC50 values of the G. Sylvestre leaf extracts were determined following Probit analysis. It was noteworthy that treatment level 100 µg/mL exhibited highest mortality rates for the three different crude extracts and was significantly different from the mean mortalities recorded for the other concentrations. The LC50 values of 34.756 µg/mL (24.475-51.41), 31.351 µg/mL (20.634-47.043) and 28.577 µg/mL (25.159-32.308) were calculated for acetone, chloroform and methanol extract with the chi-square values of 10.301, 31.351 and 4.093 respectively. The present investigation proved that G. Sylvestre could be possibly utilized as an important component in the Vector Control Program.

Research and development expenditure in the business sector as indicator of knowledge economy: the Portuguese experience

The objective of the paper is to help to understand recent changes in the structure of R&D activities, by analyzing data on the expenditure of the business sector in research and development (R&D). The results are framed in an international context, through comparison with indicators from the most developed countries, divided by technological intensity and economic activity. The study reveals that the indicators of Portuguese R&D expenditure in the business sector are closely linked both to fiscal policy and to high foreign direct investment in knowledge-intensive industries. It also links these indicators to phenomena such as the abundance of skilled labor in pharmaceutical industries and the government intervention in some sectors of the economy (namely health and rail transportation).

Exploraty Multivariate Statistical Methods Applied to Pharmaceutical Industry CRM Data

Dissertação apresentada como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Estatística e Gestão de Informação

Rickettsia typhi IN RODENTS AND R. felis IN FLEAS IN YUCATÁN AS A POSSIBLE CAUSAL AGENT OF UNDEFINED FEBRILE CASES

Rickettsia typhi is the causal agent of murine typhus; a worldwide zoonotic and vector-borne infectious disease, commonly associated with the presence of domestic and wild rodents. Human cases of murine typhus in the state of Yucatán are frequent. However, there is no evidence of the presence of Rickettsia typhi in mammals or vectors in Yucatán. The presence of Rickettsia in rodents and their ectoparasites was evaluated in a small municipality of Yucatán using the conventional polymerase chain reaction technique and sequencing. The study only identified the presence of Rickettsia typhi in blood samples obtained from Rattus rattus and it reported, for the first time, the presence of R. felis in the flea Polygenis odiosus collected from Ototylomys phyllotis rodent. Additionally, Rickettsia felis was detected in the ectoparasite Ctenocephalides felis fleas parasitizing the wild rodent Peromyscus yucatanicus. This study’s results contributed to a better knowledge of Rickettsia epidemiology in Yucatán.

CLINICAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL PROFILE OF ELDERLY PATIENTS WITH CHAGAS DISEASE FOLLOWED BETWEEN 2005-2013 BY PHARMACEUTICAL CARE SERVICE IN CEARÁ STATE, NORTHEASTERN BRAZIL

By controlling the transmission of Chagas disease, the challenge of providing assistance to millions of infected patients that reach old age arises. In this study, the socioeconomic, demographic and comorbidity records of all elderly chagasic patients followed at the Pharmaceutical Care Service of the Chagas Disease Research Laboratory were assessed. The information related to the clinical form of the disease was obtained from medical records provided by the Walter Cantídio University Hospital. The profile of the studied population was: women (50.5%); mean age of 67 years; retired (54.6%); married (51.6 %); high illiteracy rate (40.2%); and family income equal to the minimum wage (51.5%). The predominant clinical forms of Chagas disease were cardiac (65.3%) and indeterminate (14.7%). The main electrocardiographic changes were the right bundle branch block (41.0%), associated or not with the anterosuperior left bundle branch block (27.4%). The average number of comorbidities per patient was 2.23 ± 1.54, with systemic arterial hypertension being the main one found (67.0%). It was found that the elderly comprise a vulnerable group of patients that associate aging with cardiac and/or digestive disorders resulting from the evolution of Chagas disease and other comorbidities, which requires special attention from health services to ensure more appropriate medical and social care.

Studies on BolA and ribonuclease R: two important factors in the control of bacterial gene expression

Dissertation presented to obtain the Ph.D degree in Biology

Contributo da C.P.R.E./E.T.E. na Terapêutica da Pancreatite Aguda Litiásica

Na literatura médica existem actualmente vários trabalhos confirmando o valor da Colangiopancreatografla Retrógada Endoscópica (C.P.R.E.) e da Esflncterotomia Endoscópica (E.T.E.) na terapêutica da Pancreatite Aguda Litiásica (P.A.L.). E uma técnica endoscópica de primeira linha na actuação terapêutica na P.A.L. que ao permitir desobstruir as vias biliares de cálculos elimina o factor etiológico desencadeante da doença. E a experiência do grupo de C.P.R.E./E.T.E. do Hospital dos Capuchos que iremos dar a conhecer no presente trabalho.

Ação terapêutica do mebendazole (R 17635) em pacientes poliparasitados: resultados finais

O mebendazole (R 17635) foi testado no tratamento de pacientes, de ambos os sexos, portadores de helmintíases mistas; o grupo selecionado situava-se na faixa etária de 4 a 14 anos, constituindo-se de 140 pacientes necessariamente residentes em comunidades restritas. Cerca de 70% dos pacientes estavam infetados por pelo menos 3 helmintos (os demais pela associação de dois), dentre ancilostomídeos, Ascaris lumbricoides, Enterobius vermicularis, Taenia sp e Trichuris trichiura. O mebendazóle (R 17635) foi administrado em comprimidos de 100 mg, um 30 minutos antes do desjejum e outro 3 horas após o jantar, por 3 dias consecutivos, independentemente do peso corporal. Não foram observadas quaisquer evidências de reações indesejáveis imediatas ou tardias, que pudessem ser atribuídas à droga. O controle de cura foi efetuado mediante as técnicas de Willis e de Hoffman-Pons & Janer, em exames coprológicos realizados 7, 14 e 21 dias contados a partir do último dia do tratamento; nos portadores de teníase e oxiuríase procedeu-se, também, ao método do "anal-swab" durante 7 dias consecutivos, a partir do sétimo dia após o tratamento. Percentual de 100% de cura foi registrado para oxiuríase, tendo sido de 98% na ascaridíase e na triquiuríase e de 94.5% na ancilostomíase. De 9 pacientes com teníase, 8 apresentaram negativação dos exames; entretanto, os Autores insistem na necessidade de maiores estudos a este respeito, quanto aos aspectos técnico e estatístico. Não obstante, consideram demonstrada a real eficácia do mebendazole (R 17635) como droga anti-helmíntica polivalente.

Manifestações neurológicas nas endocardites infecciosas - revisão de 103 casos estudados - 84 casos do Hospital dos Servidores do Estado-R.J. (1947-1978) e 19 casos do Hospital Estadual São Sebastião-R.J. (1975-1978)

Os autores fazem uma revisão de 103 casos de endocardites infecciosas, dos quais 52 apresentaram manifestações neurológicas. Dos 52 que não tiveram problemas neurológicos, 39 faleceram 175%), enquanto que dos 51 que não tiveram alterações do sistema nervoso, apenas 18 evoluíram para o óbito 135,3%). A endocardite infecciosa com manifestações neurológicas, na presente série, foi dominante no sexo masculino. Os grupos etários mais envolvidos foram as crianças, adolescentes e adultos jovens. Houve outro pico importante em pacientes acima de 50 anos. Os critérios para o diagnóstico de endocardite infecciosa utilizados no presente estudo, foram os clássicos, acrescidos de outros considerados de extrema utilidade, à medida que a experiência foi sendo acumulada, acompanhando paralelamente as modificações dos padrões etiológicos, assim como as alterações dos espectros clínicos da doença, conseqüentes a muitos fatores aqui discutidos. Os principais distúrbios neurológicos observados foram as manifestações meningeias, 25/52 148,1%), alterações do comportamento, 20/52 (38,4%), fenômenos motores (paralisias e paresias), 20/52 (38,4%). Alterações do nível de consciência (torpor ou coma), ao lado de outras menos comuns, como cefaléia 16/52 (26,9%), convulsões, 10/52 (19,2%), afasia 7/52 (13,5%) e manchas de Roth, 7/53 (13,5%). As manifestações neurológicas frequentemente foram múltiplas em um mesmo paciente. Nas formas de endocardite, foram em muitos casos praticamente as alterações que abriram e dominaram a cena clínica. As mais comuns foram: síndrome meningeia, síndrome vascular e encefalopatia tóxica. Foi difícil, em conseqüência de múltiplas manifestações neurológicas num mesmo paciente, estabelecer critérios entre a lesão neurológica e o prognóstico, embora o coma profundo, as convulsões, os distúrbios motores acentuados, a meningite e as alterações do comportamento, isoladamente ou em associação, façam com que o mesmo seja bem mais sério. O germe mais encontrado em nossa série foi oStaphylococcus aureus, relacionado com formas agudas da infecção endocárdica, aliado a processos destrutivos valvulares e a sérias alterações neurológicas tais como meningite, encefalite, infartos, hemorragias e abcessos cerebrais. Os principais achados neurológicos referentes à patologia, no estudo de 15 casos, são apresentados ao lado de conclusões tiradas de reflexões sobre o material analisado e da experiência vivida. Uma revisão da literatura é feita desde os trabalhos iniciais sobre a doença até os dias de hoje, ficando evidenciada a importância do tema pelas grandes contribuições apresentadas pelos diferentes autores.

Price linkages in pharmaceutical markets

A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Economics from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics

Study on solubility of pharmaceutical compounds in ionic liquids

Dissertation to obtain the degree of master in Chemical and Biochemical Engineering