Expectations and effects of a single yoga session on pain perception

BACKGROUND Several studies show yoga may benefit chronic pain management. We investigated the effect of a single yoga session on the perception of pain, measured by a standardized pain provocation test in healthy yoga participants while also comparing pain perception to participants' own expectations. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ninety yoga participants were recruited at hatha yoga schools in Switzerland. Pain perception was measured with a standardized algometric pain provocation test; i.e., a calibrated peg was applied for 10 seconds after which the participant rated pain intensity on a 0-10 numerical rating scale. The test was applied to the middle finger, ear lobe, and second toe before and after a 60-minute yoga session. RESULTS Sixty out of 90 (66.7%) yoga participants expected a reduced pain perception after the yoga session. However, 36 (40%) participants actually experienced less pain after compared to before the yoga session. But overall, pain perception statistically did not significantly change from before to after the yoga session at any of the three body locations assessed. The expectations and also the previous yoga experience did not significantly influence the participants' pain perception. CONCLUSIONS Regardless of the high positive expectations on the influence of yoga on pain, a single yoga session does not significantly influence pain perception induced by a pain provocation test. Hypoalgesic effects of yoga should be explained otherwise.

Rethinking ERP-Outsourcing Decisions for Leveraging Technological and Preserving Business Knowledge

During the selection, implementation and stabilization phases, as well as the operations and optimization phase of an ERP system (ERP-lifecycle), numerous companies consider to utilize the support of an external service provider. This paper analyses how different categories of knowledge influence the sourcing decision of crucial tasks within the ERP lifecycle. Based on a review of the IS outsourcing literature, essential knowledge-related determinants for the IS outsourcing decision are presented and aggregated in a structural model. It will be hypothesized that internal deficits in technological knowledge in comparison to external vendors as well as the specificity of the synthesis of special technological and specific business knowledge have a profound impact on the outsourcing decision. Then, a classification framework will be developed which facilitates the assignment of various tasks within the ERP lifecycle to their respective knowledge categories and knowledge carriers which might be internal or external stakeholders. The configuaration task will be used as an example to illustrate how the structural model and the classification framework may be applied to evaluate the outsourcing of tasks within the ERP lifecycle.

Latent profiles of work motivation in adolescents in relation to work expectations, goal engagement, and changes in work experiences

Motivation plays a key role in successful entry into working life. Based on a cross-sectional and a one-year longitudinal study, we used a person-centered approach to explore work-related motivation (i.e., autonomous goals, positive affect, and occupational self-efficacy) among 577 students in 8th grade (Study 1) and 949 adolescents in vocational training (Study 2). Based on latent profile analysis, in both studies we identified four groups that were characterized by different levels of overall motivation and one group characterized by low positive affect and mean levels in autonomous goals and self-efficacy. Profiles characterized by high levels of motivation showed the highest levels of positive work expectations and goal engagement and the lowest levels of negative work expectations in Study 1 and the highest levels of person-job fit, work engagement, and job satisfaction in Study 2. Moreover, latent difference score analysis showed that motivational profiles predicted changes in person-job fit and work engagement across one year but not in job satisfaction. The results imply that career counselors should be aware of characteristic motivational patterns of clients that may require specific counseling approaches.

Expectations, and Credibility in a Model of Monetary Policy

Recent monetary history has been characterized by monetary authorities which have been, alternatively hard and soft on inflation. In a vintage capital framework, investment decisions are not easily reversed. Therefore, expectations of policy as well as current policy are important to the investment decision. Here, a vintage capital model is used to assess the value of central bank credibility for a policy change. Policy in this model is assumed to be private information of the central banker. Agents learn about that policy which to study the ensuing transitional dynamics following a change in monetary policy regime.

Labeling in the Classroom: Teacher Expectations and their Effects on Students' Academic Potential

The transition to high school can be challenging for some adolescents, resulting in drops of academic functioning (Barber & Olsen, 2004; Smith, 2006). While changes in academic demands and the disparity between adolescent needs and the environmental characteristics of high school have both been cited as possible contributors to this decrease in academic and personal functioning (Barber & Olsen, 2004), it is possible that teachers may play an even larger role in undermining these students’ functioning, specifically through labeling. Although labeling, and how it can lead to self-fulfilling prophesies, is a concept that has been thoroughly researched and applied to the field of criminology and deviant behavior, it is the goal of this current study to investigate if labeling also occurs in the classroom setting and how such labels ultimately effect the academic potential of high school students.

Everyone is; should healthcare? Outsourcing: Issues in strategic planning, organizational culture, and organizational ethics

Expenditures for personal health services in the United States have doubled over the last decade. They continue to outpace the growth rate of the gross national product. Costs for medical care have steadily increased at an annual rate well above the rate of inflation and have gradually outstripped payers' ability to meet their premiums. This limitation of resources justifies the ongoing healthcare reform strategies to maximize utilization and minimize costs. The majority of the cost-containment effort has focused on hospitals, as they account for about 40 percent of total health expenditures. Although good patient outcomes have long been identified as healthcare's central concern, continuing cost pressures from both regulatory reforms and the restructuring of healthcare financing have recently made improving fiscal performance an essential goal for healthcare organizations. ^ The search for financial performance, quality improvement, and fiscal accountability has led to outsourcing, which is the hiring of a third party to perform a task previously and traditionally done in-house. The incomparable nature and overwhelming dissimilarities between health and other commodities raise numerous administrative, organizational, policy and ethical issues for administrators who contemplate outsourcing. This evaluation of the outsourcing phenomenon, how it has developed and is currently practiced in healthcare, will explore the reasons that healthcare organizations gravitate toward outsourcing as a strategic management tool to cut costs in an environment of continuing escalating spending. ^ This dissertation has four major findings. First, it suggests that U.S. hospitals in FY2000 spent an estimated $61 billion in outsourcing. Second, it finds that the proportion of healthcare outsourcing highly correlates with several types of hospital controlling authorities and specialties. Third, it argues that healthcare outsourcing has implications in strategic organizational issues, professionalism, and organizational ethics that warrant further public policy discussions before expanding its limited use beyond hospital “hotel functions” and back office business processes. Finally, it devises an outsourcing suitability scale that organizations can utilize to ensure the most strategic option for outsourcing and concludes with some public policy implications and recommendations for its limited use. ^

Determinants of patients' expectations about total knee arthroplasty outcomes

Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent form of arthritis in the US, affecting approximately 37% of adults. Approximately 300,000 total knee arthroplasty (TKA) procedures take place in the United States each year. Total knee arthroplasty is an elective procedure available to patients as an irreversible treatment after failure of previous medical treatments. Some patients sacrifice quality of life and endure many years of pain before making the decision to undergo total knee replacement. In making their decision, it is therefore imperative for patients to understand the procedure, risks and surgical outcomes to create realistic expectations and increase outcome satisfaction. ^ From 2004-2007, 236 OA patients who underwent TKA participated in the PEAKS (Patient Expectations About Knee Surgery) study, an observational longitudinal cohort study, completed baseline and 6 month follow-up questionnaires after the surgery. We performed a secondary data analysis of the PEAKS study to: (1) determine the specific presurgical patient characteristics associated with patients’ presurgical expectations of time to functional recovery; and (2) determine the association between presurgical expectations of time to functional recovery and postsurgical patient capabilities (6 months after TKA). We utilized the WOMAC to measure knee pain and function, the SF-36 to measure health-related quality of life, and the DASS and MOS-SSS to measure psychosocial quality of life variables. Expectation and capability measures were generated from panel of experts. A list of 10 activities was used for this analysis to measure functional expectations and postoperative functional capabilities. ^ The final cohort consisted of 236 individuals, was predominately White with 154 women and 82 men. The mean age was 65 years. Patients were optimistic about their time to functional recovery. Expectation time of being able to perform the list activities per patient had a median of less than 3 months. Patients who expected to be able to perform the functional activities by 3 months had better knee function, less pain and better overall health-related quality of life. Despite expectation differences, all patients showed significant improvement 6 months after surgery. Participant expectation of time to functional recovery was not an independent predictor of capability to perform functional activities at 6 months. Better presurgical patient characteristics were, however, associated with a higher likelihood of being able to perform all activities at 6 months. ^ This study gave us initial insight on the relationship between presurgical patient characteristics and their expectations of functional recovery after total knee replacement. Future studies clarifying the relationship between patient presurgical characteristics and postsurgical functional capabilities are needed.^

FAMILY MEDICINE RESIDENT SURVEY ON HEALTH PROMOTION (PERSONAL EXPECTATIONS, BEHAVIORS, PERCEIVED SELF-EFFICACY, COGNITIVE ASSESSMENT, OUTCOME EXPECTANCY)

This study was designed to test the theoretical predictors of personal efficacy expectations among family medicine resident physicians for helping their patients change thirteen high risk health behaviors. A survey questionnaire was sent to 781 family medicine residents in the six state south central region. The response rate was 60 percent. The hypothesized relationship between lower levels of difficulty and higher personal efficacy expectations was supported by the data. Effort was a significant predictor of perceived self efficacy for health behaviors considered less difficult to change. Situational support did not prove to be a significant predictor for many of the health behaviors. Rate and pattern of success were consistent and significant predictors of perceived self efficacy for helping patients change all thirteen of the health behaviors. Modeling of effective methods by faculty was a significant predictor of efficacy expectations for several but not all of the behaviors. Personal modeling was a significant predictor of perceived efficacy for helping patients change behaviors related to alcohol misuse and exercise. The respondents personally modeled positive health behaviors more consistently than their older colleagues or the general population.^ The results of this study lend substantially to the usefulness of the cognitive-behavioral theory of perceived self efficacy and provide a mechanism for assessing the predictors of personal efficacy expectations of family medicine resident physicians. The findings are expected to have direct implications for faculty to institute systematic programs of interventions designed to increase residents' perceptions of efficacy in facilitating more positive health behaviors among their patients. ^

A feasibility study for assessing building occupants' indoor air quality expectations compared to nationally recognized standards

Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) can have significant implications for health, productivity, job performance, and operating cost. Professional experience in the field of indoor air quality suggests that high expectations (better than nationally established standards) (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)) of workplace indoor air quality lead to increase air quality complaints. To determine whether there is a positive association between expectations and indoor air quality complaints, a one-time descriptive and analytical cross-sectional pilot study was conducted. Area Safety Liaisons (n = 330) at University of Texas Health Science Center – Houston were asked to answer a questionnaire regarding their expectations of four workplace indoor air quality indicators i.e., (temperature, relative humidity, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide) and if they experienced and reported indoor air quality problems. A chi-square test for independence was used to evaluate associations among the variables of interest. The response rate was 54% (n = 177). Results did not show significant associations between expectation and indoor air quality. However, a greater proportion of Area Safety Liaisons who expected indoor air quality indicators to be better than the established standard experienced greater indoor air quality problems. Similarly, a slightly higher proportion of Area Liaisons who expected indoor air quality indicators to be better than the standard reported greater indoor air quality complaints. ^ The findings indicated that a greater proportion of Area Safety Liaisons with high expectations (conditions that are beyond what is considered normal and acceptable by ASHRAE) experienced greater indoor air quality discomfort. This result suggests a positive association between high expectations and experienced and reported indoor air quality complaints. Future studies may be able to address whether the frequency of complaints and resulting investigations can be reduced through information and education about what are acceptable conditions.^

Fathering Behavior within the Context of Role Expectations and Marital Satisfaction: Framework for Studying Fathering Behavior

A father’s participation in a child’s life has been regarded as a significant factor in the enhancement of a couple’s relationship. Although the investigations between paternal behavior and marital satisfaction come with mixed results, they clearly link the concepts of maternal and paternal role expectations to paternal behavior, which can be also moderated by earner status, child’s gender, and traditional versus contemporary role expectations. Research needs to focus on examining how individuals’ perceptions of role expectations relate to fathers’ actual parenting behavior. Therefore, a framework that outlines the interaction between and among these variables is developed, as supported by recent literature as a guide for future research directives.

Knowledge and Expectations of Support People in Prenatal Genetic Counseling Sessions

Prenatal genetic counseling patients have the ability to choose from a myriad of screening and diagnostic testing options, each with intricacies and caveats regarding accuracy and timing. Decisions regarding such testing can be difficult and are often made on the same day that testing is performed. Therefore, it is reasonable to consider that the support people brought to an appointment may have a role in the decision-making process. We aimed to better define this potential role by examining the incoming knowledge and expectations of support people who attended prenatal genetic counseling appointments. Support people were asked to complete a survey at one of seven Houston area prenatal clinics. The survey included questions regarding demographics, relationship to patient, incoming knowledge of the appointment, expectations of decision-making and perceived levels of influence over the decisions that would be made during the counseling session. The majority (79.4%) of the 252 participants were spouses/partners. Overall, there was poor knowledge of the referral indications with only 33.5% of participants correctly identifying the patient’s indication. Participants had even poorer knowledge of testing options that would be offered during the session, as only 17.7% were able to correctly identify testing options that would be discussed during the genetic counseling session. Of participants, just 3.6% said that they did not want to be included in discussions about screening/testing options. Only a few participants thought that they had less influence over decisions related to the pregnancy than over non-pregnancy decisions. Participants who reported feeling like they had a higher level of influence were likely to attend more of the pregnancy-related appointments with the patient. Findings from this study have provided insight into the perspective of support persons and have identified gaps in knowledge that may exist between the patients and the people they choose to bring with them into the genetic counseling session. In addition, this study is a starting point to assess how much the support people think that they impact the decision-making process of prenatal genetic counseling patients versus how much the prenatal patients value the input of the support people.

Outsourcing documental en unidades de información

El outsourcing o externalización de servicios es una herramienta de gestión que delega un área o actividad de trabajo de una organización a una empresa externa, llamada outsourcer, especializada en el servicio demandado. Entregar un proceso en outsorcing puede resultar complejo a causa de los procesos que están involucrados. Por ello es necesaria una evaluación que permita la selección del proveedor de outsorcing. La investigación se propone: 1. Elaborar un análisis comparativo de empresas que brindan servicios documentales a unidades de información, 2. Aportar una herramienta metodológica que permita evaluarlas teniendo en cuenta criterios específicos para aquellas que realizan outsorcing documental, 3. Evaluar una muestra de empresas como ejemplo de aplicación de la criteria creada. Se estudiarán empresas de servicios documentales de Argentina y España y se confeccionará una criteria como medio para validarla. Se empleará la herramienta creada para evaluar una muestra de empresas y, por último, se tabularán los datos y analizarán los resultados. Se espera que la difusión de los resultados contribuya a que las unidades de información puedan responder a los cambios del entorno a través del incremento del nivel de calidad de sus actividades, aumentar la flexibilidad de las organizaciones asegurando la supervivencia organizacional en los procesos que generan los productos y servicios, en la manera de hacerlos y ofrecerlos, estimular el interés de optar por el outsorcing como nueva forma de gestión tratando de asistir a quienes deban seleccionar empresas prestadoras de servicios documentales, reducir y controlar los costos operativos.

Outsourcing documental en unidades de información

El outsourcing o externalización de servicios es una herramienta de gestión que delega un área o actividad de trabajo de una organización a una empresa externa, llamada outsourcer, especializada en el servicio demandado. Entregar un proceso en outsourcing puede resultar complejo a causa de los procesos que están involucrados. Por ello es necesaria una evaluación que permita la selección del proveedor de outsourcing. La investigación se propuso: 1. Elaborar un análisis comparativo de empresas que brindan servicios documentales a unidades de información, 2. Aportar una herramienta metodológica que permita evaluarlas teniendo en cuenta criterios específicos para aquellas que realizan outsourcing documental, 3. Evaluar una muestra de empresas como ejemplo de aplicación de la criteria creada. Se estudiaron empresas de servicios documentales de Argentina y España y se confeccionó una criteria como medio para validarla. Se empleó la herramienta creada para evaluar una muestra de empresas y, por último, se tabularon los datos y analizaron los resultados. Se espera que la difusión de los resultados contribuya a que las unidades de información puedan responder a los cambios del entorno a través del incremento del nivel de calidad de sus actividades, aumentar la flexibilidad de las organizaciones asegurando la supervivencia organizacional en los procesos que generan los productos y servicios, en la manera de hacerlos y ofrecerlos, estimular el interés de optar por el outsourcing como nueva forma de gestión tratando de asistir a quienes deban seleccionar empresas prestadoras de servicios documentales, reducir y controlar los costos operativos

Outsourcing documental en unidades de información

El outsourcing o externalización de servicios es una herramienta de gestión que delega un área o actividad de trabajo de una organización a una empresa externa, llamada outsourcer, especializada en el servicio demandado. Entregar un proceso en outsourcing puede resultar complejo a causa de los procesos que están involucrados. Por ello es necesaria una evaluación que permita la selección del proveedor de outsourcing. La investigación se propuso: 1. Elaborar un análisis comparativo de empresas que brindan servicios documentales a unidades de información, 2. Aportar una herramienta metodológica que permita evaluarlas teniendo en cuenta criterios específicos para aquellas que realizan outsourcing documental, 3. Evaluar una muestra de empresas como ejemplo de aplicación de la criteria creada. Se estudiaron empresas de servicios documentales de Argentina y España y se confeccionó una criteria como medio para validarla. Se empleó la herramienta creada para evaluar una muestra de empresas y, por último, se tabularon los datos y analizaron los resultados. Se espera que la difusión de los resultados contribuya a que las unidades de información puedan responder a los cambios del entorno a través del incremento del nivel de calidad de sus actividades, aumentar la flexibilidad de las organizaciones asegurando la supervivencia organizacional en los procesos que generan los productos y servicios, en la manera de hacerlos y ofrecerlos, estimular el interés de optar por el outsourcing como nueva forma de gestión tratando de asistir a quienes deban seleccionar empresas prestadoras de servicios documentales, reducir y controlar los costos operativos

Outsourcing documental en unidades de información

El outsourcing o externalización de servicios es una herramienta de gestión que delega un área o actividad de trabajo de una organización a una empresa externa, llamada outsourcer, especializada en el servicio demandado. Entregar un proceso en outsorcing puede resultar complejo a causa de los procesos que están involucrados. Por ello es necesaria una evaluación que permita la selección del proveedor de outsorcing. La investigación se propone: 1. Elaborar un análisis comparativo de empresas que brindan servicios documentales a unidades de información, 2. Aportar una herramienta metodológica que permita evaluarlas teniendo en cuenta criterios específicos para aquellas que realizan outsorcing documental, 3. Evaluar una muestra de empresas como ejemplo de aplicación de la criteria creada. Se estudiarán empresas de servicios documentales de Argentina y España y se confeccionará una criteria como medio para validarla. Se empleará la herramienta creada para evaluar una muestra de empresas y, por último, se tabularán los datos y analizarán los resultados. Se espera que la difusión de los resultados contribuya a que las unidades de información puedan responder a los cambios del entorno a través del incremento del nivel de calidad de sus actividades, aumentar la flexibilidad de las organizaciones asegurando la supervivencia organizacional en los procesos que generan los productos y servicios, en la manera de hacerlos y ofrecerlos, estimular el interés de optar por el outsorcing como nueva forma de gestión tratando de asistir a quienes deban seleccionar empresas prestadoras de servicios documentales, reducir y controlar los costos operativos.