Quantitative data on the feeding of Cyclops strenuus Fischer and Cyclops viridis Jurine. [Translation from: Trudy saratov.Otd.vses.nauchno-issled.Inst.ozer.rech.ryb.Khoz. 1, 163-176, 1951.]

Cyclopids, exactly in the same way as daphnids, significant component in the nutrition of plankton-f and the young of the majority of fishes. It is established that the food spectrum of cyclopids is extremely broad: daphnids, planarians, Copepodite stages of copepods (cannibalism), rotifers, protists, bacteria, phytoplankton and so on. It is clear that the problem of studying these or other components of feeding in the general food spectrum can be definitely resolved only after obtaining exact quantitative data on the feeding of cyclopids. This article attempts to fill the gap in the study of the quantitative side of the feeding of cyclopias; in it is investigated the size of the 24-hour ration of cyclopids feeding on protists, the dependence of the ration on some factors of the external medium, and the difference of 24-hour consumption per unit weight of tody with two species of cyclopids (Cyclops strenuus and Cyclops viridis).

Behaviour and mechanism of feeding of Lathonura rectirostris (Cladocera, Macrothricidae). [Translation from: Zoologicheskie Zhurnal 50, 1002-1010, 1971.]

The behaviour in the feeding process and the functional morphology of Lathonura rectirostris O.F. Muller - one of the widely distributed species of macrothricids - is studied. The current work is an attempt at morpho-functional analysis of the apparatus of the trunk appendages of Lathonura rectirostris O.F. Muller. This highly specialized species, the method of feeding of which basically comes to the mechanical scraping-off and collection of epiphytic single-celled algae and particles deposited on the surface of aquatic plants.

Growth and reproduction of Moina rectirostris (Leydig) and Ceriodaphnia quadrangula (O. F. Muller) with feeding on detritus. [Translation from: Sbornik po prudovomu rybovodstvu, 79-89. Moscow, VNIRO, 1969.]

The significance of detritus in the nutrition of aquatic animals, especially of the small representatives of the zooplankton, has been studied very slightly. Research so far has established that in M. rectirostris with feeding on protococcal and single-celled green algae and bacteria the beginning of formation of eggs takes place in 2 - 4 days. The young appear in 4 - 6 days. In this study M. rectirostris and C. quadrangula are fed on detritus of natural origin in laboratory conditions. In order to determine the assimilability and productive: effect of detritus, the author set up experiments, permitting to characterize the rate of growth, speed of maturing and fertility of M. rectirostris and C. quadrangula with feeding of them on detritus of different composition and age.

Methods of feeding of some macrothricids (Cladocera, Macrothricidae). [Translation from: Informatsionnyi Byulleten Biologiya Vnutrennikh Vod 16, 29-34, 1973.]

The feeding methods of macrothricids was investigated in three species — Ophryoxus gracilis G.O. Sars, Ilyocryptus sordidus (Lievin) and Lathonura rectirostris O.F.Muller. The procuring of food in those species follows two methods: filtration of dispersed particles or scraping off and collecting food from the surface of the substrate. When collecting food by scraping off is the sole method of feeding (as in Lathonura rectirostris), movement along the substrate and feeding are combined so intimately that they appear as parts of one and the same mechanism.

Fundamental aspects of the feeding of the amphipod Gammarus (R.) balcanicus (Crustacea, Amphipoda). [Translation from: Nauchn.Dokl.vyssh.Shkoly (Biol.Nauk) 1970(7) 12-16, 1970]

The amphipods are major food items for many commercial fishes, and they are used as protein food for agricultural animals. In the present paper are presented the results of four-year observations on the feeding of Gammarus balcanicus in nature and in an aquarium. Among the studied aspects were the dependence of daily food ration on sex and physiological state (with and without eggs) and feeding on different kinds of plant food. The study concludes that Gammarus balcanicus willingly feed on soft half-decayed plant residues; into their ration also enters food of animal origin. In contrast to other amphipods, G. balcanicus eats representatives of its own species very rarely, and only dead or immobile ones.

On the feeding of the larvae of Chironomidae during the planktonic period of life [Translation from: Nauch.Dokl.vyssh.Shk.Biol.Nauk 1 19-21, 1965]

It is known that the larvae of Chironomidae in the first stages of life after leaving the egg case, swim for a long time in a body of water. Positive reaction in light, the capability of directed swimming and passive floating in suspension allow the larvae to temporarily carry out a planktonic way of life. This study describes the behaviour of Chironomus dorsalis larvae after leaving the egg case. The feeding of chironomid larvae in the first stages of development was also described.

Selective plankton feeding by the coregonid ”bondella” (Coregonus sp.) of Lake Maggiore [Translation from: Translation from: Memorie dell'Istituto Italiano di Idrobiologia Dott.Marco de Marchi 31 181-203, 1974]

In recent times, some specialists have begun to study the subject of food selection of fish in an organized way, thus highlighting its importance. In the present work, the author intends to evaluate the impact of predation on the eupelagic zooplanktonic biocenosis of Lake Maggiore, producing, in this way, as far as possible, a basis for a better understanding of the population dynamics of the species of zooplankton directly involved. Another aspect which has been studied is that related to the mechanism of selective capture set in action by the predator. To this end the study tries to bear in mind that the subject should be interpreted as a function of numerous factors acting contemporaneously, that is as the interaction of characters peculiar to the predator and to the prey. The species studied, locally called ”bondella”, belongs to the family Salmonidae, subfamily Coregoninae and was introduced into Lake Maggiore in 1950.

Feeding of Gammarus lacustris Sars under different conditions of habitation [Translation from: [Trophic relations of freshwater invertebrates.] (ed. G. G. Vinberg) pp.94-98. Leningrad, Zool.Inst.AN SSSR, 1980]

The amphipod Gammarus lacustris, a regular representative of lacustrine communities, often plays a significant role in the transformation of matter and energy. The object of the present work was to clarify the quantitative side of the feeding of the amphipod under different conditions of habitation. Experimental works on determination of the rate of consumption of food and its dependence on body-weight were carried out in the summer periods 1975-1978 on three water-bodies of the Krasnoyarsk region, of different conditions of habitation for the amphipods.

Review of investigation on the feeding of the European grayling [Translation from: Flora Slodkowodna Polski. Tom 2. Cyanophyta, Glaucophyta (ed. K. Starmach) p350-352. Warsaw, Polska Academia Nauk, 1966]

The composition of the food of the European grayling and the character of its feeding has been studied fully enough, but this knowledge is scattered in the literature and often contradictory. rare exceptions, analysis of the results of different investigations. Therefore the proposed short outline of the history of the study of the problem with a description of the basic data on the feeding of the grayling in different geographical areas is presented as expedient and opportune, primarily in relation to the determination of immediate problems and the trend of research.

Changes in feeding biology of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), after invasion of water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms, in Lake Victoria, Kenya

Oreochrimis niloticus (L.) was introduced to Lake victoria in the 1950s. It remained relatively uncommon in catches until 1965, when the numbers began to increase dramatically. It is now the third most important commercial fish species after the Nile perch, Lates niloticus (L.) and Rastrineobola argentea (Pellegrin). Oreochromis niloticus is considered a herbivore, feeding mostly on algae and plant material. The diet now appears to be more diversified , with insects, fish, algae and plant materials all being important food items. Fish smaller than 5 cm TL have a diverse diet but there is a decline in the importance of zooplankton, the preferred food item of small fish, as fish get larger. The shift in diet could be due to changes which have occurred in the lake. Water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms, which harbours numerous insects in its root balls, now has extensively coverage over the lake. The native fish species which preyed on these insects (e.g. haplochromines) have largely been eliminated and O. niloticus could be filling niches previously occupied by these cichlids and non cichlid fishes. The change in diet could also be related to food availability and abundance where the fish is feeding on the most readily available food items.

A study of the nutrition of the Rotifer Asplanchna, with the help of Carbon 14 [Translation from: Byulleten ' Instituta Biologii Vodokhranilishch, No. 12, pp.17-20, 1962]

Laboratory research was done in order to study the feeding of larval Cricotopus silvestris F. in relation to characters of structure of oral apparatus. Results of the experiments are summarised and the oral apparatus morhologically described.

Feeding, metabolism and growth of brown trout

A short review of the work carried out by the FBA on feeding and growth of brown trout is presented in this article. Since the amount of work done on this subject is quite extensive, this review has to be very selective. The work has been previously described in 10 papers, 9 of which were written by the author (J.M.Elliott) and 1 written by the author and W.Davison- references for these, and the pioneer work of M.E.Brown and F.T.K.Pentelow, are supplied at the end of the article.

The ecological impact of different mechanisms of chronic sub-lethal toxicity on feeding and respiratory physiology

Sub-lethal toxicity tests, such as the scope-for-growth test, reveal simple relationships between measures of contaminant concentration and effect on respiratory and feeding physiology. Simple models are presented to investigate the potential impact of different mechanisms of chronic sub-lethal toxicity on these physiological processes. Since environmental quality is variable, even in unimpacted environments, toxicants may have differentially greater impacts in poor compared to higher quality environments. The models illustrate the implications of different degrees and mechanisms of toxicity in response to variability in the quality of the feeding environment, and variability in standard metabolic rate. The models suggest that the relationships between measured degrees of toxic stress, and the maintenance ration required to maintain zero scope-for-growth, may be highly nonlinear. In addition it may be possible to define critical levels of sub-lethal toxic effect above which no environment is of sufficient quality to permit prolonged survival.

Efeitos da suplementação oral com L-arginina e L-glutamina sobre a próstata ventral de ratos submetidos à irradiação

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o possível efeito protetor da L-glutamina e da L-arginina sobre a próstata ventral de ratos quando administradas por gavagem. Procurou-se simular as condições clinicas de pacientes submetidos à radioterapia pélvica tendo como órgão alvo outro órgão pélvico que não a próstata. Foram analisados os efeitos desta irradiação sobre a próstata considerando este órgão como normal. Foram utilizados ratos Wistar divididos em quatro grupos: Controle, animais não submetidos à irradiação (n= 10); Irradiado, submetidos à irradiação abdominal e sem suplementação adicional de aminoácido por 21 dias (n= 10); Irradiado + Lglutamina, submetidos à irradiação abdominal e com suplementação adicional de L- glutamina por 21 dias (n= 10); e Irradiado + L-arginina, submetidos à irradiação abdominal e com suplementação adicional de L- arginina por 21 dias (n= 9). Os grupos foram mantidos em condições padrão de laboratório durante todas as etapas do experimento. Os animais submetidos à irradiação abdominal receberam uma dose única de 1000 cGy no dia 8 da experimentação. A Lglutamina e a L-arginina foram dissolvidas em água destilada e administrada por gavagem através da agulha IC-810. As próstatas foram removidas e processadas para inclusão em parafina. Foram estudados os seguintes parâmetros: estrutura acinar (área dos ácinos e altura do epitélio) e colágeno analisados por métodos morfométricos e peso corporal. O ganho de peso nos grupos suplementados foi significativamente maior se comparado ao grupo irradiado. Houve redução da altura do epitélio no grupo irradiado quando comparado ao controle. A altura do epitélio no grupo suplementado com L-arginina foi significativamente maior do que nos grupos irradiado e suplementado com L-glutamina. Houve diminuição, de aproximadamente 18%, da área dos ácinos no grupo suplementado com L-glutamina. Já no grupo suplementado com Larginina o valor foi similar ao do controle. O efeito da L-glutamina sobre o parênquima prostático foi o de manter proporcionalmente o colágeno, preservando a integridade da matriz extracelular. No grupo suplementado com L-arginina, apesar da discreta redução na distribuição proporcional de colágeno este também manteve índices semelhantes ao do controle. A radiação abdominal promoveu algumas modificações estruturais na próstata ventral de ratos. Essas modificações podem ser parcialmente prevenidas pela suplementação oral com L-glutamina e de L-arginina.

Efecto de la suplementación oral con monohidrato de creatina en la capacidad de sprint en jugadores de fútbol sala

Propósito: Esta investigación examina los efectos de la suplementación con creatina en los esfuerzos de alta intensidad no prolongados en el tiempo, más concretamente en la posible mejora de la capacidad de sprint en jugadores de fútbol sala. Método: el estudio está diseñado con formato doble ciego. Se ha realizado a 10 jugadores varones integrantes de un equipo de fútbol sala, unas mediciones antropométricas (masa total y estatura) y unas pruebas que miden su rendimiento, estrechamente relacionadas con la capacidad de “sprint” (Squat Jump, Counter Movement Jump y Sprint de 20 metros de distancia lanzado).Después de esta primera recogida de datos, los jugadores han sido incluidos en un grupo que ha sido suplementado con CREATINA, o en un grupo PLACEBO. Ambos grupos tomaron durante 6 días, 20 gramos de producto, y una vez finalizado este periodo, se repitieron de nuevo tanto las mediciones antropométricas, como las pruebas de rendimiento. Concluidas estas segundas mediciones, comenzaron a tomar únicamente 5 gramos diarios durante 28 días, y de nuevo, una vez acabado este periodo, se repitieron las pruebas y mediciones. Resultados: No ha habido diferencias significativas que muestren cambios del IMC en ninguno de los dos grupos. Si existen mejoras significativas en las pruebas de rendimiento de las segundas mediciones respecto a las primeras, pero no son achacables a la ingesta de monohidrato de creatina, ya que sujetos de ambos grupos han mejorado. Conclusión: la creatina no ha mejorado la capacidad de sprint de estos deportistas. IDIOMA: ESPAÑOL.