The velocity dispersion profile of the globular cluster 47Tucanae

Gli ammassi globulari rappresentano i laboratori ideali nei quali studiare la dinamica di sistemi ad N-corpi ed i suoi effetti sull’evoluzione stellare. Infatti, gli ammassi globulari sono gli unici sistemi astrofisici che, entro il tempo scala dell’età dell’Universo, sperimentano quasi tutti i processi di dinamica stellare noti. Questo lavoro di tesi si inserisce in un progetto a lungo termine volto a fornire una dettagliata caratterizzazione delle proprietà dinamiche degli ammassi globulari galattici. In questa ricerca, strumenti di fondamentale importanza sono il profilo di dispersione di velocità del sistema e la sua curva di rotazione. Per determinare le componenti radiali di questi profili cinematici in ammassi globulari galattici è necessario misurare la velocità lungo la linea di vista di un ampio campione di stelle membre, a differenti distanze dal centro. Seguendo un approccio multi-strumentale, è possibile campionare l’intera estensione radiale dell’ammasso utilizzando spettrografi multi-oggetto ad alta risoluzione spettrale nelle regioni intermedie/esterne, e spettrografi IFU con ottiche adattive per le regioni centrali (pochi secondi d’arco dal centro). Questo lavoro di tesi è volto a determinare il profilo di dispersione di velocità dell’ammasso globulare 47 Tucanae, campionando un’estensione radiale compresa tra circa 20'' e 13' dal centro. Per questo scopo sono state misurate le velocità radiali di circa un migliaio di stelle nella direzione di 47 Tucanae, utilizzando spettri ad alta risoluzione ottenuti con lo spettrografo multi-oggetto FLAMES montato al Very Large Telescope dell’ESO. Le velocità radiali sono state misurate utilizzando la tecnica di cross-correlazione tra gli spettri osservati e appropriati spettri teorici, e sono state ottenute accuratezze inferiori a 0.5km/s. Il campione così ottenuto (complementare a quello raccolto con strumenti IFU nelle regioni centrali) è fondamentale per costruire il profilo di dispersione di velocità dell’ammasso e la sua eventuale curva di rotazione. Questi dati, combinati col profilo di densità dell’ammasso precedentemente determinato, permetteranno di vincolare opportunamente modelli teorici come quelli di King (1966) o di Wilson (1975), e di arrivare così alla prima solida determinazione dei parametri strutturali e dinamici (raggi di core e di metà massa, tempo di rilassamento, parametro collisionale, etc.) e della massa totale e distribuzione di massa del sistema.

Velocity recovery cycles of human muscle action potentials in chronic renal failure

To test the hypothesis that muscle fibers are depolarized in patients with chronic renal failure, by measuring velocity recovery cycles of muscle action potentials as indicators of muscle membrane potential.

Muscle membrane dysfunction in critical illness myopathy assessed by velocity recovery cycles

To test the hypothesis that muscle fibers are depolarized in patients with critical illness myopathy by measuring velocity recovery cycles (VRCs) of muscle action potentials.

Money is not enough: exploring the impact of social and cultural resources on youth health

Findings on socioeconomic health differentials in youth remain fragmented with the role of cumulative and interaction effects of different forms of health resources not well understood.

Chest pulse-wave velocity: a novel approach to assess arterial stiffness

Pulse-wave velocity (PWV) is considered as the gold-standard method to assess arterial stiffness, an independent predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Current available devices that measure PWV need to be operated by skilled medical staff, thus, reducing the potential use of PWV in the ambulatory setting. In this paper, we present a new technique allowing continuous, unsupervised measurements of pulse transit times (PTT) in central arteries by means of a chest sensor. This technique relies on measuring the propagation time of pressure pulses from their genesis in the left ventricle to their later arrival at the cutaneous vasculature on the sternum. Combined thoracic impedance cardiography and phonocardiography are used to detect the opening of the aortic valve, from which a pre-ejection period (PEP) value is estimated. Multichannel reflective photoplethysmography at the sternum is used to detect the distal pulse-arrival time (PAT). A PTT value is then calculated as PTT = PAT - PEP. After optimizing the parameters of the chest PTT calculation algorithm on a nine-subject cohort, a prospective validation study involving 31 normo- and hypertensive subjects was performed. 1/chest PTT correlated very well with the COMPLIOR carotid to femoral PWV (r = 0.88, p < 10 (-9)). Finally, an empirical method to map chest PTT values onto chest PWV values is explored.

Muscle ischaemia in patients with orthostatic hypotension assessed by velocity recovery cycles

Patients with orthostatic hypotension may experience neck pain radiating to the occipital region of the skull and the shoulders while standing (so-called coat-hanger ache). This study assessed muscle membrane potential in the trapezius muscle of patients with orthostatic hypotension and healthy subjects during head-up tilt (HUT), by measuring velocity recovery cycles (VRCs) of muscle action potentials as an indicator of muscle membrane potential.

Velocity recovery cycles of human muscle action potentials: Repeatability and variability

Velocity recovery cycles (VRCs) of human muscle action potentials have been proposed as a new technique for assessing muscle membrane function in myopathies. This study was undertaken to determine the variability and repeatability of VRC measures such as supernormality, to help guide future clinical use of the method.

Sperm morphology, swimming velocity, and longevity in the house sparrow Passer domesticus

Sperm competition exerts strong selection on males to produce spermatozoa with an optimal morphology that maximizes their fertilization success. Long sperm were first suggested to be favored because they should swim faster. However, studies that investigated the relationship between sperm length and sperm competitive ability or sperm swimming velocity yielded contradictory results. More recently, ratios of the different sections of a spermatozoon (the head, midpiece, and flagellum) were suggested to be more crucial in determining swimming velocity. Additionally, sperm ability to remain and survive in the female storage organs may also influence fertilization success, so that optimal sperm morphology may rather maximize sperm longevity than velocity. In this study, we investigated how sperm morphology is related to sperm velocity and sperm longevity in the house sparrow Passer domesticus. Sperm velocity was found to be correlated with head/flagellum ratio. Sperm with small heads relative to their flagellum showed higher swimming velocity. Additionally, shorter sperm were found to live longer. Finally, we found sperm morphological traits to vary substantially within males and the head/flagellum ratio to be unrelated to total sperm length. We discuss the hypothesis that the substantial within-male variation in sperm morphology reflects a male strategy to produce a diversity of sperm from long, fast-swimming to short, long-living sperm to maximize their fertilization success in a context of sperm competition.

Entrainment and Unit Velocity: Surprises in an Accelerated Exclusion Process

We introduce a class of distance-dependent interactions in an accelerated exclusion process inspired by the observation of transcribing RNA polymerase speeding up when “pushed” by a trailing one. On a ring, the accelerated exclusion process steady state displays a discontinuous transition, from being homogeneous (with augmented currents) to phase segregated. In the latter state, the holes appear loosely bound and move together, much like a train. Surprisingly, the current-density relation is simply J=1-ρ, signifying that the “hole train” travels with unit velocity.

From Money Storage to Money Store: Openness and Transparency in Bank Architecture

In the middle of the twentieth century, banks changed from ‘closed’ designs signifying wealth, security, and safety to ‘open’ designs signifying hospitality, honesty, and transparency as the perception of money changed from a passive physical substance to be slowly accumulated to an active notational substance to be kept in motion. If money is saved, customers must trust that the bank is secure and their money will be there when they want it; if money is invested, customers must trust that it is being done openly and honestly and they are being well-advised. Architecture visually communicates that the institution can be trusted in the requisite way.

Entrainment and Unit Velocity: Surprises in an Accelerated Exclusion Process

We introduce a class of distance-dependent interactions in an accelerated exclusion process inspired by the observation of transcribing RNA polymerase speeding up when “pushed” by a trailing one. On a ring, the accelerated exclusion process steady state displays a discontinuous transition, from being homogeneous (with augmented currents) to phase segregated. In the latter state, the holes appear loosely bound and move together, much like a train. Surprisingly, the current-density relation is simply J=1-ρ, signifying that the “hole train” travels with unit velocity.