Calculation of the magnetic field penetration depth for high-Tc cuprate superconductors based on the Interlayer Pair Tunneling model /

In this work, the magnetic field penetration depth for high-Tc cuprate superconductors is calculated using a recent Interlayer Pair Tunneling (ILPT) model proposed by Chakravarty, Sudb0, Anderson, and Strong [1] to explain high temperature superconductivity. This model involves a "hopping" of Cooper pairs between layers of the unit cell which acts to amplify the pairing mechanism within the planes themselves. Recent work has shown that this model can account reasonably well for the isotope effect and the dependence of Tc on nonmagnetic in-plane impurities [2] , as well as the Knight shift curves [3] and the presence of a magnetic peak in the neutron scattering intensity [4]. In the latter case, Yin et al. emphasize that the pair tunneling must be the dominant pairing mechanism in the high-Tc cuprates in order to capture the features found in experiments. The goal of this work is to determine whether or not the ILPT model can account for the experimental observations of the magnetic field penetration depth in YBa2Cu307_a7. Calculations are performed in the weak and strong coupling limits, and the efi"ects of both small and large strengths of interlayer pair tunneling are investigated. Furthermore, as a follow up to the penetration depth calculations, both the neutron scattering intensity and the Knight shift are calculated within the ILPT formalism. The aim is to determine if the ILPT model can yield results consistent with experiments performed for these properties. The results for all three thermodynamic properties considered are not consistent with the notion that the interlayer pair tunneling must be the dominate pairing mechanism in these high-Tc cuprate superconductors. Instead, it is found that reasonable agreement with experiments is obtained for small strengths of pair tunneling, and that large pair tunneling yields results which do not resemble those of the experiments.

The kinetics and induced decomposition on the thermal decomposition of hydroperoxides /

This project is focussed on the thermsLl decomposition of t-butyl hydroperoxide and sec-butyl hydroperoxide at 120°C to 160°C in three alcohol solvents. These are methanol, ethajiol and isopropyl alcohol. The aim of the project was to examine the process of induced decomposition. Thermal decomposition of t-hutyl hydroperoxide and sec-butyl hydroperoxide indicate that these reactions have first-order kinetics with activation energies on the order of 20 to 28 K cal/mole, Styrene was used as a free radical trap to inhibit the induced decomposition. The results permitted calculation of how much induced decomposition occurred in its absence. The experimental resvilts indicate that the induced decomposition is important for t-butyl hydroperoxide in alcohol solvents, as shown by both the reaction rate suid product studies. But sec-butyl hydroperoxide results show that the concerted mechanism for the interaction of two sec-butylperoxy radicals occurs in addition to the induced decomposition. Di-sodium E.D,T.A. was added to reduce possible effects of trace transition metal ion .impurities. The result of this experiment were not as expected. The rate of hydroperoxide decomposition was about the same but was zero-order in hydroperoxide concentration.

The normal co-ordinate analysis, vibrational spectra and theoretical infrared intensities of some thiocarbonyl halide molecules /

TITLE: The normal co-ordinate analysis, vibrational spectra and theoretical infrared intensities of some thiocarbonyl halides. AUTHOR: J. L. Brema SUPERVISOR: Dr. D. C. Moule NUMBER OF PAGES: 89 ABSTRACT: The vibrational assignment of the five-in-plane fundamental modes of CSClBr has been made on the basis of infrared gas phase and liquid Raman spectral analyses to supplement our earlier vibrational studies. Even though the one out-of-plane fundamental was not observed spectroscopically an attempt has been made to predict its frequency. The vibrational spectra contained impurity bands and the CSClBr assignment was made only after a thorough analysis of the impurities themselves. A normal co-ordinate analysis calculation was performed assuming a Urey-Bradley force field. This calculation yielded the fundamental frequencies in good agreement with those observed after refinement of the originally transferred force constants. The theoretical frequencies are the eigenvalues of the secular equation and the calculation also gave the corresponding eigenvectors in the form of the very important LLj matrix. The [l] matrix is the transfoirmation between internal co-ordinates and normal co-ordinates and it is essential for Franck-Condon calculations on electronically excited molecules and for infrared Integrated band intensity studies. Using a self-consistent molecular orbital calculation termed "complete neglect of differential overlap" (CNDO/2) , theoretical values of equilibrium bond lengths and angleswere calcuted for a series of carbonyl and thlocarbonyl molecules. From these calculations valence force field force constants were also determined but with limited success. With the CNIX)/2 method theoretical dipole moment derivatives with respect to symmetrized internal co-ordinates were calculated and the results should be useful in a correlation with experimentally determined values.

Investigation of the composition of linear alkylbenzenes with emphasis on the identification and quantitation of some trace compounds using GS/MS system in both electron impact and chemical ionization modes

Linear alkylbenzenes, LAB, formed by the Alel3 or HF catalyzed alkylation of benzene are common raw materials for surfactant manufacture. Normally they are sulphonated using S03 or oleum to give the corresponding linear alkylbenzene sulphonates In >95 % yield. As concern has grown about the environmental impact of surfactants,' questions have been raised about the trace levels of unreacted raw materials, linear alkylbenzenes and minor impurities present in them. With the advent of modem analytical instruments and techniques, namely GCIMS, the opportunity has arisen to identify the exact nature of these impurities and to determine the actual levels of them present in the commercial linear ,alkylbenzenes. The object of the proposed study was to separate, identify and quantify major and minor components (1-10%) in commercial linear alkylbenzenes. The focus of this study was on the structure elucidation and determination of impurities and on the qualitative determination of them in all analyzed linear alkylbenzene samples. A gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, (GCIMS) study was performed o~ five samples from the same manufacturer (different production dates) and then it was followed by the analyses of ten commercial linear alkylbenzenes from four different suppliers. All the major components, namely linear alkylbenzene isomers, followed the same elution pattern with the 2-phenyl isomer eluting last. The individual isomers were identified by interpretation of their electron impact and chemical ionization mass spectra. The percent isomer distribution was found to be different from sample to sample. Average molecular weights were calculated using two methods, GC and GCIMS, and compared with the results reported on the Certificate of Analyses (C.O.A.) provided by the manufacturers of commercial linear alkylbenzenes. The GC results in most cases agreed with the reported values, whereas GC/MS results were significantly lower, between 0.41 and 3.29 amu. The minor components, impurities such as branched alkylbenzenes and dialkyltetralins eluted according to their molecular weights. Their fragmentation patterns were studied using electron impact ionization mode and their molecular weight ions confirmed by a 'soft ionization technique', chemical ionization. The level of impurities present i~ the analyzed commercial linear alkylbenzenes was expressed as the percent of the total sample weight, as well as, in mg/g. The percent of impurities was observed to vary between 4.5 % and 16.8 % with the highest being in sample "I". Quantitation (mg/g) of impurities such as branched alkylbenzenes and dialkyltetralins was done using cis/trans-l,4,6,7-tetramethyltetralin as an internal standard. Samples were analyzed using .GC/MS system operating under full scan and single ion monitoring data acquisition modes. The latter data acquisition mode, which offers higher sensitivity, was used to analyze all samples under investigation for presence of linear dialkyltetralins. Dialkyltetralins were reported quantitatively, whereas branched alkylbenzenes were reported semi-qualitatively. The GC/MS method that was developed during the course of this study allowed identification of some other trace impurities present in commercial LABs. Compounds such as non-linear dialkyltetralins, dialkylindanes, diphenylalkanes and alkylnaphthalenes were identified but their detailed structure elucidation and the quantitation was beyond the scope of this study. However, further investigation of these compounds will be the subject of a future study.

Polytypism and Silicon carbide : a solid state nuclear magnetic resonance study

A survey of predominantly industrial silicon carbide has been carried out using Magic Angle Spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS nmr); a solid state technique. Three silicon carbide polytypes were studied; 3C, 6H, and 15R. The 13C and 29 Si MAS nmr spectra of the bulk SiC sample was identified on the basis of silicon (carbon) site type in the d iff ere n t pol Y t Y pes • Out to 5.00 A fro mac en t r a lsi 1 i con (0 r carbon) atom four types of sites were characterized using symmetry based calculations. This method of polytype analysis was also considered, in the prelminary stages, for applications with other polytypic material; CdBr 2 , CdI 2 , and PbI 2 " In an attempt to understand the minor components of silicon carbide, such as its surface, some samples were hydrofluoric acid washed and heated to extreme temperatures. Basically, an HF removable species which absorbs at -110 ppm (Si0 2 ) in the 29 Si MAS nmr spectrum is found in silicon carbide after heating. Other unidentified peaks observed at short recycle delays in some 29 Si MAS nmr spectra are considered to be impurities that may be within the lattice. These components comprise less than 5% of the observable silicon. A Tl study was carried out for 29 Si nuclei in a 3C ii polytype sample, using the Driven Equilibrium Single-Pulse Observation of T1 (DESPOT) technique. It appears as though there are a number of nuclei that have the same chemical shift but different T1 relaxation times. The T1 values range from 30 seconds to 11 minutes. Caution has to be kept when interpreting these results because this is the first time that DESPOT has been used for solid samples and it is not likely in full working order. MAS nmr indicates that the 13C and 29 Si ~sotropic chemical shifts of silicon carbide appear to have a reciprocal type of relationship_ Single crystal nmr analysis of a 6H sample is accordance with this finding when only the resultant isotropic shift is considered. However, single crystal nmr also shows that the actual response of the silicon and carbon nuclear environment to the applied magnetic field at various angles is not at all reciprocal. Such results show that much more single crystal nmr work is required to determine the actual behavior of the local magnetic environment of the SiC nuclei.

Specific heat of UPdâ Siâ

The specific heat of single-crystal U Pd2 Si2 has been studied using both the step heating and continious heating methods for the temperature range 2 to 250 K. Successive phase transitions at Tl = 136I< and T2 = 108I< are reported, which are consistent with current publications. The transition at 40K, which was previously reported, has not been detected. Recent published elastic neutron scattering data, magnetic susceptibility and resistivity results suggest that U Pd2 Si2 may be a heavy fermion compound, however, the electronic specific heat coefficient I (= 18.97 ;~), obtained from the specific heat Cv measurements, is smaller than that of the conventional heavy fermion system. The Debye temperature of U Pd2Si2 is found to be 116.55K. The possibility is discussed that the maximum in CIT in the low-temperature range 2 to 4K corresponds to Schottky anomaly induced by localized magnetic impurities .

The determination of sinigrin in Brassica, and investigations into the use of allyl-isothiocyanate as a nematicide

The goal of this thesis was to study factors related to the development of Brassica juncea as a sustainable nematicide. Brassica juncea is characterized by the glycoside (glucosinolate) sinigrin. Various methods were developed for the determination of sinigrin in Brassica juncea tissue extracts. Sinigrin concentrations in plant tissues at various stages of growth were monitored. Sinigrin enzymatically breaks down into allylisothiocyanate (AITC). AITC is unstable in aqueous solution and degradation was studied in water and in soil. Finally, the toxicity of AITC against the root-lesion nematode (Pratylenchus penetrans) was determined. A method was developed to extract sinigrin from whole Brassica j uncea tissues. The optimal time of extraction wi th boiling phosphate buffer (0.7mM, pH=6.38) and methanol/water (70:30 v/v) solutions were both 25 minutes. Methanol/water extracted 13% greater amount of sinigrin than phosphate buffer solution. Degradation of sinigrin in boiling phosphate buffer solution (0.13%/minute) was similar to the loss of sinigrin during the extraction procedure. The loss of sinigrin from boiling methanol/water was estimated to be O.Ol%/minute. Brassica juncea extract clean up was accomplished by an ion-pair solid phase extraction (SPE) method. The recovery of sinigrin was 92.6% and coextractive impurities were not detected in the cleaned up extract. Several high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods were developed for the determination of sinigrin. All the developed methods employed an isocratic mobile phase system wi th a low concentration of phosphate buffer solution, ammonium acetate solution or an ion-pair reagent solution. A step gradient system was also developed. The method involved preconditioning the analytical column with phosphate buffer solution and then switching the mobile phase to 100% water after sample injection.Sinigrin and benzyl-glucosinolate were both studied by HPLC particle beam negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry (HPLCPB- NCI-MS). Comparison of the mass spectra revealed the presence of fragments arising from the ~hioglucose moiety and glucosinolate side-chain. Variation in the slnlgrin concentration within Brassica juncea plants was studied (Domo and Cutlass cuItivars). The sinigrin concentration in the top three leaves was studied during growth of each cultivar. For Cutlass, the minimum (200~100~g/g) and maximum (1300~200~g/g) concentrations were observed at the third and seventh week after planting, respectively. For Domo, the minimum (190~70~g/g) and maximum (1100~400~g/g) concentrations were observed at the fourth and eighth week after planting, respectively. The highest sinigrin concentration was observed in flower tissues 2050±90~g/g and 2300±100~g/g for Cutlass and Domo cultivars, respectively. Physical properties of AITC were studied. The solubility of AITC in water was determined to be approximately 1290~g/ml at 24°C. An HPLC method was developed for the separation of degradation compounds from aqueous AITC sample solutions. Some of the degradation compounds identified have not been reported in the literature: allyl-thiourea, allyl-thiocyanate and diallyl-sulfide. In water, AITC degradation to' diallyl-thiourea was favored at basic pH (9.07) and degradation to diallyl-sulfide was favored at acidic pH (4 . 97). It wap necessary to amend the aqueous AITC sample solution with acetonitrile ?efore injection into the HPLC system. The acetonitrile amendment considerably improved AITC recovery and the reproducibility of the results. The half-life of aqueous AITC degradation at room temperature did not follow first-order kinetics. Beginning with a 1084~g/ml solution, the half-life was 633 hours. Wi th an ini tial AITC concentration of 335~g/ml the half-life was 865 hours. At 35°C the half-life AITC was 76+4 hours essentially independent of the iiisolution pH over the range of pH=4.97 to 9.07 (1000~g/ml). AITC degradation was also studied in soil at 35°C; after 24 hours approximately 75% of the initial AITC addition was unrecoverable by water extraction. The ECso of aqueous AITC against the root-lesion nematode (Pratylenchus penetrans) was determined to be approximately 20~g/ml at one hour exposure of the nematode to the test solution. The toxicological study was also performed with a myrosinase treated Brassica juncea extract. Myrosinase treatment of the Brassica juncea extract gave nearly quantitative conversion of sinigrin into AITC. The myrosinase treated extract was of the same efficacy as an aqueous AITC solution of equivalent concentration. The work of this thesis was focused upon understanding parameters relevant to the development of Brassica juncea as a sustainable nematicide. The broad range of experiments were undertaken in support of a research priority at Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada.

Magnetic and transport properties of (Ba1-xKx)Fe2As2

Single crystals of (Bal - xKx)Fe2As2 were prepared using the Sn flux method. Two heating methods were used to prepare the single crystals: the slow heating and rapid heating methods. It was found that the single crystals grown using the slow heating method were not superconducting due to a significant loss of potassium. When the rapid heating method was used, the single crystals were observed to be superconducting with the desired potassium concentration. The energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis indicated the presence of multiple phases in the single crystals. Using single crystal X-ray diffraction, the crystal structure of the single crystals was found to be 14/mmm tetragonal at room temperature. The magnetic measurements on the single crystals indicated the presence of multiple phases and magnetic impurities.

Synthesis, properties and characterization of N-Alkyl substituted b-Diketiminato copper(I) Complexes

Le ligand nacnacxylH (xyl = C6Me2H3) et les ligands dikétimines N-alkyle substitués (nacnacCH(Me)PhH, nacnacBnH and nacnaciPrH) ont été préparés avec de bons rendements à l’exception du nacnaciPrH (23%) en utilisant un protocole en une étape et à l’aide d’un montage Dean-Stark. La réaction du S,S-nacnacCH(Me)PhH et du nacnacBnH avec le nBuLi dans le THF conduit au S,S-nacnacCH(Me)PhLi(THF) et au nacnacBnLi(THF). Les tentatives de bromation de ces composés par le N-bromosuccinimide conduisent plutôt aux ligands S,S-succnacnacCH(Me)PhH et succnacnacBnH (succ = succinimido) substitués par un groupement succinimido sur le carbone  La chloration par le N-chlorosuccinimide conduit au produit désiré, mais avec des impuretés. La réaction de ces ligands avec le CuOtBu (ou bien MesCu, où Mes = C6Me3H2, et une quantité catalytique de CuOtBu) en présence de bases de Lewis donne les (nacnacxylCu)2(-toluène), nacnacxylCuCNC6H3(Me)2, nacnacCH(Me)PhCuL (L = PPh3, PMe3, CNC6H3(Me)2, DMAP, lutidine, Py, MeCN), nacnacBnCuL (L = PPh3, CNC6H3(Me)2, styrène, trans-stilbene, phenylvinylether, acrylonitrile, diphenylacetylène), nacnaciPrCuL (L = PPh3, CNC6H3(Me)2, MeCN) et le succnacnacCH(Me)PhCuL (PPh3, CNC6H3(Me)2, pyridine). Tous ces complexes sont jaunes et sensibles à l’air et à l’humidité. En l’absence de fortes bases de Lewis, on n’observe pas de réaction entre les précurseurs de cuivre et les ligands N-alkyle substitués. Les études RMN des complexes dans le C6D6 ne présentent pas de complexe de toluène mais un mélange à l’équilibre du (nacnacxylCu)2(-C6D6) et nacnacxylCu(C6D6) dans une proportion de 2 pour 1. Alors que l’addition de plus de cinquante équivalents soit de THF, soit de toluène n’induit aucun changement des spectres RMN, l’addition de 2 équivalents de MeCN conduit instantanément au complexe nacnacxylCu(MeCN). De plus, le (nacnacxylylCu)2(-C6D6) ne se coordone ni ne réagit avec le N2O, même après avoir été chauffé à 60°C pendant treize jours. En présence de DPA (diphenylacétylène), la réaction du nacnacBnH avec le CuOtBu conduit au dimère ponté (nacnacBnCu)2(µ-DPA). L’addition d’un excès de DPA (10-12 équivalents) transforme le dimère ponté en complexe lié en position terminale nacnacBnCuDPA. Les nacnacRH (R = CH(Me)Ph et i-Pr) ne forment pas de complexe ni avec les oléfines ni avec le DPA. Une réactivité similaire a été observée avec les complexes de nacnacCH(Me)PhCu(NCMe) et nacnaci-PrCu(NCMe). Tandis que le complexe lié en position terminale par MeCN a été isolé et caractérisé, l’équilibre en solution nous laisse suspecter la formation d’un complexe d’acétonitrile ponté. Des études de réactivité comparatives ont été menées sur quelques complexes de cuivre. La Morpholine ne réagit pas avec le nacnacBnCu(acrylonitrile) contrairement à l’acrylonitrile libre. L’expérience de l’échange d’oléfine montre que l’acrylonitrile (une oléfine électro-attractrice) se lie plus fortement que les autres oléfines, mettant ainsi en évidence l’importance de la rétrodonation  face à la donation La rétrodonation est cependant faible comparée aux autres complexes de styrène structurellement caractérisés. Les complexes nacnacCH(Me)PhCuL (L = PPh3 et MeCN) ont été employés dans la cyclopropanation catalytique du styrène et dans l’addition conjuguée du ZnEt2 sur la 2-cyclohexénone, mais les résultats indiquent que le ligand dikétimine est éliminé avant son entrée dans le cycle catalytique. Par conséquent, il n’y a pas d’induction chirale. Les complexes tétra coordinées de cuivre avec les nacnacRCu(phen) (R = Bn, CH(Me)Ph et Phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, 2-Mes-1,10-phenanthroline, 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (dmp) et 2,9-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (dpp)) ont été synthétisés. Ces complexes sont d’une intense couleur bleue et des interactions d’empilement entre l’un des cycles phényle des ligands nacnac et la phénanthroline ont été observées dans les structures à l’état solide. Les mesures en absorption UV-visible ont été effectuées dans le toluène et les bandes MLCT sont déplacées vers le rouge par rapport à celles des complexes de cuivre et bisphénanthroline. Tous ces composés émettent à l’état solide mais les complexes 1,10-phenanthroline et 2-Mes-1,10-phenanthroline n’émettent pas en solution. Pour renforcer les interactions d’empilement , les nouveaux ligands nacnacRH (R = CH2C6H2(OMe)3, CH2C6F5) et leurs complexes de cuivre respectifs ont été préparés avec du dmp et dpp. Afin de permettre la comparaison, le nacnaciBuCu(dmp) a été synthétisé. Alors que les complexes dmp montrent une augmentation des interactions intramoléculaires - avec les substituants phényle du ligand dikétimine et de la phénanthroline, les complexes dpp ne révèlent pas de telles interactions. Les complexes perfluorés montrent, en absorption et en émission, un déplacement significatif vers le bleu, alors que les complexes substitués par un groupements isobutyle présentent des transitions déplacées vers le rouge. Alors que les intensités de luminescence et les durées de vie sont faibles, les déplacements réduits de Stokes et les pics étroits de luminescence comparables indiquent une réduction des distorsions de l’état excité.

Étude des propriétés de liquides ioniques protiques en tant qu'électrolytes pour des supercapacités à base de dioxyde de ruthénium

Ce mémoire portant sur le développement de liquides ioniques protiques à l'état liquide à température ambiante en tant qu'électrolytes pour des supercapacités faradiques à base de dioxyde de ruthénium est divisé en trois études distinctes. La première permet d'évaluer quelles propriétés de ces sels fondus doivent être optimisées pour cette application en utilisant les données recueillies avec une série de nouveaux liquides ioniques protiques constitués de l'acide trifluoroacétique et différentes bases hétérocycliques azotées. La seconde discute de l'effet d'impuretés colorées sur les propriétés des liquides ioniques ainsi que sur des aspects pratiques devant être pris en considération lors des synthèses. La troisième traite d'importantes relations structure–propriétés pour une série de liquides ioniques protiques ayant des cations du type pyridinium et différents anions. Dans leur ensemble, les travaux présentés devraient permettre une recherche plus efficace de liquides ioniques avec des propriétés désirables en vue d'application comme électrolyte dans le futur.

Synthèse du LiXFePO4 par voie fondue et l’étude de la couche de carbone sur LiFePO4

Le LiFePO4 est un matériau prometteur pour les cathodes des batteries au lithium. Il possède une bonne stabilité à haute température et les précurseurs utilisés pour la synthèse sont peu couteux. Malheureusement, sa faible conductivité nuit aux performances électrochimiques. Le fait de diminuer la taille des particules ou d’enrober les particules d’une couche de carbone permet d’augmenter la conductivité. Nous avons utilisé une nouvelle méthode appelée « synthèse par voie fondue » pour synthétiser le LiFePO4. Cette synthèse donne des gros cristaux et aucune impureté n’est détectée par analyse Rayon-X. En revanche, la synthèse de LiXFePO4 donne un mélange de LiFePO4 pur et d’impureté à base de lithium ou de fer selon l’excès de fer ou de lithium utilisé. La taille des particules de LiFePO4 est réduite à l’aide d’un broyeur planétaire et plusieurs paramètres de broyage sont étudiés. Une couche de carbone est ensuite déposée sur la surface des particules broyées par un traitement thermique sur le LiFePO4 avec du -lactose. L’influence de plusieurs paramètres comme la température du traitement thermique ou la durée du chauffage sont étudiés. Ces expériences sont réalisées avec un appareil d’analyse thermogravimétrique (ATG) qui donne la quantité de chaleur ainsi que la variation de masse durant le chauffage de l’échantillon. Ce nouveau chauffage pour la couche de carbone donne des échantillons dont les performances électrochimiques sont similaires à celles obtenues précédemment avec la méthode de chauffage pour la couche de carbone utilisant le four tubulaire.

Écriture, altérité et identité dans La quarantaine de JMG Le Clézio

L’œuvre de JMG Le Clézio se caractérise par sa perpétuelle évolution. Elle échappe aux classifications génériques et maintient son statut subversif et indépendant. L’écriture de cet écrivain traduit les diverses influences qui l’ont marqué, les problèmes auxquels il fait face et la thématique majeure dans laquelle il inscrit son œuvre. À travers l’étude de La quarantaine, paru en 1995, nous essayerons lors du premier chapitre de comprendre comment Le Clézio réinvente son écriture pour remédier au problème de l’impureté du langage qui caractérisait son œuvre d’avant les années quatre-vingts. Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous analyserons les thématiques littéraire, familiale et historique qui font de cet ouvrage un roman de filiation. La quarantaine insiste sur l’importance de l’altérité traditionnelle et non occidentale en tant que facteur dans ce changement romanesque, et dont le mode de vie réfléchit différemment le problème de l’identité chez l’individu occidental. Dans le troisième chapitre, nous aborderons la question des enjeux de l’identité à travers l’expérience initiatique à laquelle se livre le protagoniste de La quarantaine en quête d’un devenir identitaire, d’une émancipation qui réconcilie l’individu moderne avec soi-même.

Défauts et diffusion dans le silicium amorphe

Nous avons observé une augmentation ‘’transient’’du taux de cristallisation interfacique de l’a-Si lorsqu’on réimplante du Si à proximité de l’interface amorphe/cristal. Après amorphisation et traitement thermique à 650°C pendant 5s de la couche a-Si crée par implantation ionique, une partie a été réimplantée. Les défauts produits par auto-réimplantation à 0.7MeV se trouvent à (302±9) nm de l’interface initiale. Cela nous a permis d’étudier d’avantage la variation initiale de la vitesse SPE (Épitaxie en phase solide). Avec des recuit identiques de 4h à 500°C, nous avons déterminé les positions successives des interfaces et en déduit les taux de cristallisation SPE. La cristallisation débute à l’interface et continue graduellement vers la surface. Après le premier recuit, (252±11) nm s’est recristallisé dans la zone réimplantée soit un avancement SPE de 1.26x10^18at./cm2. Cette valeur est environ 1.50 fois plus importante que celle dans l’état relaxé. Nous suggérons que la présence de défauts à proximité de l’interface a stimulé la vitesse initiale. Avec le nombre de recuit, l’écart entre les vitesses diminue, les deux régions se cristallisent presque à la même vitesse. Les mesures Raman prises avant le SPE et après chaque recuit ont permis de quantifier l’état de relaxation de l’a-Si et le transfert de l’état dé-relaxé à relaxé.

Stability studies of intravenous cyclosporine preparations stored in non-PVC containers

Dans cette étude, la stabilité de préparations intraveineuses de cyclosporine (0.2 et 2.5 mg/mL dans NaCl 0.9% ou dextrose 5%) entreposées dans des seringues de polypropylène, des sacs de polypropylène-polyoléfine et des sacs de vinyle acétate d’éthylène a été évaluée. Une méthode HPLC indicatrice de la stabilité à base de méthanol a été développée et validée suite a des études de dégradation forcée. Les solutions évaluées ont été préparées de façon aseptique, puis entreposées à 25°C. La stabilité chimique a été évaluée par HPLC et la stabilité physique a été évaluée par inspection visuelle et aussi par diffusion dynamique de la lumière (DLS). Tous les échantillons sont demeurés stables chimiquement et physiquement dans des sacs de polypropylène-polyoléfine (>98% de cyclosporine récupérée après 14 jours). Lorsqu’entreposés dans des seringues de polypropylène, des contaminants ont été extraits des composantes de la seringue. Toutefois, aucune contamination n’a été observée après 10 min de contact entre la préparation de cyclosporine non-diluée et ces mêmes seringues. Les préparations de 2.5 mg/mL entreposées dans des sacs de vinyle acétate d’éthylène sont demeurés stables chimiquement et physiquement (>98% de cyclosporine récupérée après 14 jours). Toutefois, une adsorption significative a été observée avec les échantillons 0.2 mg/mL entreposés dans des sacs de vinyle acétate d’éthylène (<90% de cyclosporine récupéré après 14 jours). Une étude cinétique a démontré une bonne corrélation linéaire entre la quantité adsorbée et la racine carrée du temps de contact (r2 > 0.97). Un nouveou modèle de diffusion a été établi. En conclusion, les sacs de polypropylène-polyoléfine sont le meilleur choix; les seringues de polypropylène présentent un risque de contamination, mais sont acceptables pour un transfert rapide. Les sacs de vinyle acétate d’éthylène ne peuvent être recommandés à cause d’un problème d’adsorption.

Growth and Characterization of ZnO based Heterojunction diodes and ZnO Nanostructuresby Pulsed Laser Ablation

Transparent conducting oxides (TCO’s) have been known and used for technologically important applications for more than 50 years. The oxide materials such as In2O3, SnO2 and impurity doped SnO2: Sb, SnO2: F and In2O3: Sn (indium tin oxide) were primarily used as TCO’s. Indium based oxides had been widely used as TCO’s for the past few decades. But the current increase in the cost of indium and scarcity of this material created the difficulty in obtaining low cost TCO’s. Hence the search for alternative TCO material has been a topic of active research for the last few decades. This resulted in the development of various binary and ternary compounds. But the advantages of using binary oxides are the easiness to control the composition and deposition parameters. ZnO has been identified as the one of the promising candidate for transparent electronic applications owing to its exciting optoelectronic properties. Some optoelectronics applications of ZnO overlap with that of GaN, another wide band gap semiconductor which is widely used for the production of green, blue-violet and white light emitting devices. However ZnO has some advantages over GaN among which are the availability of fairly high quality ZnO bulk single crystals and large excitonic binding energy. ZnO also has much simpler crystal-growth technology, resulting in a potentially lower cost for ZnO based devices. Most of the TCO’s are n-type semiconductors and are utilized as transparent electrodes in variety of commercial applications such as photovoltaics, electrochromic windows, flat panel displays. TCO’s provide a great potential for realizing diverse range of active functions, novel functions can be integrated into the materials according to the requirement. However the application of TCO’s has been restricted to transparent electrodes, ii notwithstanding the fact that TCO’s are n-type semiconductors. The basic reason is the lack of p-type TCO, many of the active functions in semiconductor originate from the nature of pn-junction. In 1997, H. Kawazoe et al reported the CuAlO2 as the first p-type TCO along with the chemical design concept for the exploration of other p-type TCO’s. This has led to the fabrication of all transparent diode and transistors. Fabrication of nanostructures of TCO has been a focus of an ever-increasing number of researchers world wide, mainly due to their unique optical and electronic properties which makes them ideal for a wide spectrum of applications ranging from flexible displays, quantum well lasers to in vivo biological imaging and therapeutic agents. ZnO is a highly multifunctional material system with highly promising application potential for UV light emitting diodes, diode lasers, sensors, etc. ZnO nanocrystals and nanorods doped with transition metal impurities have also attracted great interest, recently, for their spin-electronic applications This thesis summarizes the results on the growth and characterization of ZnO based diodes and nanostructures by pulsed laser ablation. Various ZnO based heterojunction diodes have been fabricated using pulsed laser deposition (PLD) and their electrical characteristics were interpreted using existing models. Pulsed laser ablation has been employed to fabricate ZnO quantum dots, ZnO nanorods and ZnMgO/ZnO multiple quantum well structures with the aim of studying the luminescent properties.