Praktisk eller teoretisk undervisning i naturvetenskap? : Vilket sätt gynnar eleverna?

Målet med denna studie var att studera hur elever lär sig på bästa sätt, om det är genom praktisk eller teoretisk inlärning i ämnet naturvetenskap eller om det är genom att använda sig av båda inlärningsformerna. Studien är baserad på observationer och intervjuer i en klass i årskurs tre. Eleverna fick göra ett för- och eftertest som analyserades. Testerna kompletteras med hjälp av analyserade intervjuer.   Studien visade blandade resultat. Vid några frågor sågs det tydligt att eleverna som hade haft en praktisk undervisning hade förstått, medan eleverna i den andra gruppen med teoretisk undervisning inte hade förstått. Resultatet visade också att vid vissa fall var resultaten tvärtom. Intervjuerna visade att majoriteten av eleverna tyckte att det praktiska arbetet var mer intressant och roligt. En slutsats var att vissa uppgifter förstår eleverna lättare med hjälp av praktisk undervisning och ibland tvärtom.   Resultaten diskuteras sedan i relation till den tidigare forskning som presenteras i del nummer två i uppsatsen. Diskussionsdelen i uppsatsen kommer att presentera metoddiskussionen, praktisk inlärning, teoretisk inlärning och ämnet naturvetenskap.

Reciprok undervisning som metod för ökad läsförståelse : En litteraturstudie om vad svensk forskning anser om reciprok undervisning som metod för ökad läsförståelse

The purpose of this study is to investigate what scholars in Sweden think about reciprocal teaching as a method for increased reading comprehension. This area is not an area that is researched a lot in Sweden so the knowledge is limited but the studies that has been conducted shows that especially students with a low reading comprehension answers well to RT. This study did also investigate work materials in Sweden that are based upon RT. One of these materials is quite popular and it turns out that it has no scientific base and there has only been students that has investigated the materials rehabilitee to increase reading comprehension. This literature study has generated in more areas that need research.

Interaktiva skrivtavlor som redskap i No-undervisning : En litteraturstudie om interaktiva skrivtavlor i No i årskurserna 1-3

Syftet med litteraturstudien är att få kunskap om hur och till vad interaktiva skrivtavlor kananvändas som ett verktyg i No-undervisningen för årskurserna 1-3. Litteraturstudien undersökerockså om interaktiva skrivtavlor kan öka elevernas motivation och lärande i No. Eftersom mångakommuner i Sverige valt att satsa på olika digitala verktyg är det relevant att ta reda på vadforskningen säger om varför det är relevant att använda interaktiva skrivtavlor i Noundervisningen,på vilket sätt det gynnar eleverna. De frågeställningar som litteraturstudienkommer att utgå ifrån är: Vad säger tidigare forskning om varför pedagoger använder interaktivaskrivtavlor i undervisningen inom No i årskurserna 1-3? Vad säger tidigare forskning om hur ochtill vad pedagoger använder interaktiva skrivtavlor som verktyg i undervisningen för att ökamotivationen och lärande hos eleverna inom No i årskurserna 1-3? Metoden för studien är ensystematisk litteraturstudie och sökningarna för vald litteratur har skett i databaserna ERIC(Proquest) och Summon för att få fram relevant litteratur. Resultatet visar att det finns flerafördelar med att använda den interaktiva skrivtavlan i No-undervisningen i årkurserna 1-3. Någraav dessa fördelar är att kommunikationen i klassrummet ökar, att undervisningen lättare kanvarieras och att lärarna kan inspirera varandra. I diskussionen diskuteras bland annat om deninteraktiva skrivtavlan kan vara ett redskap för att förbättra resultatet för eleverna i No, dettaeftersom Pisa-undersökningarna visar att eleverna visar sämre resultat i No än tidigare.

"Vi kan skriva förargument och sedan motargument" ­­ : Om deliberativa samtal i undervisning i svenska som andraspråk på högskolenivå

In the light of the twofold mission of Swedish schools, that is to say enabling pupils to develop both subject knowledge and a democratic attitude, the purpose of this thesis is to investigate to what extent adult higher education students from different language and social backgrounds, studying Swedish as a second language, are able to carry out joint writing assignments with the aid of deliberative discourse, and to what extent they thereby also develop a deliberative attitude. The twofold mission of education applies to them too. While there already exists a certain amount of research into deliberative discourse relating to education in schools, the perspective of higher education didactics in this research is still lacking. The present study is to be viewed as a first contribution to this research. The theoretical starting point of this study includes previous research into deliberative discourse by further developing an existing model regarding criteria for deliberative discourse, for example that there is a striving towards agreement, although the consensus may be temporary, that diverging opinions can be set against each other, that tolerance and respect for views other than one’s own are shown, and that traditional outlooks can be questioned. This model is supplemented by designations for a number of disruptive behaviours, such as ridiculing, ignoring, interrupting people and engaging in private conversations. The thus further developed model will thereafter act as a lens in the analysis of students’ discussions when writing joint texts. Another theoretical starting point is the view of education as communication, and of the possibility of communication creating a third place, thereby developing democracy in the here and now-situation. For this study, comprising 18 hours of observation of nine students, that is to say the discussions of three groups in connection with writing texts on different occasions, various ethnographic data collection methods have been employed, for example video recordings, participant observations, field notes and interviews in conjunction with the discussions. The analysis clarifies that the three groups developed their deliberation as the discussions about the joint assignment proceeded, and that most of the nine students furthermore expressed at least an openness towards a deliberative attitude for further discussions in the future. The disruptive behaviours mentioned in connection with the analytical model that could be identified in the discussions, for example interruptions and private conversations, proved not to constitute real disturbances; on the contrary they actually contributed towards the discussions developing, enabling them to continue. On the other hand, other and not previously identified disturbances occurred, for example a focus on grades, the lack of time and lacking language ability, which all in different ways affected the students’ attitudes towards their work. For any future didactical work on deliberative discourse in Swedish as a second language within higher education, these disturbances would need to be highlighted and made aware of for both teachers and students. Keywords: higher education didactics, communication, deliberative discourse, deliberative attitude, John Dewey, Tomas Englund, heterogeneity, ethnographic data collection methods.

Nu ska vi läsa... : En litteraturstudie om hur skönlitteratur inkluderas i undervisning samt dess effekter.

Litteraturstudien behandlar skönlitteratur i undervisning, vilka effekter den har samt varför skönlitteratur bör läsas i skolan. Syftet med litteraturstudien är att kartlägga skönlitteraturens roll i undervisningen samt synliggöra dess möjligheter. Frågeställningar som används är: Vilka faktorer påverkar läsning?; Varför ska skönlitteratur läsas i skolan?; Hur används skönlitteratur i undervisning och vad ger det för effekter? Studien är en litteraturstudie där datainsamling av texter gjorts utifrån tidigare nämnt syfte. Komparativ analysstrategi har även använts för att visa på ett vidgat perspektiv inom problemområdet. De teorier som genomsyrar detta arbete är den sociokulturella teorin, kognitivismen och pragmatismen. Resultatet visar att undervisning kring skönlitteratur ofta saknas och bakomliggande orsaker till detta samt beskriver hur tillgång till skönlitteratur främjar läsning. Resultatet belyser såväl fördelar som nackdelar med skönlitteratur i undervisning. Slutsatsen av detta arbete är att skönlitteratur kan ha en positiv påverkan på elevers utveckling av ett flertal förmågor. För att möjliggöra denna utveckling krävs att en mängd faktorer samspelar såsom lärarens unika kompetens, ett tydligt syfte med undervisningen och elevernas aktiva deltagande.

Temperature regulation of a pilot-scale batch reaction system via explicit model predictive control

In this paper, the temperature of a pilot-scale batch reaction system is modeled towards the design of a controller based on the explicit model predictive control (EMPC) strategy -- Some mathematical models are developed from experimental data to describe the system behavior -- The simplest, yet reliable, model obtained is a (1,1,1)-order ARX polynomial model for which the mentioned EMPC controller has been designed -- The resultant controller has a reduced mathematical complexity and, according to the successful results obtained in simulations, will be used directly on the real control system in a next stage of the entire experimental framework

'Explicit Learning: an Effort towards Human Scheduling Algorithms'

Abstract Scheduling problems are generally NP-hard combinatorial problems, and a lot of research has been done to solve these problems heuristically. However, most of the previous approaches are problem-specific and research into the development of a general scheduling algorithm is still in its infancy. Mimicking the natural evolutionary process of the survival of the fittest, Genetic Algorithms (GAs) have attracted much attention in solving difficult scheduling problems in recent years. Some obstacles exist when using GAs: there is no canonical mechanism to deal with constraints, which are commonly met in most real-world scheduling problems, and small changes to a solution are difficult. To overcome both difficulties, indirect approaches have been presented (in [1] and [2]) for nurse scheduling and driver scheduling, where GAs are used by mapping the solution space, and separate decoding routines then build solutions to the original problem. In our previous indirect GAs, learning is implicit and is restricted to the efficient adjustment of weights for a set of rules that are used to construct schedules. The major limitation of those approaches is that they learn in a non-human way: like most existing construction algorithms, once the best weight combination is found, the rules used in the construction process are fixed at each iteration. However, normally a long sequence of moves is needed to construct a schedule and using fixed rules at each move is thus unreasonable and not coherent with human learning processes. When a human scheduler is working, he normally builds a schedule step by step following a set of rules. After much practice, the scheduler gradually masters the knowledge of which solution parts go well with others. He can identify good parts and is aware of the solution quality even if the scheduling process is not completed yet, thus having the ability to finish a schedule by using flexible, rather than fixed, rules. In this research we intend to design more human-like scheduling algorithms, by using ideas derived from Bayesian Optimization Algorithms (BOA) and Learning Classifier Systems (LCS) to implement explicit learning from past solutions. BOA can be applied to learn to identify good partial solutions and to complete them by building a Bayesian network of the joint distribution of solutions [3]. A Bayesian network is a directed acyclic graph with each node corresponding to one variable, and each variable corresponding to individual rule by which a schedule will be constructed step by step. The conditional probabilities are computed according to an initial set of promising solutions. Subsequently, each new instance for each node is generated by using the corresponding conditional probabilities, until values for all nodes have been generated. Another set of rule strings will be generated in this way, some of which will replace previous strings based on fitness selection. If stopping conditions are not met, the Bayesian network is updated again using the current set of good rule strings. The algorithm thereby tries to explicitly identify and mix promising building blocks. It should be noted that for most scheduling problems the structure of the network model is known and all the variables are fully observed. In this case, the goal of learning is to find the rule values that maximize the likelihood of the training data. Thus learning can amount to 'counting' in the case of multinomial distributions. In the LCS approach, each rule has its strength showing its current usefulness in the system, and this strength is constantly assessed [4]. To implement sophisticated learning based on previous solutions, an improved LCS-based algorithm is designed, which consists of the following three steps. The initialization step is to assign each rule at each stage a constant initial strength. Then rules are selected by using the Roulette Wheel strategy. The next step is to reinforce the strengths of the rules used in the previous solution, keeping the strength of unused rules unchanged. The selection step is to select fitter rules for the next generation. It is envisaged that the LCS part of the algorithm will be used as a hill climber to the BOA algorithm. This is exciting and ambitious research, which might provide the stepping-stone for a new class of scheduling algorithms. Data sets from nurse scheduling and mall problems will be used as test-beds. It is envisaged that once the concept has been proven successful, it will be implemented into general scheduling algorithms. It is also hoped that this research will give some preliminary answers about how to include human-like learning into scheduling algorithms and may therefore be of interest to researchers and practitioners in areas of scheduling and evolutionary computation. References 1. Aickelin, U. and Dowsland, K. (2003) 'Indirect Genetic Algorithm for a Nurse Scheduling Problem', Computer & Operational Research (in print). 2. Li, J. and Kwan, R.S.K. (2003), 'Fuzzy Genetic Algorithm for Driver Scheduling', European Journal of Operational Research 147(2): 334-344. 3. Pelikan, M., Goldberg, D. and Cantu-Paz, E. (1999) 'BOA: The Bayesian Optimization Algorithm', IlliGAL Report No 99003, University of Illinois. 4. Wilson, S. (1994) 'ZCS: A Zeroth-level Classifier System', Evolutionary Computation 2(1), pp 1-18.

'Explicit Learning: an Effort towards Human Scheduling Algorithms'

Abstract Scheduling problems are generally NP-hard combinatorial problems, and a lot of research has been done to solve these problems heuristically. However, most of the previous approaches are problem-specific and research into the development of a general scheduling algorithm is still in its infancy. Mimicking the natural evolutionary process of the survival of the fittest, Genetic Algorithms (GAs) have attracted much attention in solving difficult scheduling problems in recent years. Some obstacles exist when using GAs: there is no canonical mechanism to deal with constraints, which are commonly met in most real-world scheduling problems, and small changes to a solution are difficult. To overcome both difficulties, indirect approaches have been presented (in [1] and [2]) for nurse scheduling and driver scheduling, where GAs are used by mapping the solution space, and separate decoding routines then build solutions to the original problem. In our previous indirect GAs, learning is implicit and is restricted to the efficient adjustment of weights for a set of rules that are used to construct schedules. The major limitation of those approaches is that they learn in a non-human way: like most existing construction algorithms, once the best weight combination is found, the rules used in the construction process are fixed at each iteration. However, normally a long sequence of moves is needed to construct a schedule and using fixed rules at each move is thus unreasonable and not coherent with human learning processes. When a human scheduler is working, he normally builds a schedule step by step following a set of rules. After much practice, the scheduler gradually masters the knowledge of which solution parts go well with others. He can identify good parts and is aware of the solution quality even if the scheduling process is not completed yet, thus having the ability to finish a schedule by using flexible, rather than fixed, rules. In this research we intend to design more human-like scheduling algorithms, by using ideas derived from Bayesian Optimization Algorithms (BOA) and Learning Classifier Systems (LCS) to implement explicit learning from past solutions. BOA can be applied to learn to identify good partial solutions and to complete them by building a Bayesian network of the joint distribution of solutions [3]. A Bayesian network is a directed acyclic graph with each node corresponding to one variable, and each variable corresponding to individual rule by which a schedule will be constructed step by step. The conditional probabilities are computed according to an initial set of promising solutions. Subsequently, each new instance for each node is generated by using the corresponding conditional probabilities, until values for all nodes have been generated. Another set of rule strings will be generated in this way, some of which will replace previous strings based on fitness selection. If stopping conditions are not met, the Bayesian network is updated again using the current set of good rule strings. The algorithm thereby tries to explicitly identify and mix promising building blocks. It should be noted that for most scheduling problems the structure of the network model is known and all the variables are fully observed. In this case, the goal of learning is to find the rule values that maximize the likelihood of the training data. Thus learning can amount to 'counting' in the case of multinomial distributions. In the LCS approach, each rule has its strength showing its current usefulness in the system, and this strength is constantly assessed [4]. To implement sophisticated learning based on previous solutions, an improved LCS-based algorithm is designed, which consists of the following three steps. The initialization step is to assign each rule at each stage a constant initial strength. Then rules are selected by using the Roulette Wheel strategy. The next step is to reinforce the strengths of the rules used in the previous solution, keeping the strength of unused rules unchanged. The selection step is to select fitter rules for the next generation. It is envisaged that the LCS part of the algorithm will be used as a hill climber to the BOA algorithm. This is exciting and ambitious research, which might provide the stepping-stone for a new class of scheduling algorithms. Data sets from nurse scheduling and mall problems will be used as test-beds. It is envisaged that once the concept has been proven successful, it will be implemented into general scheduling algorithms. It is also hoped that this research will give some preliminary answers about how to include human-like learning into scheduling algorithms and may therefore be of interest to researchers and practitioners in areas of scheduling and evolutionary computation. References 1. Aickelin, U. and Dowsland, K. (2003) 'Indirect Genetic Algorithm for a Nurse Scheduling Problem', Computer & Operational Research (in print). 2. Li, J. and Kwan, R.S.K. (2003), 'Fuzzy Genetic Algorithm for Driver Scheduling', European Journal of Operational Research 147(2): 334-344. 3. Pelikan, M., Goldberg, D. and Cantu-Paz, E. (1999) 'BOA: The Bayesian Optimization Algorithm', IlliGAL Report No 99003, University of Illinois. 4. Wilson, S. (1994) 'ZCS: A Zeroth-level Classifier System', Evolutionary Computation 2(1), pp 1-18.

The book of choice ferns for the garden, conservatory, and stove. Describing and giving explicit cultural directions for the best and most striking ferns and selaginellas in cultivation. Illustrated with coloured plates and numerous wood engravings, specially prepared for this work.

vol.I. Introduction to Athyrium.--vol.II. Blechnum to Nothochlaena.--vol.III. Ochropteris to Woodwardia, and Selaginella.

EXPLICIT WRITTEN CORRECTIVE FEEDBACK AND LANGUAGE APTITUDE IN SLA: IMPLICATIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT OF LINGUISTIC ACCURACY

Most second language researchers agree that there is a role for corrective feedback in second language writing classes. However, many unanswered questions remain concerning which linguistic features to target and the type and amount of feedback to offer. This study examined two new pieces of writing by 151 learners of English as a Second Language (ESL), in order to investigate the effect of direct and metalinguistic written feedback on errors with the simple past tense, the present perfect tense, dropped pronouns, and pronominal duplication. This inquiry also considered the extent to which learner differences in language-analytic ability (LAA), as measured by the LLAMA F, mediated the effects of these two types of explicit written corrective feedback. Learners in the feedback groups were provided with corrective feedback on two essays, after which learners in all three groups completed two additional writing tasks to determine whether or not the provision of corrective feedback led to greater gains in accuracy compared to no feedback. Both treatment groups, direct and metalinguistic, performed better than the comparison group on new pieces of writing immediately following the treatment sessions, yet direct feedback was more durable than metalinguistic feedback for one structure, the simple past tense. Participants with greater LAA proved more likely to achieve gains in the direct feedback group than in the metalinguistic group, whereas learners with lower LAA benefited more from metalinguistic feedback. Overall, the findings of the present study confirm the results of prior studies that have found a positive role for written corrective feedback in instructed second language acquisition.

NO-undervisning med interaktiv skrivtavla som hjälpmedel : En studie om möjligheten med individanpassning med den interaktiva skrivtavlan i årskurserna 1–3

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur verksamma lärare i årskurserna 1–3 beskriver arbetet med den interaktiva skrivtavlan i NO-undervisningen och hur de resonerar om möjligheter att anpassa undervisningen till varje elev. Utifrån studiens syfte ställdes följande frågeställningar: Vad anser lärarna om användningen med den interaktiva skrivtavlan i NOundervisningen? På vilket sätt beskriver lärarna att de arbetar med den interaktiva skrivtavlan i NO-undervisningen? Hur beskriver lärarna användningen av den interaktiva skrivtavlan för att anpassa NO-undervisningen efter varje elevs förutsättningar och behov? För att kunna besvara studiens syfte och frågeställningar har intervjuer gjorts med sex verksamma lärare. Resultatet av intervjuerna visar att lärarna ser många fördelar med att använda den interaktiva skrivtavlan, några fördelar som lärarna beskriver är lättillgängligheten av konkret material och att det underlättar planeringen/genomförandet av NO-undervisningen. Åsikterna om individanpassning i NO med den interaktiva skrivtavlan är delad, dels beskriver lärarna att behovet inte är lika stort i NO som i till exempel matematik och svenska. Lärarna beskriver också att de inte hinner anpassa undervisningen i NO. Samtidigt som lärarna upplever att den underlättar individanpassningen genom att det är enklare att använda många olika uttryckssätt. En slutsats är att det finns möjlighet att använda den interaktiva skrivtavlan för att anpassa NO-undervisningen.

Naturvetenskaplig undervisning i grundskolan : En studie om betydelsefulla faktorer för planering och begreppsförståelse i NO-undervisningen

Syftet med studien var att få kunskap om hur verksamma NO-lärare kan undervisa för att synliggöra naturvetenskapligt ämnesinnehåll i grundskolan. Ämnesinnehållet innefattar begrepp som används och som eleverna ska skapa förståelse för genom naturvetenskaplig undervisning. I studien undersöktes vad tre verksamma NO-lärare beskriver som betydelsefulla faktorer vid planering av undervisning, på vilka sätt naturvetenskapliga begrepp synliggörs samt vilka epistemologiska riktningsgivare lärarna använder. Studien inspirerades av epistemologiska riktningsgivare genom pragmatismens syn på lärande. Lärarnas uppfattningar har kunnat urskiljas genom semistrukturerade intervjuer samt öppna, strukturerande och direkta observationer. Resultatet visar att de verksamma lärarna ser flera faktorer som betydelsefulla vid planering av NO-undervisningen. I planeringarna ingår teori i form av att eleverna ska få kunskaper om begrepp och fenomen. Lärarna planerar även för praktiskt undervisning i form av undersökningar. Naturvetenskapliga begrepp synliggörs genom att lärarna uppmärksammar och förenklar begreppen. Lärarna intar flera epistemologiska riktningsgivare i olika undervisningssituationer för att leda eleverna i arbetsprocessen. Lärares undervisning är avgörande för elevernas lärande. I denna studie har det framkommit att lärare planerar för olika arbetsformer och handleder eleverna genom olika metoder i NO-undervisningen för att eleverna ska nå begreppsförståelse.

Kommunikation som verktyg till att utveckla elevers begreppsförståelse i matematik : En empirisk undersökning om hur lärare säger sig använda kommunikation i sin undervisning för att utveckla elevers begreppsförståelse i matematik

Denna studie grundar sig i en tidigare litteraturstudies resultat vilken lyfte fram kommunikation som det främsta verktyget för lärare att använda då det kommer till att utveckla elevers begreppsförståelse. I litteraturstudiens resultat presenterades olika kommunikationsmönster för lärare att använda men också hur elevers vardagliga språk och redan befintliga erfarenheter kring begrepp kan användas för att utveckla den begreppsliga förmågan i matematik. Utifrån det beskrivna resultatet ovan genomfördes en empirisk undersökning i syfte att få kunskap om hur lärare säger sig använda kommunikation i sin undervisning för att utveckla elevers begreppsförståelse i matematik. Resultatet för undersökningen, som grundar sig i lärarintervjuer, visar att kommunikation, på olika sätt, används till att utveckla elevers begreppsförståelse i matematik. Samtliga lärare som intervjuats till studien sa sig alla ta hänsyn till elevers befintliga kunskaper och erfarenheter, samtidigt som några av dem inte sa sig använda inte de informella definitioner som förespråkas i litteraturstudiens resultat. Resultatet synliggjorde också olika kommunikationskonstellationer som lärare lyfte fram i syfte att utveckla elevers begreppsförståelse, men också hur matematikboken kan användas som underlag för kommunikation i ovan nämnda syfte.

Explicit Reportorium perutile de pravitate hereticorum et apostatarum

Detalles físicos: Encuadernación flexible en pergamino, en regular estado de conservación (arrugado, manchado). Visibles maculaturas. Guardas elaboradas con sobrantes de imprenta. Texto sin encabezamiento, bien impreso en 38 líneas sobre papel de calidad con caracteres góticos, de dos tamaños. Signaturas. Colofón. Visibles manchas de humedad. Dotación según notas de la fichas en antiguo catalogo. Incunable. Título y datos de publicación tomados del colofón. Incluye índice. Desde "abiuratio" (= abjuración), hasta "zizania" (=cizaña). Es un manual, en orden alfabético, acerca de cómo proceder con los herejes y los apóstatas en diversos casos. Tanto en materias de derecho civil como de derecho eclesiástico.