966 resultados para environmental quality standards
Resumo:
Las organizaciones en la actualidad deben encontrar diferentes maneras de sobrevivir en un tiempo de rápida transformación. Uno de los mecanismos usados por las empresas para adaptarse a los cambios organizacionales son los sistemas de control de gestión, que a su vez permiten a las organizaciones hacer un seguimiento a sus procesos, para que la adaptabilidad sea efectiva. Otra variable importante para la adaptación es el aprendizaje organizacional siendo el proceso mediante el cual las organizaciones se adaptan a los cambios del entorno, tanto interno como externo de la compañía. Dado lo anterior, este proyecto se basa en la extracción de documentación soporte valido, que permita explorar las interacciones entre estos dos campos, los sistemas de control de gestión y el aprendizaje organizacional, además, analizar el impacto de estas interacciones en la perdurabilidad organizacional.
Resumo:
En este proyecto se determinara cómo se realiza el desarrollo y el posicionamiento de productos mediante la relación estratégica comunitaria y el marketing. A lo largo del tiempo se han venido observando diferentes cambios en el marketing. Anteriormente este era visto como un vínculo entre los procesos sociales y económicos más que como un conjunto de actividades que buscan satisfacer las necesidades del cliente. Por medio del marketing, las organizaciones se enfocaron en la importancia de ofrecer productos altamente competitivos los cuales satisficieran las necesidades de cada uno de los clientes con el fin de generar productos únicos, con una buena posición en el mercado y que no fueran remplazados por su competencia. Es por esto que ofrecían productos con estándares de alta calidad, disminuyendo costos de producción y tiempo para implementarlos en el mercado y satisfacer la demanda de los clientes. Hoy en día, los mercados están saturados es por esto que es de suma importancia que el cliente se encuentre satisfecho con el producto para que vuelva a comprarlo y se cree una relación perdurable y satisfactoria tanto para la compañía como para el cliente. Por este motivo las organizaciones que tengan la capacidad de innovar ya sea mejorando uno ya existente o creando uno totalmente nuevo serán más reconocidas por los consumidores, y así podrán desarrollar productos con precios elevados incrementando su rentabilidad. El marketing relacional tiene una visión un poco más amplia, la cual explica que así como la fidelización de los clientes es importante para una compañía, se debe tener en cuenta a todo el personal que trabaja en esta para mantenerlo satisfecho y crear confianza entre el vendedor y el cliente. En este proyecto utilizamos un enfoque cuantitativo siendo un estudio de tipo teórico-conceptual, seleccionando las bases de datos, las fuentes de información y los documentos más representativos o que proporcionen la máxima información. El proyecto se sitúa dentro del grupo de investigación en perdurabilidad empresarial, en la línea de gerencia, para lograr identificar oportunidades que privilegien a las organizaciones, y en el proyecto de relación de las organizaciones con el medio y marketing.
Resumo:
La vulnerabilidad de la población a condiciones ambientales adversas ha tenido especial relevancia para la literatura de inequidad en los últimos tiempos. De hecho, el concepto de justicia ambiental nace a partir de las disparidades que los individuos enfrentan en la calidad del ambiente. Este trabajo es una aproximación a este concepto ya que considera las actividades mineras como posibles generadoras de pasivos ambientales, que a su vez, pueden afectar las condiciones bajo las cuales los individuos se desarrollan. Desde la crisis financiera del 2008, los precios del oro experimentaron alzas signicativas en relación a periodos anteriores y generaron un aumento de las actividades mineras de oro. En este sentido, el objetivo del trabajo es investigar el impacto de las actividades mineras del oro sobre la salud de los recién nacidos en Colombia durante el periodo de boom en el precio de los minerales en la pasada década. Con este n, se usa información sobre el potencial minero, los precios internacionales del oro y las estadísticas vitales de Colombia. Las estimaciones indican que mayores niveles actividad minera implican un incremento en la tasa de bebés nacidos antes de las 27 semanas de gestación y en la tasa de bebés de bajo peso (nacidos con menos de 2.500 gramos). Adicionalmente se encuentra que las actividades mineras no tienen un efecto sobre la tasa de defunciones fetales. Los resultados son robustos a diferentes medidas de minera, que incluyen presencia de minera ilegal, titulación minera y volumen de producción de oro.
Resumo:
El trabajo final de carrera tiene como objetivo realizar la implantación de un Sistema de Gestión Medioambiental desde la fase de evaluación inicial de la situación medioambiental de una empresa panificadora, hasta la posible obtención de un certificado otorgado por ENAC una vez que se hayan cumplido todos los requisitos establecidos por la “International Organization Standaritzation“ (ISO), en este caso la Norma Internacional UNE-EN ISO 14001:2004
Resumo:
El fang biològic es produeix en les plantes de tractament d'aigües residuals urbanes i industrials. El tractament i la gestió dels fangs és un dels problemes més importants en el camp del tractament de les aigües residuals. Aquesta situació es preveu que es veurà agreujada en el futur, per un increment del volum de fang produït associat a l'exigència de nivells més alts de depuració i per l'augment dels nombre d'estacions depuradores en funcionament. D'altre banda, les limitacions que presenten les opcions tradicionals de gestió dels fangs, fa necessari buscar solucions innovadores i efectives per a solucionar el problema que suposa la gestió d'aquests fangs biològics. Els fangs biològics són de naturalesa carbonosa i amb un alt contingut de matèria orgànica. Aquestes característiques, permeten la conversió del fang en un sòlid adsorbent de tipus carbonós. Aquesta conversió ofereix el doble benefici de reduir el volum de fang que ha de ser gestionat i alhora produir un adsorbent amb un cost inferior a la dels adsorbents convencionals (carbons actius comercials). Fins el moment, els tractaments alta temperatura han demostrat la seva efectivitat per du a terme el procés de transformació dels excedents de fang biològic en un sòlid adsorbent carbonós (carbó actiu). Com a alternativa a aquests processos a alta temperatura, es proposa un nou procés d'obtenció d'un sòlid adsorbent carbonós a partir dels excedents de fangs biològics, mitjançant un tractament a baixa temperatura, combinant el tractament per microones amb l'addició d'un reactiu químic (H2SO4). La present tesi analitza el tractament dels excedents de fangs biològics utilitzant un tractament mitjançant microones i l'addició d'àcid sulfúric (H2SO4), al mateix temps analitza la possibilitat d'utilitzar els sòlids adsorbents obtinguts per a millorar la qualitat de les aigües residuals. Paràmetres d'operació com poden ser la quantitat d'àcid sulfúric addicionada al fang, el nivell de potència del forn microones i el temps de tractament, es modificaran per tal de determinar la influència que poden tenir sobre la qualitat del sòlid adsorbent. Un cop determinada la qualitat dels diferent sòlids adsorbents s'avalua la seva capacitat per a l'eliminació de colorant i metalls en fase líquida. Els resultats obtinguts es comparen amb els obtinguts per un carbó actiu derivat de fangs i un carbó actiu comercial.
Resumo:
Esta dissertação é muito mais do que um trabalho sobre ajardinamento de edifícios, pois pretende-se que seja uma ferramenta de ajuda em benefício da transformação de milhares de metros quadrados, das coberturas e das fachadas, muitas vezes negligenciados, em espaços verdes públicos beneficiando, não somente, os promotores imobiliários mas, acima de tudo os seus ocupantes e usufrutuários, que desta forma podem tirar partido de novos espaços de estar, ao ar livre. Enquanto a cidade, ao nível térreo, apresenta um aumento de tráfego rodoviário, com inegável poluição e confusão, é possível, desta forma, usufruir de um espaço aberto. Esta dissertação procura estudar os edifícios que já integram o elemento vegetal no seu conceito e que sejam um sucesso na forma como usam o elemento vegetal, de modo a divulgar as técnicas de construção, entender as decisões dos projectistas e o impacto nos utilizadores que habitam e usufruem dos espaços – Análise-Pós-Ocupação. Esta dissertação pretende demonstrar o quanto é importante que as cidades apresentem espaços verdes para uso da população. As zonas verdes existentes nas cidades são inequivocamente um importante indicador da qualidade ambiental existente nessas mesmas cidades. As coberturas e fachadas verdes arrefecem os edifícios, capturam e filtram as águas da chuva, proporcionam habitat à vida selvagem, reduzem o efeito de estufa das cidades, proporcionam uma preciosidade estética, uma experiência recreativa e por vezes comida, para os habitantes das cidades. Pretende-se assim, focar os benefícios humanos, sociais e naturais que se obtêm ao introduzir vegetação nas paredes, terraços, pátios e coberturas dos edifícios. Assim foi considerado útil usar uma metodologia para também analisar o tipo de espécies usadas nos estudos de caso, e determinar a necessidade de uma ferramenta para que a selecção vegetal respeite critérios de biodiversidade e melhor adaptabilidade aos ecossistemas locais, sabendo de antemão que não podem nem pretendem substituir os habitats naturais, que as cidades também podem e devem apresentar.
Resumo:
The presentation will focus on ICOM Switzerland‘s works concerning training designed for museums professionals. Its implication in this field is increasing, within the framework of its own offer of continuous education, as well as within partnerships with other external institutions (for example universities).In September 2008, the first Master in Museology in Switzerland (Master en études muséales) will be launched, as a result of the cooperation of ICOM Switzerland, the University of Neuchâtel and l‘Association des musées suisses (the National Swiss Museums Association).ICOM Switzerland is involved in reflections with museum professionnals. For instance, it collaborated with Swiss museum educators (the médiateurs culturels) in order to define quality standards for their working areas. This year also, a certification has also been set up, regarding training for museums professionals. The project has been presented in Vienna last year and it is now operational.
Resumo:
The spatial and temporal dynamics in the stream water NO3-N concentrations in a major European river-system, the Garonne (62,700 km(2)), are described and related to variations in climate, land management, and effluent point-sources using multivariate statistics. Building on this, the Hydrologiska Byrans Vattenbalansavdelning (HBV) rainfall-runoff model and the Integrated Catchment Model of Nitrogen (INCA-N) are applied to simulate the observed flow and N dynamics. This is done to help us to understand which factors and processes control the flow and N dynamics in different climate zones and to assess the relative inputs from diffuse and point sources across the catchment. This is the first application of the linked HBV and INCA-N models to a major European river system commensurate with the largest basins to be managed tinder the Water Framework Directive. The simulations suggest that in the lowlands, seasonal patterns in the stream water NO3-N concentrations emerge and are dominated by diffuse agricultural inputs, with an estimated 75% of the river load in the lowlands derived from arable farming. The results confirm earlier European catchment studies. Namely, current semi-distrubuted catchment-scale dynamic models, which integrate variations in land cover, climate, and a simple representation of the terrestrial and in-stream N cycle, are able to simulate seasonal NO3-N patterns at large spatial (> 300 km(2)) and temporal (>= monthly) scales using available national datasets.
Resumo:
Soil contamination by arsenic (As) presents a hazard in many countries and there is a need for techniques to minimize As uptake by plants. A proposed in situ remediation method was tested by growing lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Kermit) in a greenhouse pot experiment on soil that contained 577 mg As kg(-1), taken from a former As smelter site. All combinations of iron (Fe) oxides, at concentrations of 0.00, 0.22, 0.54, and 1.09% (w/w), and lime, at concentrations of 0.00, 0.27, 0.68, and 1.36% (w/w), were tested in a factorial design. To create the treatments, field-moist soil, commercial-grade FeSO4, and ground agricultural lime were mixed and stored for one week, allowing Fe oxides to precipitate. Iron oxides gave highly significant (P < 0.001) reductions in lettuce As concentrations, down to 11% of the lettuce As concentration for untreated soil. For the Fe oxides and lime treatment combinations where soil pH was maintained nearly constant, the lettuce As concentration declined in an exponential relationship with increasing FeSO4 application rate and lettuce yield was almost unchanged. Iron oxides applied at a concentration of 1.09% did not give significantly lower lettuce As concentrations than the 0.54% treatment. Simultaneous addition of lime with FeSO4 was essential. Ferrous sulfate with insufficient lime lowered soil pH and caused mobilization of Al, Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Sr, and Zn. At the highest Fe oxide to lime ratios, Mn toxicity caused severe yield loss.
Resumo:
There have been only a few studies of potassium (K) losses from grassland systems, and little is known about their dynamics, especially in relation to nitrogen (N) management. A study was performed during the autumn and winter of 1999 and 2000 to understand the effects of N and drainage on the dynamics of K leaching on a hillslope grassland soil in southwestern England. Two N application rates were studied (0 and 280 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1)), both with and without the drainage. Treatments receiving N also received farmyard manure (FM). Higher total K losses and K concentrations in the leachates were found in the N + FM treatments (150 and 185% higher than in 0 N treatments), which were related to K additions in the FM. Drainage reduced K losses by 35% because of an increase in dry matter production and a reduction in overland and preferential flow. The pattern of change in K concentration in the leachates was associated with preferential flow at the beginning of the drainage season and with matrix flow later in winter, and was best described by a double exponential curve. Rainfall intensity and the autumn application of FM were the main determinants of K losses by leaching. The study provided new insights into the relationships between soil hydrology, rainfall, and K leaching and its implications for grassland systems.
Resumo:
Soils that receive large applications of animal wastes and sewage sludge are vulnerable to releasing environmentally significant concentrations of dissolved P available to subsurface flow owing to the gradual saturation of the soil's P sorption capacity. This study evaluated P sorption (calculated from Langmuir isotherms) and availability of P (as CaCl2-P and resin P) in soils incubated for 20 d with poultry litter, poultry manure, cattle slurry, municipal sewage sludge, or KH2PO4, added on a P-equivalent basis (100 mg P kg(-1)). All the P sources had a marked negative effect on P sorption and a positive effect on P availability in all soils. In the cattle slurry- and KH2PO4- treated soils, the decreases in P sorption maximum (19-66%) and binding energy (25-89%) were consistently larger than the corresponding decreases (7-41% and 11-30%) in poultry litter-, poultry manure-, and sewage sludge-treated soils. The effects of cattle slurry and KH2PO4 on P availability were, in most cases, larger than those of the other P sources. In the poultry litter, poultry manure, and sewage sludge treatments, the increase in soil solution P was inversely related (R-2 = 0.75) to the input of Ca from these relatively high Ca (13.5-42 g kg(-1)) sources. Correlation analyses implied that the magnitude of the changes in P sorption and availability was not related to the water-extractable P content of the P sources. Future research on the sustainable application of organic wastes to agricultural soils needs to consider the non-P- as well as P-containing components of the waste.
Resumo:
The spatial and temporal dynamics in the stream water NO3-N concentrations in a major European river-system, the Garonne (62,700 km(2)), are described and related to variations in climate, land management, and effluent point-sources using multivariate statistics. Building on this, the Hydrologiska Byrans Vattenbalansavdelning (HBV) rainfall-runoff model and the Integrated Catchment Model of Nitrogen (INCA-N) are applied to simulate the observed flow and N dynamics. This is done to help us to understand which factors and processes control the flow and N dynamics in different climate zones and to assess the relative inputs from diffuse and point sources across the catchment. This is the first application of the linked HBV and INCA-N models to a major European river system commensurate with the largest basins to be managed tinder the Water Framework Directive. The simulations suggest that in the lowlands, seasonal patterns in the stream water NO3-N concentrations emerge and are dominated by diffuse agricultural inputs, with an estimated 75% of the river load in the lowlands derived from arable farming. The results confirm earlier European catchment studies. Namely, current semi-distrubuted catchment-scale dynamic models, which integrate variations in land cover, climate, and a simple representation of the terrestrial and in-stream N cycle, are able to simulate seasonal NO3-N patterns at large spatial (> 300 km(2)) and temporal (>= monthly) scales using available national datasets.
Resumo:
Nutrient cycles link agricultural systems to their societies and surroundings; inputs of nitrogen and phosphorus in particular are essential for high crop yields, but downstream and downwind losses of these same nutrients diminish environmental quality and human well-being. Agricultural nutrient balances differ substantially with economic development, from inputs that are inadequate to maintain soil fertility in parts of many developing countries, particularly those of sub-Saharan Africa, to excessive and environmentally damaging surpluses in many developed and rapidly growing economies. National and/or regional policies contribute to patterns of nutrient use and their environmental consequences in all of these situations. Solutions to the nutrient challenges that face global agriculture can be informed by analyses of trajectories of change within, as well as across, agricultural systems.