Il controllo sugli aiuti di Stato e i nuovi orizzonti della fiscalita europea

la tesi esamina l’applicazione del controllo sugli aiuti di Stato in materia fiscale tramite la disamina della giurisprudenza della Corte di giustizia. Il lavoro intende fornire una nuova prospettiva di analisi, valorizzando l’interazione tra la nozione di ‘aiuto fiscale’ ex art. 107(1) TFUE e le categorie tributarie nazionali, sottese all’applicazione del “test in tre fasi” coniato dalla Corte per identificare la presenza di un ‘vantaggio selettivo’. Facendo applicazione di tale prospettiva di analisi, la ricerca propone una nuova categorizzazione della ‘selettività fiscale’, tramite la quale vengono affrontate le tematiche più controverse legate all’applicazione dell’istituto. Infine, considerando i numerosi progetti di riforma della fiscalità diretta attualmente al vaglio delle Istituzioni europee, la tesi si confronta con il “futuro” del controllo sugli aiuti di Stato, identificato nella necessaria interazione con una cornice normativa armonizzata.

Abusing data dominance in the digital market. The application of merger control and article 102 TFEU to data-related conducts.

The internet and digital technologies revolutionized the economy. Regulating the digital market has become a priority for the European Union. While promoting innovation and development, EU institutions must assure that the digital market maintains a competitive structure. Among the numerous elements characterizing the digital sector, users’ data are particularly important. Digital services are centered around personal data, the accumulation of which contributed to the centralization of market power in the hands of a few large providers. As a result, data-driven mergers and data-related abuses gained a central role for the purposes of EU antitrust enforcement. In light of these considerations, this work aims at assessing whether EU competition law is well-suited to address data-driven mergers and data-related abuses of dominance. These conducts are of crucial importance to the maintenance of competition in the digital sector, insofar as the accumulation of users’ data constitutes a fundamental competitive advantage. To begin with, part 1 addresses the specific features of the digital market and their impact on the definition of the relevant market and the assessment of dominance by antitrust authorities. Secondly, part 2 analyzes the EU’s case law on data-driven mergers to verify if merger control is well-suited to address these concentrations. Thirdly, part 3 discusses abuses of dominance in the phase of data collection and the legal frameworks applicable to these conducts. Fourthly, part 4 focuses on access to “essential” datasets and the indirect effects of anticompetitive conducts on rivals’ ability to access users’ information. Finally, Part 5 discusses differential pricing practices implemented online and based on personal data. As it will be assessed, the combination of an efficient competition law enforcement and the auspicial adoption of a specific regulation seems to be the best solution to face the challenges raised by “data-related dominance”.

Internet of things: legal liability of IoE devices in the home

This thesis is about the smart home, a connected ambience that will help consumers to live a more environmentally sustainable life and will help vulnerable categories of consumers to live a more autonomous life, thanks to the pervasive use of the Internet of Things (IoT) technology. In particular, civil liability for the malfunctioning of the smart home is the filter through which the research is carried out. I analyse whether the actual legal liability rules are ready or not to adapt to this new connected environment, such as the IoT-powered smart home. Through careful mapping of the technical and legal state of the art, the thesis argues that the EU rules on product liability contained in the Product Liability Directive (PLD) will apply consistently to these objects. This holds true even if at the time of the drafting of the thesis, the proposal on the update of the PLD had not been published yet. Through the analysis of past PLD cases, new American products liability case-law on domestic IoT objects and the latest legal scholarship’s contributions and policy inputs it was possible to anticipate some of the contents of the newly published EU PLD Update proposal.

Surveillance risks in IoT applied to smart cities

Nowadays, cities deal with unprecedented pollution and overpopulation problems, and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies are supporting them in facing these issues and becoming increasingly smart. IoT sensors embedded in public infrastructure can provide granular data on the urban environment, and help public authorities to make their cities more sustainable and efficient. Nonetheless, this pervasive data collection also raises high surveillance risks, jeopardizing privacy and data protection rights. Against this backdrop, this thesis addresses how IoT surveillance technologies can be implemented in a legally compliant and ethically acceptable fashion in smart cities. An interdisciplinary approach is embraced to investigate this question, combining doctrinal legal research (on privacy, data protection, criminal procedure) with insights from philosophy, governance, and urban studies. The fundamental normative argument of this work is that surveillance constitutes a necessary feature of modern information societies. Nonetheless, as the complexity of surveillance phenomena increases, there emerges a need to develop more fine-attuned proportionality assessments to ensure a legitimate implementation of monitoring technologies. This research tackles this gap from different perspectives, analyzing the EU data protection legislation and the United States and European case law on privacy expectations and surveillance. Specifically, a coherent multi-factor test assessing privacy expectations in public IoT environments and a surveillance taxonomy are proposed to inform proportionality assessments of surveillance initiatives in smart cities. These insights are also applied to four use cases: facial recognition technologies, drones, environmental policing, and smart nudging. Lastly, the investigation examines competing data governance models in the digital domain and the smart city, reviewing the EU upcoming data governance framework. It is argued that, despite the stated policy goals, the balance of interests may often favor corporate strategies in data sharing, to the detriment of common good uses of data in the urban context.

L'applicazione del principio di autonomia come parametro di compatibilita con il diritto UE

La tesi indaga l’applicazione del principio di autonomia del diritto UE nella giurisprudenza della Corte di giustizia. In particolare, il lavoro mira ad analizzare le modalità attraverso cui il principio viene adoperato come parametro di compatibilità, ai fini dello scrutinio della Corte, in quei casi riguardanti il rapporto tra giurisdizioni di diritto internazionale e diritto dell’Unione. Una volta delineato il contesto teorico di partenza, concernente il significato dell’autonomia del diritto UE all’interno del “quadro costituzionale” dell’Unione, si passa all’analisi, caso per caso, della prassi giurisprudenziale, al fine di individuare ed estrapolare gli elementi costanti nei casi. La disamina svolta parte da pronunce celebri, tra cui il parere 1/91, Kadi e il parere 2/13, in cui il principio nasce e si sviluppa. Successivamente, si passa alle pronunce più recenti, componenti la c.d. saga Achmea, riguardante la compatibilità con il principio di autonomia dei meccanismi ISDS. I risultati raccolti nell’analisi vengono sintetizzati in modo da ricostruire un test di compatibilità unitario e astratto, composto da tre elementi. Si arriva così, per via induttiva, all’elaborazione di un modello idoneo a spiegare le modalità di applicazione del principio di autonomia come parametro di compatibilità. Sulla scorta di ciò vengono formulate considerazioni e riflessioni concernenti le principali implicazioni per l’ordinamento UE e per i suoi attori, che derivano dal principio di autonomia e dal suo utilizzo giurisprudenziale. Infine, si prende in considerazione una visione del principio di autonomia alternativa a quella emersa nel corso della trattazione e se ne valuta il potenziale impatto sulla concezione e sull’applicazione del principio stesso.

Sparizione dello Stato e migrazioni ambientali: diritto internazionale e cambiamento climatico

Il presente studio delinea alcuni degli effetti del cambiamento climatico sul diritto internazionale. Si concentra su due principali fenomeni, la scomparsa dello Stato e le migrazioni ambientali. Questa ricerca si pone l’obiettivo di dimostrare che, nonostante il cambiamento climatico abbia un forte impatto sulla vita di estese popolazioni e di molti Stati, il diritto internazionale attualmente non abbia ancora trovato gli strumenti adeguati per disciplinare le conseguenze di questi fenomeni. Per farlo ci si è basati sullo studio delle fonti del diritto internazionale, soprattutto di soft law, sugli studi della dottrina e su alcuni casi giurisprudenziali. L'elaborato è diviso in tre capitoli, un'introduzione e una conclusione. Il primo capitolo è dedicato al fenomeno dell'innalzamento del livello del mare e alle sue conseguenze sulla statualità, diritti umani e diritto del mare. Il secondo al fenomeno delle migrazioni ambientali e all’individuazione di una tutela per questa categoria. Il terzo si concentra sui tentativi volti alla previsione di una responsabilità degli Stati per mancata mitigazione degli effetti del cambiamento climatico andando ad analizzare due casi emblematici e le richieste pendenti di chiarimenti alle Corti in questo senso. Si indaga infine sulla possibilità e opportunità di investire un organo con potere coercitivo come il Consiglio di Sicurezza della responsabilità di far fronte all’inazione degli Stati rispetto alle minacce del cambiamento climatico, allo scopo di imporre il rispetto di determinati standard. Nonostante l’interesse della comunità internazionale rispetto a queste tematiche sia dimostrato dall’adozione di svariati strumenti di soft law volte all’inquadramento di questi fenomeni e alla tutela di Stati e individui, dal lavoro svolto emerge come ancora non sia matura la volontà di istituire un sistema adeguato ed effettivo.

Supporting interdisciplinary case studies: development and implementation of a joint learning environment for students in forensic science and criminal law

Scientific reporting and communication is a challenging topic for which traditional study programs do not offer structured learning activities on a regular basis. This paper reports on the development and implementation of a web application and associated learning activities that intend to raise the awareness of reporting and communication issues among students in forensic science and law. The project covers interdisciplinary case studies based on a library of written reports about forensic examinations. Special features of the web framework, in particular a report annotation tool, support the design of various individual and group learning activities that focus on the development of knowledge and competence in dealing with reporting and communication challenges in the students' future areas of professional activity.

The Case for Linking World Law Data

The present paper advocates for the creation of a federated, hybrid database in the cloud, integrating law data from all available public sources in one single open access system - adding, in the process, relevant meta-data to the indexed documents, including the identification of social and semantic entities and the relationships between them, using linked open data techniques and standards such as RDF. Examples of potential benefits and applications of this approach are also provided, including, among others, experiences from of our previous research, in which data integration, graph databases and social and semantic networks analysis were used to identify power relations, litigation dynamics and cross-references patterns both intra and inter-institutionally, covering most of the World international economic courts.

The collective dimension of freedom of religion or belief in international law : the application of findings to the case of Turkey

Pertinent domestic and international developments involving issues related to tensions affecting religious or belief communities have been increasingly occupying the international law agenda. Those who generate and, thus, shape international law jurisprudence are in the process of seeking some of the answers to these questions. Thus the need for reconceptualization of the right to freedom of religion or belief continues as demands to the right to freedom of religion or belief challenge the boundaries of religious freedom in national and international law. This thesis aims to contribute to the process of “re-conceptualization” by exploring the notion of the collective dimension of freedom of religion or belief with a view to advance the protection of the right to freedom of religion or belief. The case of Turkey provides a useful test case where both the domestic legislation can be assessed against international standards, while at the same time lessons can be drawn for the improvement of the standard of international review of the protection of the collective dimension of freedom of religion or belief. The right to freedom of religion or belief, as enshrined in international human rights documents, is unique in its formulation in that it provides protection for the enjoyment of the rights “in community with others”.1 It cannot be realized in isolation; it crosses categories of human rights with aspects that are individual, aspects that can be effectively realized only in an organized community of individuals and aspects that belong to the field of economic, social and cultural rights such as those related to religious or moral education. This study centers on two primary questions; first, what is the scope and nature of protection afforded to the collective dimension of freedom of religion or belief in international law, and, secondly, how does the protection of the collective dimension of freedom of religion or belief in Turkey compare and contrast to international standards? Section I explores and examines the notion of the collective dimension of freedom of religion or belief, and the scope of its protection in international law with particular reference to the right to acquire legal personality and autonomy religious/belief communities. In Section II, the case study on Turkey constitutes the applied part of the thesis; here, the protection of the collective dimension is assessed with a view to evaluate the compliance of Turkish legislation and practice with international norms as well as seeking to identify how the standard of international review of the collective dimension of freedom of religion or belief can be improved.