999 resultados para aplicação de produtos fitossanitários


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The increasing demand for natural dyes in place of synthetic ones is justified by the non-toxicity or low toxicity of the former. The synthetic dyes are associated with diseases like cancer as well as when released in the environment takes longer to degrade and the intermediates could be still more toxic. The Annatto (Bixa Orellana L.) is a carotenoid and one of the more important natural dyes used in the food industry. In the form of dye, it represents nearly 70% of the world natural dye production and 90% in Brazil. In the present work, annatto seeds were used of the species peruana paulista, which had nearly 2.1% of bixin. The process of dye extraction with ethyl alcohol showed 4% of dye in the form of powder with particle diameter of 28mm. The extraction process did not alter the chemical composition of the dye, which was confirmed by the electronic spectrum of absorption. Dyeings were carried out with different mordents to study the total colour difference as well as the wash fastness properties and friction fastness properties under wet and dry conditions. The samples treated with copper sulphate showed colour difference but at the same time showed better fastness results. The samples treated with resin (no formaldehyde) did not alter the colour significantly still better the fastness properties. From the results, it could be stated that the resin could be an alternative for heavy metallic mordents

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In present work, mesoporous materials of the M41S family were synthesized, which were discovered in the early 90s by researchers from Mobil Oil Corporation, thus allowing new perspectives in the field of catalysis. One of the most important members of this family is the MCM-41, which has a hexagonal array of mesopores with pore diameters ranging from 2 to 10 nm and a high surface area, enabling it to become very promising for the use as a catalyst in the refining of oil in the catalytic cracking process, since the mesopores facilitate the access of large hydrocarbon molecules, thereby increasing the production of light products, that are in high demand in the market. The addition of aluminum in the structure of MCM-41 increases the acidity of the material, making it more beneficial for application in the petrochemical industry. The mesoporous materials MCM-41 and Al-MCM-41 (ratio Si / Al = 50) were synthesized through the hydrothermal method, starting with silica gel, NaOH and distilled water. CTMABr was used as template, for structural guiding. In Al-MCM-41 the same reactants were used, with the adding of pseudoboehmite (as a source of aluminum) in the synthesis gel. The syntheses were carried out over a period of four days with a daily adjustment of pH. The optimum conditions of calcination for the removal of the organic template (CTMABr) were discovered through TG / DTG and also through analysis by XRD, FTIR and Nitrogen Adsorption. It was found that both the method of hydrothermal synthesis and calcination conditions of the studies based on TG were promising for the production of mesoporous materials with a high degree of hexagonal array. The acidic properties of the materials were determined by desorption of n-butylamine via thermogravimetry. One proved that the addition of aluminum in the structure of MCM-41 promoted an increase in the acidity of the catalyst. To check the catalytic activity of these materials, a sample of Atmospheric Residue (RAT) that is derived from atmospheric distillation of oil from the Pole of Guamaré- RN was used. This sample was previously characterized by various techniques such as Thermogravimetry, FTIR and XRF, where through thermal analysis of a comparative study between the thermal degradation of the RAT, the RAT pyrolysis + MCM-41 and RAT + Al- MCM-41. It was found that the Al-MCM-41 was most satisfactory in the promotion of a catalytic effect on the pyrolysis of the RAT, as the cracking of heavy products in the waste occurred at temperatures lower than those observed for the pyrolysis with MCM-41, and thereby also decreasing the energy of activation for the process and increasing the rates of conversion of residue into lighter products

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Produced water has lately aroused interest due to their high degree of salinity, suspended oil particles, chemicals added in various manufacturing processes, heavy metals and radioactivity sometimes. Along with oil and due to its high volume production, water production is one of the pollutants of most concern in the process of oil extraction. PAHs due to their ubiquity and their characteristics carcinogenic or mutagenic and teratogenic even have attracted the attention of every scientific society. Formed from the incomplete combustion of organic matter may be natural or anthropogenic. Some materials have been researched with the goal of cleaning up environmental matrices that may be contaminated by hydrocarbons. Among these materials researched various clays have been employed, of which highlights the vermiculite. The family of phyllosilicates, vermiculite for its potential and its high hydrophobic surface area has been a tool widely used in the decontamination of water in processes of oil spills. However, when it loses its capacity expanded hydrophobic having the necessity of using a hidrofobizante to make it organophilic. Among the numerous hidrofobizantes researched and used the linseed oil was the pioneer. In this study sought to evaluate the capacity of removal of PAHs using the vermiculite hydrofobized with linseed oil and wax also, for it was made use of the 24 full factorial design as the main tool for the experiments. We also evaluated the clay grain size (-20 +48 and -48 +80 #), the percentage of hidrofobizante applied (5 and 10%) and salinity of the water produced synthesized in our laboratory (35,000 and 55,000 ppm). The molecular fluorescence spectroscopy due to its sensitivity and speed was used to verify the adsorption capacity of clay, as well as gas chromatography served as an auxiliary technique to identify and quantify the PAHs in solution. In order to characterize the vermiculite was made use of X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction. The infrared and thermogravimetry were essential to note hydrophobization and the amount of coating of clay. According to the fluorescence analysis showed that the test 12 was the best result in about 98% adsorption of fluorescent compounds, however the high salinity, the smallest particle size, the highest percentage of hidrofobizante and the use of linseed oil showed greater efficiency in the removal capacity of these hydrocarbons, in accordance with the trend followed by the analysis of the major factors of the factorial design. To verify the adsorption capacity of clay using a fixed volume of water produced synthetically, used as the test base 12, at their respective levels and factors. Thus, it was observed that after adding about 1 ½ liters of water solution produced synthetically, about 300 times its volume in mass, the vermiculite was able to adsorb 80% of fluorescent species present in solution

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Nanostructured materials have been spreading successfully over past years due its size and unusual properties, resulting in an exponential growth of research activities devoted to nanoscience and nanotechnology, which has stimulated the search for different methods to control main properties of nanomaterials and make them suitable for applications with high added value. In the late 90 s an alternative and low cost method was proposed from alkaline hydrothermal synthesis of nanotubes. Based on this context, the objective of this work was to prepare different materials based on TiO2 anatase using hydrothermal synthesis method proposed by Kasuga and submit them to an acid wash treatment, in order to check the structural behavior of final samples. They were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), adsorption/desorption of N2, thermal analysis (TG/DTA) and various spectroscopic methods such as absorption spectroscopy in the infrared (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). All the information of characterizations confirmed the complete conversion of anatase TiO2 in nanotubes titanates (TTNT). Observing the influence of acid washing treatment in titanates structure, it was concluded that the nanotubes are formed during heat treatment, the sample which was not subjected to this process also achieved a complete phase transformation, as showed in crystallography and morphology results, however the surface area of them practically doubled after the acid washing. By spectroscopy was performed a discussion about chemical composition of these titanates, obtaining relevant results. Finally, it was observed that the products obtained in this work are potential materials for various applications in adsorption, catalysis and photocatalysis, showing great promise in CO2 capture

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Pulverizações foliares com produtos contendo micronutrientes, dentre os quais os produtos quelatizados, são utilizadas com relativa freqüência em frutíferas, sem o embasamento científico adequado, principalmente entre os agricultores mais tecnificados. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o efeito da aplicação via foliar de B e Zn sobre a produção e os teores de SST e ATT dos frutos da Pereira-Japonesa e da Pinheira. O experimento foi conduzido numa área irrigada, situada no cinturão verde do município de Ilha Solteira-SP. O solo da área foi classificado como Podzólico Vermelho-Escuro. Foram utilizadas plantas de Pereira-Japonesa, cultivar Okussankichi e de Pinheira. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: T1. apenas água; T2. ácido bórico; T3. sulfato de zinco; T4. T2 + T3; T5. ácido bórico + uréia + ácido cítrico + EDTA; T6. sulfato de zinco + uréia + ácido cítrico + EDTA; T7. T5 + T6; T8. ácido bórico + uréia + ácido cítrico + EDTA + molibdato de sódio + enxofre + cloreto de cálcio; T9. sulfato de zinco + ácido cítrico + EDTA + sulfato de Fe + sulfato de Mn + sulfato de Mg, e T10. T8+T9. Foram utilizadas doses de 110 g ha-1 de B e 250 g ha-1 de Zn, em cada aplicação. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições e, para comparação de médias, foi utilizado o teste de Tukey. Com base nos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que: 1) a produção e os teores de SST e ATT dos frutos da pereira-japonesa e da pinheira não foram influenciados pela aplicação foliar de B e de Zn; b) a mistura de ácido bórico com quelatos foi eficiente no fornecimento de B às plantas de pereira- japonesa, o mesmo não ocorrendo para pinheira, c) o sulfato de zinco + produtos quelatizantes foram eficientes no aumento dos teores foliares de Zn somente na pereira.

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Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar a eficácia dos dessecantes e determinar a melhor época de aplicação na cultura de soja. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, estando os tratamentos dispostos em esquema fatorial 3x3 e 4x4 de produtos (dessecantes) e épocas de aplicação, nos anos agrícolas 1996/97 e 1997/98, respectivamente. Os dessecantes utilizados foram: paraquat, diquat e paraquat + diquat em 1996/97 e paraquat, diquat, paraquat + diquat e glufosinato de amônio em 1997/98, respectivamente nas dosagens de 0,4, 0,3 e 0,2 + 0,15; e 0,4, 0,3, 0,2 + 0,15 e 0,4 kg i.a. ha¹. Como épocas, foram realizadas três aplicações em 1996/97 e quatro em 1997/98, com intervalos de cinco dias a partir do estádio R6. Após análise e interpretação dos resultados, concluiu-se que os dessecantes foram eficazes na dessecação e que o teor de umidade das sementes entre 50 e 60%, as plantas com baixa incidência de vagens amarelas e marrons e a relação peso de biomassa verde de vagens/biomassa verde total de cerca de 0,5 foram características marcantes na determinação da melhor época de aplicação dos dessecantes.

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Este trabalho foi conduzido no município de Selvíria-MS, semeando soja do cultivar IAC-15. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, estando os tratamentos dispostos em um esquema fatorial 3x3 e 4x4, sendo os fatores os produtos (dessecantes) e as épocas de aplicação, nos anos agrícolas 1996/97 e 1997/98, respectivamente. Os dessecantes utilizados foram: paraquat, diquat e mistura paraquat + diquat, nas dosagens de 0,4; 0,3 e 0,2+0,15 em 1996/97, respectivamente, e os mesmos tratamentos em 1997/98, além do glufosinato de amônio na dosagem de 0,4 kg i.a. ha-1 em 1997/98. Como épocas, foram realizadas três aplicações em 1996/97 e quatro em 1997/98, todas espaçadas de cinco dias a partir do estádio fenológico médio da cultura R6. Concluiu-se que os dessecantes utilizados mostraram-se eficientes na dessecação da soja; foi possível obter antecipação da colheita de sementes de soja, sem alterar a produção, por um período máximo de sete dias.

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With the increase of processing ability, storage and several kinds of communication existing such as Bluetooth, infrared, wireless networks, etc.., mobile devices are no longer only devices with specific function and have become tools with various functionalities. In the business field, the benefits that these kinds of devices can offer are considerable, because the portability allows tasks that previously could only be performed within the work environment, can be performed anywhere. In the context of oil exploration companies, mobile applications allow quick actions could be taken by petroleum engineers and technicians, using their mobile devices to avoid potential catastrophes like an unexpected stop or break of important equipment. In general, the configuration of equipment for oil extraction is performed on the work environment using computer systems in desktop platforms. After the obtained configuration, an employee goes to equipment to be configured and perform the modifications obtained on the use desktop system. This management process equipment for oil extraction takes long time and does not guarantee the maintenance in time to avoid problems. With the use of mobile devices, management and maintenance of equipment for oil extraction can be performed in a more agile time once it enables the engineer or technician oil can perform this configuration at the time and place where the request comes for example, near in the oil well where the equipment is located. The wide variety of mobile devices creates a big difficulty in developing mobile applications, since for one application can function in several types of devices, the application must be changed for each specific type of device, which makes the development quite costly. This paper defines and implements a software product line for designing sucker-rod pumping systems on mobile devices. This product line of software, called BMMobile, aims to produce products that are capable of performing calculations to determine the possible configurations for the equipment in the design suckerrod pumping, and managing the variabilities of the various products that can be generated. Besides, this work performs two evaluations. The first evaluation will verify the consistency of the products produced by the software product line. The second evaluation will verify the reuse of some products generated by SPL developed

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A aplicação de isolantes térmicos em sistemas construtivos promove vantagens com vistas ao conforto térmico de ambientes. E com isso, o aumento da produtividade em locais de trabalho, a sensação de bem-estar e a diminuição dos custos com climatização. A demanda por conforto ambiental, no âmbito da isolação térmica, somada ao advento de novas leis que regulam os requisitos mínimos de conforto, as exigências dos consumidores pela adoção de métodos de produção mais “limpos”, a fiscalização quanto à destinação de resíduos industriais, além da inserção de produtos no mercado com apelos ambientais, incentivaram o desenvolvimento da presente pesquisa. O presente trabalho trata da aplicação do poliuretano, visando comparar o desempenho térmico do derivado de origem vegetal (óleo de mamona) com adição de resíduo plástico termofixo em diferentes proporções (5%, 10%, 15% e 20%), com o poliuretano petrolífero, a lã de vidro e a lã de rocha através da análise de suas propriedades térmicas (condutividade térmica – k, difusividade térmica – e capacidade calorífica – Cp). . Após a realização dos ensaios, os compósitos estudados foram moídos e reutilizados como carga para novos compósitos. Com base nos resultados dos ensaios de propriedades térmicas, constatou-se que o material desenvolvido conduz menos calor que o poliuretano de petróleo, a lã de vidro e a lã de rocha, além de oferecer alta inércia térmica, bom desempenho térmico e baixo custo. Assim como foi comprovada a possibilidade de fabricação de novos compósitos para fins de isolamento, reutilizando os compósitos testados

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The area between Galinhos and São Bento do Norte beaches, located in the northern coast of the Rio Grande do Norte State is submitted to intense and constant processes of littoral and aeolian transport, causing erosion, alterations in the sediments balance and modifications in the shoreline. Beyond these natural factors, the human interference is huge in the surroundings due to the Guamaré Petroliferous Pole nearby, the greater terrestrial oil producing in Brazil. Before all these characteristics had been organized MAMBMARE and MARPETRO projects with the main objective to execute the geo-environmental monitoring of coastal areas on the northern portion of RN. There is a bulky amount of database from the study area such as geologic and geophysical multitemporal data, hydrodynamic measurements, remote sensing multitemporal images, thematic maps, among others; it is of extreme importance to elaborate a Geographic Database (GD), one of the main components of a Geographic Information System (GIS), to store this amount of information, allowing the access to researchers and users. The first part of this work consisted to elaborate a GD to store the data of the area between Galinhos and São Bento do Norte cities. The main goal was to use the potentiality of the GIS as a tool to support decisions in the environmental monitoring of this region, a valuable target for oil exploration, salt companies and shrimp farms. The collected data was stored as a virtual library to assist men decisions from the results presented as digital thematic maps, tables and reports, useful as source of data in the preventive planning and as guidelines to the future research themes both on regional and local context. The second stage of this work consisted on elaborate the Oil-Spill Environmental Sensitivity Maps. These maps based on the Environmental Sensitivity Index Maps to Oil Spill developed by the Ministry of Environment are cartographic products that supply full information to the decision making, contingency planning and assessment in case of an oil spilling incident in any area. They represent the sensitivity of the areas related to oil spilling, through basic data such as geology, geomorphology, oceanographic, social-economic and biology. Some parameters, as hydrodynamic data, sampling data, coastal type, declivity of the beach face, types of resources in risk (biologic, economic, human or cultural) and the land use of the area are some of the essential information used on the environmental sensitivity maps elaboration. Thus using the available data were possible to develop sensitivity maps of the study area on different dates (June/2000 and December/2000) and to perceive that there was a difference on the sensitivity index generated. The area on December presented more sensible to the oil than the June one because hydrodynamic data (wave and tide energy) allowed a faster natural cleaning on June. The use of the GIS on sensitivity maps showed to be a powerful tool, since it was possible to manipulate geographic data with correctness and to elaborate more accurate maps with a higher level of detail to the study area. This presented an medium index (3 to 4) to the long shore and a high index (10) to the mangrove areas highly vulnerable to oil spill

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Objective to establish a methodology for the oil spill monitoring on the sea surface, located at the Submerged Exploration Area of the Polo Region of Guamaré, in the State of Rio Grande do Norte, using orbital images of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR integrated with meteoceanographycs products. This methodology was applied in the following stages: (1) the creation of a base map of the Exploration Area; (2) the processing of NOAA/AVHRR and ERS-2 images for generation of meteoceanographycs products; (3) the processing of RADARSAT-1 images for monitoring of oil spills; (4) the integration of RADARSAT-1 images with NOAA/AVHRR and ERS-2 image products; and (5) the structuring of a data base. The Integration of RADARSAT-1 image of the Potiguar Basin of day 21.05.99 with the base map of the Exploration Area of the Polo Region of Guamaré for the identification of the probable sources of the oil spots, was used successfully in the detention of the probable spot of oil detected next to the exit to the submarine emissary in the Exploration Area of the Polo Region of Guamaré. To support the integration of RADARSAT-1 images with NOAA/AVHRR and ERS-2 image products, a methodology was developed for the classification of oil spills identified by RADARSAT-1 images. For this, the following algorithms of classification not supervised were tested: K-means, Fuzzy k-means and Isodata. These algorithms are part of the PCI Geomatics software, which was used for the filtering of RADARSAT-1 images. For validation of the results, the oil spills submitted to the unsupervised classification were compared to the results of the Semivariogram Textural Classifier (STC). The mentioned classifier was developed especially for oil spill classification purposes and requires PCI software for the whole processing of RADARSAT-1 images. After all, the results of the classifications were analyzed through Visual Analysis; Calculation of Proportionality of Largeness and Analysis Statistics. Amongst the three algorithms of classifications tested, it was noted that there were no significant alterations in relation to the spills classified with the STC, in all of the analyses taken into consideration. Therefore, considering all the procedures, it has been shown that the described methodology can be successfully applied using the unsupervised classifiers tested, resulting in a decrease of time in the identification and classification processing of oil spills, if compared with the utilization of the STC classifier

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O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a eficiência do controle dos herbicidas 2,4-D, diquat e glyphosate e as alterações anatômicas do limbo foliar provocadas pelos produtos em plantas de Eichhornia crassipes, coletadas nos reservatórios do complexo CESP. As plantas foram cultivadas em caixas-d'água sob condições de campo e, quando atingiram estádio de pleno desenvolvimento vegetativo, foram pulverizadas com soluções de diquat a 400 g i.a.ha-1, 2,4-D a 1.340 g e.a. ha-1 e glyphosate a 4.320 g e.a. ha-1 em associação com o adjuvante Silwet L-77 a 0,01% v v-1. Foi utilizada uma testemunha sem aplicação de herbicida. A seguir, foram realizadas avaliações de controle e das seguintes características anatômicas quantitativas das regiões da nervura central e da internervural do limbo foliar: porcentagem da epiderme adaxial e abaxial, porcentagem da endoderme, porcentagem do feixe vascular, porcentagem de lacunas do aerênquima, porcentagem de parênquima e espessura foliar (µm). Com base nos resultados, os principais caracteres anatômicos quantitativos das regiões da nervura central e internervural do limbo foliar que sofreram alterações após a aplicação dos herbicidas foram a porcentagem da epiderme adaxial, a porcentagem da endoderme e a espessura foliar. Os herbicidas diquat e 2,4-D foram os que mais promoveram alterações nos caracteres anatômicos quantitativos das regiões da nervura central e internervural do limbo foliar das plantas de E. crassipes. Apenas o glyphosate apresentou controle de 100% das plantas aos 22 dias após a aplicação, quando comparado com o observado na testemunha sem herbicida.

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Nas últimas duas décadas, o crescimento do interesse pela metodologia Seis Sigma intensificou a aplicação da abordagem estatística e de outras abordagens quantitativas com o intuito de melhorar não apenas a qualidade de produtos, serviços e processos, como também aumentar o desempenho organizacional e o processo de tomada de decisão. Este artigo trata da aplicação da abordagem estatística no contexto da gestão da qualidade em indústrias de alimentos de médio e grande porte do Estado de São Paulo com o propósito de: identificar quais ferramentas e técnicas estatísticas são mais amplamente empregadas por indústrias do setor para garantir e controlar a qualidade; avaliar a interdependência entre o sucesso da implementação de programas de qualidade e segurança alimentar como Boas Práticas de Fabricação (BPF) e sistema de Análise de Perigos e Pontos Críticos de Controle (APPCC) e o uso de estatística; e analisar estimativas do grau de relevância do pensamento estatístico e de seus benefícios como ferramenta de melhoria da qualidade. Um survey exploratório-descritivo foi realizado e os resultados revelaram que a abordagem estatística começa a ser mais valorizada nas indústrias de alimentos pela relevância de seus benefícios assim como já ocorre em outros setores. Há evidências de que a implantação bem sucedida dos programas de segurança alimentar seja uma condição primordial para o uso efetivo de estatística e de outras abordagens quantitativas.

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A desidratação osmótica é uma etapa essencial na elaboração de produtos de fruta através da Tecnologia dos Métodos Combinados ou de Obstáculos (Hurdle Technology), pois reduz a atividade de água para níveis que, combinando um ou mais obstáculos, aumentam a estabilidade do produto. Neste processo há uma perda de água da fruta para a solução e incorporação de sólidos solúveis pelo produto. Este último fluxo é considerado uma desvantagem do processo pois pode alterar o sabor do produto. Neste trabalho estudou-se a ação de revestimentos comestíveis a base de alginato e gelatina aplicados em abacaxis, previamente à desidratação osmótica, como barreira à incorporação de sólidos solúveis. Os abacaxis com e sem revestimento (controle) foram desidratados em solução de sacarose sob condições isotérmicas. Foram determinadas as isotermas de dessorção de abacaxis revestidos com gelatina, alginato e sem revestimento e os parâmetros cinéticos do processo de desidratação osmótica. Abacaxis revestidos com alginato apresentaram menor velocidade de ganho de sólidos, sem alterar a velocidade de perda de água, quando comparado ao controle.

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A utilização de mudas de bananeira micropropagadas de qualidade é o primeiro passo na implantação de um bom pomar e, para isso, sua aclimatização deve ser realizada de forma adequada. em vista disso, objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar o desempenho dos biofertilizantes HUMITEC® e RUTER AA® no desenvolvimento de mudas de bananeira micropropagadas, sendo instalado um experimento em viveiro comercial de produção de mudas. Foram utilizadas mudas de bananeira cv. Grand Naine, obtidas por micropropagação, sendo, posteriormente, transplantadas em sacos de polietileno preto (1,5 L), contendo, como substrato, terra de subsolo (Latossolo Amarelo), casca de arroz carbonizada e composto orgânico Organifol® (1:1:1). O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, fatorial 2 x 4 (produtos e doses), com quatro repetições e quatro plantas úteis por parcela. Os tratamentos foram compostos pelos seguintes biofertilizantes e doses: HUMITEC® (0,0; 4,0; 8,0; 16,0 mL planta-1) e RUTER AA® (0,0; 2,0; 4,0; 8,0 mL planta-1). As doses dos produtos foram divididas em duas aplicações (28 e 56 dias após o transplantio das mudas), aplicadas via fertirrigação. Noventa e oito dias após o transplantio avaliaram-se as seguintes variáveis: altura das plantas (cm), diâmetro do colo rente superfície do solo (mm), área foliar total e por folha, biomassas fresca e seca da parte aérea e das raízes (g). Os dados foram submetidos análise da variância e quando o teste F foi significativo, realizou-se análise de regressão. Pode-se concluir que aplicações de HUMITEC® e RUTER AA® favoreceram o desenvolvimento das mudas e que, no verão, as plantas apresentaram maior desenvolvimento durante a aclimatização.