The Total fiscal cost of indirect taxation: an approximation using Catalonia's recent input-output table

In this note we quantify to what extent indirect taxation influences and distorts prices. To do so we use the networked accounting structure of the most recent input-output table of Catalonia, an autonomous region of Spain, to model price formation. The role of indirect taxation is considered both from a classical value perspective and a more neoclassical flavoured one. We show that they would yield equivalent results under some basic premises. The neoclassical perspective, however, offers a bit more flexibility to distinguish among different tax figures and hence provide a clearer disaggregate picture of how an indirect tax ends up affecting, and by how much, the cost structure.

Leveraging the Sydney Olympics for tourism

Paper presented at the 2000 seminar of the International Chair in Olympism. Key issues of the seminar included references to the concern for legacy in terms of tourism, benefits and challenges of the Olympic Games and strategic needs, among others.

Pla de gestió i conservació dels Estanyets de Pals i les Closes Fondes (Pals, Baix Empordà)

Es destaca la presència de tres espècies bioinvasores, tals com la gambúsia(Gambusiaaffinis), la canya (Arundodonax) i el cranc vermell americà (Procambarusclarkii). S’ha detectat que la qualitat de l’aigua ha disminuït en alguns paràmetres, especialment en l’Estanyet del Safareig. En els tres estanyets els sòlids dissolts totalsa TSD) estan al voltant del límit màxim recomanat per la EPA (Agència de Protecció Ambiental d’Estats Units). S’ha observat que la Cladophora, indicadora de concentracions elevades de nitrogen a l’aigua, és un cloròfit molt abundant. S’han identificat dos hàbitats d’interès comunitari no prioritari, segons la Directiva Hàbitats: les closes i les freixenedes termòfiles de Fraxinusangustifolia. En funció dels resultats obtinguts s’han elaborat les propostes de gestió i conservació per aquest espai.

Balanç de nitrogen i anàlisi del consum d'aigua al Baix Empordà

El present treball pretén avaluar l’impacte de les activitats agràries sobre les aigües subterrànies, al Baix Empordà. La ramaderia intensiva genera uns residus que l’agricultura no és capaç d’assumir. Els excedents generats s’infiltren al subsòl, generalment en forma de nitrats (NO3-), provocant la contaminació de les aigües subterrànies. Aquesta pot provocar greus problemes ecològics en els sistemes aquàtics, i afectar a la salut humana. S’ha realitzat un balanç de nitrogen per a les zones agrícoles de l’àrea d’estudi, avaluant els diversos processos que incorporen o extreuen nitrogen al sòl. Paral·lelament, s’ha estudiat el consum d’aigua provocat pel diversos sectors presents a la zona d’estudi, per tal d’avaluar quantitativament la pressió que provoquen sobre els aqüífers. Els resultats obtinguts mostren que la majoria de municipis estudiats generen excedents de nitrogen, justificant la presència de nitrats al subsòl.

Why Catalonia will see its energy metabolism increase in the near future: an application of MuSIASEM

This paper applies the so-called Multi-Scale Integrated Analysis of Societal and Ecosystem Metabolism (MuSIASEM) to the economy of the Spanish region of Catalonia. By applying Georgescu-Roegen's fund-flow model, it arrives at the conclusion that within a context of the end of cheap oil, the current development model based on the growth of low productivity sectors such as services and construction must change. The change is needed not only because of the increasing scarcity of affordable energy carriers, or because of the increasing environmental impact that the present development represents, but also because of an ageing population that demands labour productivity gains. This will imply industry requiring more energy consumption per worker in order to increase its productivity, and therefore its competitiveness. Thus, we conclude that energy intensity, and exosomatic energy metabolism of Catalonia will increase dramatically in the near future unless major conservation efforts are implemented in both the household and transport sectors.

Tourism and urban transport: holding demand pressure under supply constraints

Scholars and local planners are increasingly interested in tourism contribution to economic and social development. To this regard, several European cities lead the world rankings on tourist arrivals, and their governments have promoted tourism activity. Mobility is an essential service for tourists visiting large cities, since it is a crucial factor for their comfort. In addition, it facilitates the spread of benefits across the city. The aim of this study is to determine whether city planners respond to this additional urban transport demand pressure by extending supply services. We use an international database of European cities. Our results confirm that tourism intensity is a demand enhancing factor on urban transport. Contrarily, cities do not seem to address this pressure by increasing service supply. This suggests that tourism exerts a positive externality on public transport since it provides additional funding for these services, but it imposes as well external costs on resident users because of congestion given supply constraints.

Barriers to innovation and public policy in Catalonia

The present paper analyses the link between firms’ decisions to innovate and the barriers that prevent them from being innovative. The aim is twofold. First, it analyses three groups of barriers to innovation: the cost of innovation projects, lack of knowledge and market conditions. Second, it presents the main steps taken by Catalan Government to promote the creation of new firms and to reduce barriers to innovation. The data set used is based on the 2004 official innovation survey of Catalonia which was taken from the Spanish CIS-4 sample. This sample includes individual information on 2,954 Catalan firms in manufacturing industries and knowledge-intensive services (KIS). The empirical analysis reveals pronounced differences regarding a firm’s propensity to innovate and its perception of barriers. Moreover, the results show that cost and knowledge barriers seem to be the most important and that there are substantial sectoral differences in the way that firms react to barriers. The results of this paper have important implications for the design of future public policy to promote entrepreneurship and innovation together.

Explaining High Economic Growth in Small Tourism Countries with a Dynamic General Equilibrium Model

This paper shows that tourism specialisation can help to explain the observed high growth rates of small countries. For this purpose, two models of growth and trade are constructed to represent the trade relations between two countries. One of the countries is large, rich, has an own source of sustained growth and produces a tradable capital good. The other is a small poor economy, which does not have an own engine of growth and produces tradable tourism services. The poor country exports tourism services to and imports capital goods from the rich economy. In one model tourism is a luxury good, while in the other the expenditure elasticity of tourism imports is unitary. Two main results are obtained. In the long run, the tourism country overcomes decreasing returns and permanently grows because its terms of trade continuously improve. Since the tourism sector is relatively less productive than the capital good sector, tourism services become relatively scarcer and hence more expensive than the capital good. Moreover, along the transition the growth rate of the tourism economy holds well above the one of the rich country for a long time. The growth rate differential between countries is particularly high when tourism is a luxury good. In this case, there is a faster increase in the tourism demand. As a result, investment of the small economy is boosted and its terms of trade highly improve.

The Impacts of Temporary and Anticipated Tourism Spending.

Part of the local economic impact of a major sporting event comes from the associated temporary tourism expenditures. Typically demand-driven Input-Output (IO) methods are used to quantify the impacts of such expenditures. However, IO modelling has specific weaknesses when measuring temporary tourism impacts; particular problems lie in its treatment of factor supplies and its lack of dynamics. Recent work argues that Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) analysis is more appropriate and this has been widely applied. Neglected in this literature however is an understanding of the role that behavioural characteristics and factor supply assumptions play in determining the economic impact of tourist expenditures, particularly where expenditures are temporary (i.e. of limited duration) and anticipated (i.e. known in advance). This paper uses a CGE model for Scotland in which agents can have myopic- or forward-looking behaviours and shows how these alternative specifications affect the timing and scale of the economic impacts from anticipated and temporary tourism expenditure. The tourism shock analysed is of a scale expected for the Commonwealth Games to be held in Glasgow in 2014. The model shows how “pre-shock” and “legacy” effects – impacts before and after the shock – arise and their quantitative importance. Using the forward-looking model the paper calculates the optimal degree of pre-announcement.

Applications of the MuSIASEM approach to study changes in the metabolic pattern of Catalonia

This document presents an integrated analysis of the performance of Catalonia based on an analysis of how the energy consumption (measured at the societal level for the Catalan Society) is used within both the productive sectors of the economy and the household, to generate added value, jobs, and to guarantee a given level of material standard of living to the population. The trends found in Catalonia are compared to the trends of other European Countries to contextualize the performance of Catalonia with respect to other societies that have followed different paths of economic development. The first part of the document consists of the Multi-Scale Integrated Analysis of Societal and Ecosystem Metabolism (MuSIASEM) approach that has been used to provide this integrated analysis of Catalan Society across different scales (starting from an analysis of the specific sectors of the Catalan economy as an Autonomous Community and scaling up to an intra-regional (European Union 14) comparison) and across different dimensions of analyses of energy consumption coupled with added value generation. Within the scope of this study, we observe the various trajectories of changes in the metabolic pattern for Catalonia and the EU14 countries in the Paid Work Sectors composed of namely, the Agricultural Sector, the Productive Sector and the Services and Government Sector also in comparison with the changes in the household sector. The flow intensities of the exosomatic energy and the added value generated for each specific sector are defined per hour of human activity, thus characterized as exosomatic energy (MJ/hour) (or Exosomatic Metabolic Rate) and added value (€/hour) (Economic Labour Productivity) across multiple levels. Within the second part of the document, the possible usage of the MuSIASEM approach to land use analyses (using a multi-level matrix of categories of land use) has been conducted.

La gestió del subministrament d'aigua potable a la comarca de l'Alt Empordà

El treball tracta sobre la gestió de l’aigua a la Comarca de l’Alt Empordà i per fer-ho comença analitzant la legislació de la Unió Europea sobre gestió hidràulica i les transposicions que se n’han fet a l’estat espanyol; també es recull el que és la legislació pròpia de l’estat i la de la Comunitat Autònoma de Catalunya. En aquest darrer punt és on es comença una anàlisi més detinguda i finalment el treball es centra en la comarca de l’Alt Empordà on encara conviuen diferents maneres de gestionar l’aigua: amb xarxa mancomunada, amb pobles amb captació pròpia i alguns pobles on encara no existeix la xarxa pública d’aigua en ple segle XXI per rocambolesc que això pugui semblar. S’analitzen dins de la comarca les diferents xarxes existents, quines són les normatives que les regeixen i els seus respectius òrgans de gestió. I encara concentrant-ho més s’analitza concretament el cas de Vila-sacra (el meu poble) on la xarxa pública d’aigua es va construir tot just a partir de l’any 2003 i per tant on m’ha estat relativament fàcil seguir les passes de l’inici de l’ajuntament com a administració que s’encarrega a partir de la construcció de la xarxa, de gestionar tant la captació, com el tractament, la posterior distribució i el cobrament final d’aquesta aigua consumida pels veïns inclosos els cànons establerts per l’ACA i que després ha de liquidar a l’entitat superior. M’ha servit per analitzar quina part de la xarxa es paga amb fons municipals, quina amb la contribució dels veïns i què es considera xarxa en alta i per tant va a càrrec de l’ACA com a administració hidràulica superior a Catalunya. La conclusió del treball m’ha portat a proposar que la millor solució per una comarca especialment complicada com és l’Alt Empordà amb un gran nombre de municipis (concretament 68) seria la d’establir una xarxa mancomunada comuna a tots els municipis o potser dues si volguéssim distingir els municipis d’interior i més essencialment rurals dels de costa i que tenen una forta influència del turisme, cosa que fa que la demanda d’aigua no sigui lineal sinó que tingui pics de consum a l’estiu que és precisament l’estació més seca de l’any. En definitiva, no podem desentendre’ns d’aquest recurs tan vital perquè tots som responsables d’un ús eficient. Així, una mena d’inici d’aplicació d’aquesta solució hauria de passar per la creació d’un ens ultramunicipalista, o per exemple, aprofitar-ne un de ja creat i en ple funcionament com és la xarxa establerta pel Consorci de la Costa Brava (pels pobles de costa i turístics) i després unificar tota la resta de la comarca i que tota s’abastís directament del Pantà de Boadella. La despesa inicial de construcció de la xarxa potser seria important però el resultat analitzat amb el pas de temps necessàriament hauria de ser positiu i probablement no es tornaria a donar una situació de sequera tan crítica com la recentment viscuda, durant la qual es va arribar a aprovar un transvasament d’urgència d’aigua de l’Ebre fins a l’àrea de Barcelona. Durant aquella crisi, els embassaments van estar per sota del 30%, es van organitzar portades d’aigua en vaixell, es va restringir el reg i els usos ornamentals a les conques internes (les comarques de Barcelona, Girona i del Camp de Tarragona) i es va estar a un pas de decretar restriccions al consum humà a l’àrea de Barcelona. Aquesta situació ens va fer replantejar a tots nivells el tema del consum d’aigua i de si realment el nostre territori pot assumir o no més construcció i per tant més població o unes instal•lacions que comporten un gran consum d’aigua com per exemple més camps de golf. Un any després, el panorama és ben diferent. Els embassaments estan tots per sobre del 80%, les muntanyes dels Pirineus han acumulat durant l’hivern una generosa i inusual reserva de neu, les amenaces de restriccions han quedat enrere i els transvasaments d’aigua de les conques de l’Ebre cap a l’àrea de Barcelona, amb el conflicte polític i territorial que això comportava, han estat aparentment descartats i fora de l’agenda política del país. Però no s’ha d’oblidar que el problema continua latent.

Capacitat de segrest de carboni dels sòls de Sant Feliu de Guíxols, Santa Cristina d'Aro i Castell d'Aro (Baix Empordà)

En l’actualitat s’està generant una consciència col·lectiva sobre les repercussions que pot tenir l’escalfament global causat pels gasos d’efecte hivernacle (GEH). Amb l’objectiu de reduir les emissions de CO2 (segon gas responsable del canvi climàtic) cap a l’atmosfera, s’estan buscant possibles embornals de carboni. El sòl tot i ser el principal reservori de carboni del planeta, mai s’ha considerat com un factor important per la reducció de les emissions de GEH. Amb aquest projecte es pretén concretar quina és la capacitat de segrest de carboni per part dels sòls de les zones de St. Feliu de Guíxols i la Vall d’Aro, prenent en consideració les diferents variables que puguin influenciar.

Water scarcity, social power and the production of an elite suburb: the political ecology of water in Matadepera, Catalonia

This article investigates the history of land and water transformations in Matadepera, a wealthy suburb of metropolitan Barcelona. Analysis is informed by theories of political ecology and methods of environmental history; although very relevant, these have received relatively little attention within ecological economics. Empirical material includes communications from the City Archives of Matadepera (1919-1979), 17 interviews with locals born between 1913 and 1958, and an exhaustive review of grey historical literature. Existing water histories of Barcelona and its outskirts portray a battle against natural water scarcity, hard won by heroic engineers and politicians acting for the good of the community. Our research in Matadepera tells a very different story. We reveal the production of a highly uneven landscape and waterscape through fierce political and power struggles. The evolution of Matadepera from a small rural village to an elite suburb was anything but spontaneous or peaceful. It was a socio-environmental project well intended by landowning elites and heavily fought by others. The struggle for the control of water went hand in hand with the land and political struggles that culminated – and were violently resolved - in the Spanish Civil War. The displacement of the economic and environmental costs of water use from few to many continues to this day and is constitutive of Matadepera’s uneven and unsustainable landscape. By unravelling the relations of power that are inscribed in the urbanization of nature (Swyngedouw, 2004), we question the perceived wisdoms of contemporary water policy debates, particularly the notion of a natural scarcity that merits a technical or economic response. We argue that the water question is fundamentally a political question of environmental justice; it is about negotiating alternative visions of the future and deciding whose visions will be produced.

The Commons and anti-commons problems in the tourism economy

Countries specialised in tourism tend to face two problems with contradictory effects: the commons and the anti-commons, which lead to tourism over- and under-production, respectively. This paper develops a two-period model to analyse the joint effects of both problems on a small and remote tourism economy. Congestion and the complementariness between foreign transport and local tourism services are key features in this type of markets. As a result, direct selling and the presence of foreign tour-operators emerge as possible market arrangements with different implications in terms of welfare and public intervention. Four main results are obtained. First, in the direct selling situation the optimal policy depends on the relative importance of the problems. Second, the existence of tour-operators always leads to tourism over-production. Third, the presence of a single tour-operator does not solve the congestion problem. Lastly, the switch from several tour-operators to a single one is welfare reducing.