Sodium and potassium balance depends on αENaC expression in connecting tubule.

Mutations in α, β, or γ subunits of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) can downregulate ENaC activity and cause a severe salt-losing syndrome with hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis, designated pseudohypoaldosteronism type 1 in humans. In contrast, mice with selective inactivation of αENaC in the collecting duct (CD) maintain sodium and potassium balance, suggesting that the late distal convoluted tubule (DCT2) and/or the connecting tubule (CNT) participates in sodium homeostasis. To investigate the relative importance of ENaC-mediated sodium absorption in the CNT, we used Cre-lox technology to generate mice lacking αENaC in the aquaporin 2-expressing CNT and CD. Western blot analysis of microdissected cortical CD (CCD) and CNT revealed absence of αENaC in the CCD and weak αENaC expression in the CNT. These mice exhibited a significantly higher urinary sodium excretion, a lower urine osmolality, and an increased urine volume compared with control mice. Furthermore, serum sodium was lower and potassium levels were higher in the genetically modified mice. With dietary sodium restriction, these mice experienced significant weight loss, increased urinary sodium excretion, and hyperkalemia. Plasma aldosterone levels were significantly elevated under both standard and sodium-restricted diets. In summary, αENaC expression within the CNT/CD is crucial for sodium and potassium homeostasis and causes signs and symptoms of pseudohypoaldosteronism type 1 if missing.

Enhanced vascular contractility in alpha1-adrenergic receptor-deficient mice.

AIM: Alpha1-adrenergic receptors (alpha1-ARs) are classified into three subtypes: alpha1A-AR, alpha1B-AR, and alpha1D-AR. Triple disruption of alpha1A-AR, alpha1B-AR, and alpha1D-AR genes results in hypotension and produces no contractile response of the thoracic aorta to noradrenalin. Presently, we characterized vascular contractility against other vasoconstrictors, such as potassium, prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF(2alpha)) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), in alpha1A-AR, alpha1B-AR, and alpha1D-AR triple knockout (alpha1-AR triple KO) mice. MAIN METHODS: The contractile responses to the stimulation with vasoconstrictors were studied using isolated thoracic aorta. KEY FINDINGS: As a result, the phasic and tonic contraction induced by a high concentration of potassium (20 mM) was enhanced in the isolated thoracic aorta of alpha1-AR triple KO mice compared with that of wild-type (WT) mice. In addition, vascular responses to PGF(2alpha) and 5-HT were also enhanced in the isolated thoracic aorta of alpha1-AR triple KO mice compared with WT mice. Similar to in vitro findings with isolated thoracic aorta, in vivo pressor responses to PGF(2alpha) were enhanced in alpha1-AR triple KO mice. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis and western blot analysis indicate that gene expression of the 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A (5-HT(2A)) receptor was up-regulated in the thoracic aorta of alpha1-AR triple KO mice while the prostaglandin F2alpha receptor (FP) was unchanged. SIGNIFICANCE: These results suggest that loss of alpha1-ARs can lead to enhancement of vascular responsiveness to the vasoconstrictors and may imply that alpha1-ARs and the subsequent signaling regulate the vascular responsiveness to other stimulations such as depolarization, 5-HT and PGF(2alpha).

Up-regulated 14-3-3β and 14-3-3ζ proteins in prefrontal cortex of subjects with schizophrenia: effect of psychotropic treatment.

14-3-3 is a family of conserved regulatory proteins that bind to a multitude of functionally diverse signalling proteins. Various genetic studies and gene expression and proteomic analyses have involved 14-3-3 proteins in schizophrenia (SZ). On the other hand, studies about the status of these proteins in major depressive disorder (MD) are still missing. Immunoreactivity values of cytosolic 14-3-3β and 14-3-3ζ proteins were evaluated by Western blot in prefrontal cortex (PFC) of subjects with schizophrenia (SZ; n=22), subjects with major depressive disorder (MD; n=21) and age-, gender- and postmortem delay-matched control subjects (n=52). The modulation of 14-3-3β and 14-3-3ζ proteins by psychotropic medication was also assessed. The analysis of both proteins in SZ subjects with respect to matched control subjects showed increased 14-3-3β (Δ=33±10%, p<0.05) and 14-3-3ζ (Δ=29±6%, p<0.05) immunoreactivity in antipsychotic-free but not in antipsychotic-treated SZ subjects. Immunoreactivity values of 14-3-3β and 14-3-3ζ were not altered in MD subjects. These results show the specific up-regulation of 14-3-3β and 14-3-3ζ proteins in PFC of SZ subjects and suggest a possible down-regulation of both proteins by antipsychotic treatment.

Leri's pleonosteosis, a congenital rheumatic disease, results from microduplication at 8q22.1 encompassing GDF6 and SDC2 and provides insight into systemic sclerosis pathogenesis.

OBJECTIVES: Leri's pleonosteosis (LP) is an autosomal dominant rheumatic condition characterised by flexion contractures of the interphalangeal joints, limited motion of multiple joints, and short broad metacarpals, metatarsals and phalanges. Scleroderma-like skin thickening can be seen in some individuals with LP. We undertook a study to characterise the phenotype of LP and identify its genetic basis. METHODS AND RESULTS: Whole-genome single-nucleotide polymorphism genotyping in two families with LP defined microduplications of chromosome 8q22.1 as the cause of this condition. Expression analysis of dermal fibroblasts from affected individuals showed overexpression of two genes, GDF6 and SDC2, within the duplicated region, leading to dysregulation of genes that encode proteins of the extracellular matrix and downstream players in the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β pathway. Western blot analysis revealed markedly decreased inhibitory SMAD6 levels in patients with LP. Furthermore, in a cohort of 330 systemic sclerosis cases, we show that the minor allele of a missense SDC2 variant, p.Ser71Thr, could confer protection against disease (p<1×10(-5)). CONCLUSIONS: Our work identifies the genetic cause of LP in these two families, demonstrates the phenotypic range of the condition, implicates dysregulation of extracellular matrix homoeostasis genes in its pathogenesis, and highlights the link between TGF-β/SMAD signalling, growth/differentiation factor 6 and syndecan-2. We propose that LP is an additional member of the growing 'TGF-β-pathies' group of musculoskeletal disorders, which includes Myhre syndrome, acromicric dysplasia, geleophysic dysplasias, Weill-Marchesani syndromes and stiff skin syndrome. Identification of a systemic sclerosis-protective SDC2 variant lays the foundation for exploration of the role of syndecan-2 in systemic sclerosis in the future.

Catecholamine metabolism in paraganglioma and pheochromocytoma: similar tumors in different sites?

Pheochromocytoma (PHEO) and paraganglioma (PGL) are catecholamine-producing neuroendocrine tumors that arise respectively inside or outside the adrenal medulla. Several reports have shown that adrenal glucocorticoids (GC) play an important regulatory role on the genes encoding the main enzymes involved in catecholamine (CAT) synthesis i.e. tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH) and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT). To assess the influence of tumor location on CAT metabolism, 66 tissue samples (53 PHEO, 13 PGL) and 73 plasma samples (50 PHEO, 23 PGL) were studied. Western blot and qPCR were performed for TH, DBH and PNMT expression. We found a significantly lower intra-tumoral concentration of CAT and metanephrines (MNs) in PGL along with a downregulation of TH and PNMT at both mRNA and protein level compared with PHEO. However, when PHEO were partitioned into noradrenergic (NorAd) and mixed tumors based on an intra-tumoral CAT ratio (NE/E >90%), PGL and NorAd PHEO sustained similar TH, DBH and PNMT gene and protein expression. CAT concentration and composition were also similar between NorAd PHEO and PGL, excluding the use of CAT or MNs to discriminate between PGL and PHEO on the basis of biochemical tests. We observed an increase of TH mRNA concentration without correlation with TH protein expression in primary cell culture of PHEO and PGL incubated with dexamethasone during 24 hours; no changes were monitored for PNMT and DBH at both mRNA and protein level in PHEO and PGL. Altogether, these results indicate that long term CAT synthesis is not driven by the close environment where the tumor develops and suggest that GC alone is not sufficient to regulate CAT synthesis pathway in PHEO/PGL.

Dying neurons in thalamus of asphyxiated term newborns and rats are autophagic

Enjeu: Déterminer si la macroautophagie est activée de façon excessive dans les neurones en souffrance dans l'encéphalopathie anoxique-ischémique du nouveau-né à terme. Contexte de la recherche: L'encéphalopathie anoxique-ischémique suite à une asphyxie néonatale est associée à une morbidité neurologique à long terme. Une diminution de son incidence reste difficile, son primum movens étant soudain, imprévisible voire non identifiable. Le développement d'un traitement pharmacologique neuroprotecteur post-anoxie reste un défi car les mécanismes impliqués dans la dégénérescence neuronale sont multiples, interconnectés et encore insuffisamment compris. En effet, il ressort des études animales que la notion dichotomique de mort cellulaire apoptotique (type 1)/nécrotique (type 3) est insuffisante. Une même cellule peut présenter des caractéristiques morphologiques mixtes non seulement d'apoptose et de nécrose mais aussi parfois de mort autophagique (type 2) plus récemment décrite. L'autophagie est un processus physiologique normal et essentiel de dégradation de matériel intracellulaire par les enzymes lysosomales. La macroautophagie, nommée simplement autophagie par la suite, consiste en la séquestration de parties de cytosol à éliminer (protéines et organelles) dans des compartiments intermédiaires, les autophagosomes, puis en leur fusion avec des lysosomes pour former des autolysosomes. Dans certaines conditions de stress telles que l'hypoxie et l'excitoxicité, une activité autophagique anormalement élevée peut être impliquée dans la mort cellulaire soit comme un mécanisme de mort indépendant (autodigestion excessive correspondante à la mort cellulaire de type 2) soit en activant d'autres voies de mort comme celles de l'apoptose. Description de l'article: Ce travail examine la présence de l'autophagie et son lien avec la mort cellulaire dans les neurones d'une région cérébrale fréquemment atteinte chez le nouveau- né humain décédé après une asphyxie néonatale sévère, le thalamus ventro-latéral. Ces résultats ont été comparés à ceux obtenus dans un modèle d'hypoxie-ischémie cérébrale chez le raton de 7 jours (dont le cerveau serait comparable à celui d'un nouveau-né humain de 34-37 semaines de gestation). Au total 11 nouveau-nés à terme décédés peu après la naissance ont été rétrospectivement sélectionnés, dont 5 présentant une encéphalopathie hypoxique- ischémique sévère et 6 décédés d'une cause autre que l'asphyxie choisis comme cas contrôle. L'autophagie et l'apoptose neuronale ont été évaluées sur la base d'une étude immunohistochimique et d'imagerie confocale de coupes histologiques en utilisant des marqueurs tels que LC3 (protéine dont la forme LC3-II est liée à la membrane des autophagosomes), p62/SQSTM1 (protéine spécifiquement dégradée par autophagie), LAMP1 (protéine membranaire des lysosomes et des autolysosomes), Cathepsin D ou B (enzymes lysosomales), TUNEL (détection de la fragmentation de l'ADN se produisant lors de l'apoptose), CASPASE-3 activée (protéase effectrice de l'apoptose) et PGP9.5 (protéine spécifique aux neurones). Chez le raton l'étude a pu être étendue en utilisant d'autres méthodes complémentaires telles que la microscopie électronique et le Western-blot. Une quantification des différents marqueurs montre une augmentation statistiquement significative de l'autophagie neuronale dans les cas d'asphyxie par rapport aux cas contrôles chez l'humain comme chez le raton. En cas d'asphyxie, les mêmes neurones expriment une densité accrue d'autophagosomes et d'autolysosomes par rapport aux cas contrôles. De plus, les neurones hautement autophagiques présentent des caractéristiques de l'apoptose. Conclusion: Cette étude montre, pour la première fois, que les neurones thalamiques lésés en cas d'encéphalopathie hypoxique-ischémique sévère présentent un niveau anormalement élevé d'activité autophagique comme démontré chez le raton hypoxique-ischémique. Ce travail permet ainsi de mettre en avant l'importance de considérer l'autophagie comme acteur dans la mort neuronale survenant après asphyxie néonatale. Perspectives: Récemment un certain nombre d'études in vitro ou sur des modèles d'ischémie cérébrale chez les rongeurs suggèrent un rôle important de la macroautophagie dans la mort neuronale. Ainsi, l'inhibition spécifique de la macroautophagie devrait donc être envisagée dans le futur développement des stratégies neuroprotectrices visant à protéger le cerveau des nouveau-nés à terme suite à une asphyxie.

The Human Acid-Sensing Ion Channel ASIC1a: Evidence for a Homotetrameric Assembly State at the Cell Surface.

The chicken acid-sensing ion channel ASIC1 has been crystallized as a homotrimer. We address here the oligomeric state of the functional ASIC1 in situ at the cell surface. The oligomeric states of functional ASIC1a and mutants with additional cysteines introduced in the extracellular pore vestibule were resolved on SDS-PAGE. The functional ASIC1 complexes were stabilized at the cell surface of Xenopus laevis oocytes or CHO cells either using the sulfhydryl crosslinker BMOE, or sodium tetrathionate (NaTT). Under these different crosslinking conditions ASIC1a migrates as four distinct oligomeric states that correspond by mass to multiples of a single ASIC1a subunit. The relative importance of each of the four ASIC1a oligomers was critically dependent on the availability of cysteines in the transmembrane domain for crosslinking, consistent with the presence of ASIC1a homo-oligomers. The expression of ASIC1a monomers, trimeric or tetrameric concatemeric cDNA constructs resulted in functional channels. The resulting ASIC1a complexes are resolved as a predominant tetramer over the other oligomeric forms, after stabilization with BMOE or NaTT and SDS-PAGE/western blot analysis. Our data identify a major ASIC1a homotetramer at the surface membrane of the cell expressing functional ASIC1a channel.

Modulation de la douleur neuropathique par l'utilisation d'un vecteur viral adéno-associé recombinant et ARN interférent

Une lésion nerveuse périphérique est susceptible d'engendrer une douleur neuropathique caractérisée par des changements d'expression génique dans les neurones nociceptifs des ganglions spinaux. Parmi ces modifications, on note une augmentation transcriptionnelle du gène codant pour la guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase 1 (GCH1) considérée comme modulateur clé des douleurs neuropathiques périphériques1. La surexpression de la GCH1 induit alors une hausse de la concentration de la tétrahydrobiopterin (BH4), un cofacteur essentiel pour la production de catécholamines, de sérotonine et d'oxide nitrique dans les ganglions spinaux. La surexpression de ce cofacteur induit la production de ces neurotransmetteurs et contribue à l'augmentation de la sensibilité douloureuse. Dans ce travail, j'ai modulé l'expression de GCH1 par l'utilisation d'un vecteur viral adéno-associé. Tout d'abord, j'ai testé in vitro dans des cellules PC12 différentes molécules d'ARN interfèrent permettant la régulation négative de GCH1. Les cellules PC 12 contiennent constitutionnellement la GCH1 et sont donc intéressantes afin de tester et sélectionner un plasmide permettant une régulation négative efficace de cette molécule in vitro. Cela m'a permis de choisir après sélection de cellules par FACS et quantification protéique par Western blot les meilleurs sh-ARN à utiliser tant pour la régulation négative de GCH1 que pour le vecteur contrôle. J'ai ensuite co- transfecté ces plasmides avec le plasmide pDF6 dans des cellules HEK293T pour la production de mon vecteur viral (rAAV2/6) permettant la régulation négative de la GCH1 ainsi que de mon vecteur contrôle. Après avoir étudié deux voies d'injection chez le rat (dans le nerf sciatique et en intrathécal), j'ai retenu la voie intrathécale comme ayant le meilleur taux de transduction de mon vecteur viral au niveau des ganglions spinaux. Utiliser cette voie d'injection pour mon vecteur permet de cibler plus particulièrement les neurones nociceptifs des ganglions spinaux. J'ai ensuite étudié la modulation de la GCH1 et sa répercussion sur le développement et le maintien des douleurs neuropathiques dans le modèle animal « spared nerve injury » (SNI). Je n'ai pas obtenu de diminution de douleur ni au niveau comportemental ni au niveau moléculaire chez le rat. Ayant répété l'expérience chez la souris, j'ai obtenu une diminution significative de l'expression de la GCH1 au niveau de l'ARN messager. Je n'ai pas étudié l'efficacité de mon vecteur in vivo chez la souris car un autre groupe m'a devancé dans cette expérience et a publié une étude similaire montrant une régulation négative et efficace de la GCH1 sur les symptômes de douleur neuropathique. Mes résultats, associés à cette publication, démontrent la validité de mon hypothèse de départ et ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives thérapeutiques en prenant comme cible la production de BH4.

Inducible nitric oxide synthase-dependent stimulation of PKGI and phosphorylation of VASP in human embryonic kidney cells.

Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) production of nitric oxide (NO) has been mostly associated with so-called nitrosative stress or interaction with superoxide anion. However, recent investigations have indicated that, as for the other isoenzymes producing NO, guanylyl cyclase (GC) is a very sensitive target of iNOS activity. To further investigate this less explored signaling, the NO-cyclic guanosine 3'-5'-monophosphate (NO-cGMP)-induced vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) phosphorylation on serine 239 was investigated in human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK cells). First, the expression and activity of alpha2 and beta1 NO-sensitive GC subunits was determined by Western blot analysis, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and NO donors administration. Then, the expression of a functional cGMP-dependent protein kinase I (PKGI) was verified by addition of 8-Br-cGMP followed by determination of phosphorylation of VASP on serine 239. Finally, iNOS activation of this signaling pathway was characterized after transfection of HEK cells with human iNOS cDNA. Altogether our data show that iNOS-derived NO activates endogenous NO-sensitive GC and leads to VASP phosphorylation in HEK cells.

Expression of the inducible NO synthase in human monocytic U937 cells allows high output nitric oxide production.

Nitric oxide (NO) produced by inducible NO synthase (iNOS, NOS-2) is an important component of the macrophage-mediated immune defense toward numerous pathogens. Murine macrophages produce NO after cytokine activation, whereas, under similar conditions, human macrophages produce low levels or no NO at all. Although human macrophages can express iNOS mRNA and protein on activation, whether they possess the complete machinery necessary for NO synthesis remains controversial. To define the conditions necessary for human monocytes/macrophages to synthesize NO when expressing a functional iNOS, the human monocytic U937 cell line was engineered to synthesize this enzyme, following infection with a retroviral expression vector containing human hepatic iNOS (DFGiNOS). Northern blot and Western blot analysis confirmed the expression of iNOS in transfected U937 cells both at the RNA and protein levels. NOS enzymatic activity was demonstrated in cell lysates by the conversion of L-[3H]arginine into L-[3H]citrulline and the production of NO by intact cells was measured by nitrite and nitrate accumulation in culture supernatants. When expressing functional iNOS, U937 cells were capable of releasing high levels of NO. NO production was strictly dependent on supplementation of the culture medium with tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) and was not modified by stimulation of the cells with different cytokines. These observations suggest that (1) human monocytic U937 cells contain all the cofactors necessary for NO synthesis, except BH4 and (2) the failure to detect NO in cytokine-stimulated untransfected U937 cells is not due to the presence of a NO-scavenging molecule within these cells nor to the destabilization of iNOS protein. DFGiNOS U937 cells represent a valuable human model to study the role of NO in immunity toward tumors and pathogens.

Frequent nitric oxide synthase-2 expression in human colon adenomas: implication for tumor angiogenesis and colon cancer progression.

An increased expression of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) has been observed in human colon carcinoma cell lines as well as in human gynecological, breast, and central nervous system tumors. This observation suggests a pathobiological role of tumor-associated NO production. Hence, we investigated NOS expression in human colon cancer in respect to tumor staging, NOS-expressing cell type(s), nitrotyrosine formation, inflammation, and vascular endothelial growth factor expression. Ca2+-dependent NOS activity was found in normal colon and in tumors but was significantly decreased in adenomas (P < 0.001) and carcinomas (Dukes' stages A-D: P < 0.002). Ca2+-independent NOS activity, indicating inducible NOS (NOS2), is markedly expressed in approximately 60% of human colon adenomas (P < 0.001 versus normal tissues) and in 20-25% of colon carcinomas (P < 0.01 versus normal tissues). Only low levels were found in the surrounding normal tissue. NOS2 activity decreased with increasing tumor stage (Dukes' A-D) and was lowest in colon metastases to liver and lung. NOS2 was detected in tissue mononuclear cells (TMCs), endothelium, and tumor epithelium. There was a statistically significant correlation between NOS2 enzymatic activity and the level of NOS2 protein detected by immunohistochemistry (P < 0.01). Western blot analysis of tumor extracts with Ca2+-independent NOS activity showed up to three distinct NOS2 protein bands at Mr 125,000-Mr 138,000. The same protein bands were heavily tyrosine-phosphorylated in some tumor tissues. TMCs, but not the tumor epithelium, were immunopositive using a polyclonal anti-nitrotyrosine antibody. However, only a subset of the NOS2-expressing TMCs stained positively for 3-nitrotyrosine, which is a marker for peroxynitrite formation. Furthermore, vascular endothelial growth factor expression was detected in adenomas expressing NOS2. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that excessive NO production by NOS2 may contribute to the pathogenesis of colon cancer progression at the transition of colon adenoma to carcinoma in situ.

Le rôle de CRTC1 dans la prise de poids induite par les antipsychotiques

Les antipsychotiques atypiques, de deuxième génération, ont largement contribué à améliorer le traitement des patients souffrant de schizophrénie. Cependant, leur mécanisme d'action reste mal compris et leurs effets secondaires sont importants, notamment la prise de poids. CRTC1 (CREB-regulated transcription coactivator 1), aussi appelé TORC1 (transducers of regulated CREB activity 1), est un coactivateur de CREB. Il régule la transcription de Bdnf1 qui joue un rôle essentiel dans le contrôle de la balance énergétique dépendant du VMH 2, 3, 4. Nous pensons que CRTC1 est impliqué dans la prise de poids induite par certains antipsychotiques. En effet, il a été démontré que les souris Crtc1-/- devenaient hyperphagiques et obèses 5, 6, que la régulation de l'activité de CRTC1 se faisait par l'AMPK et que les antipsychotiques atypiques activaient cette kinase dans l'hypothalamus.7 L'AMPK de l'hypothalamus est liée à la régulation de la prise alimentaire, elle inverse l'action de la leptine, hormone anorexigène. Suite à ces constatations, nous proposons de suivre l'hypothèse de travail suivante : l'activation de l'AMPK par les antipsychotiques atypiques dans l'hypothalamus peut maintenir la phosphorylation de CRTC1 et le bloquer dans le cytoplasme, l'empêchant ainsi d'activer les gènes anorexigènes, comme Bdnf par exemple. En effet, la forme phosphorylée inactive de CRTC1 est séquestrée dans le cytoplasme et sa migration dans le noyau nécessite en même temps l'activation de la phosphatase calcineurine et l'inactivation des kinases de la famille de l'AMPK. Dans le travail que nous avons entamé, nous cherchons donc, par western blot et par immunohistochimie, à comprendre si les antipsychotiques atypiques inactivent CRTC1 en induisant sa phosphorylation par l'AMPK et sa rétention dans le cytoplasme.

Retinal damage induced by commercial light emitting diodes (LEDs).

Spectra of "white LEDs" are characterized by an intense emission in the blue region of the visible spectrum, absent in daylight spectra. This blue component and the high intensity of emission are the main sources of concern about the health risks of LEDs with respect to their toxicity to the eye and the retina. The aim of our study was to elucidate the role of blue light from LEDs in retinal damage. Commercially available white LEDs and four different blue LEDs (507, 473, 467, and 449nm) were used for exposure experiments on Wistar rats. Immunohistochemical stain, transmission electron microscopy, and Western blot were used to exam the retinas. We evaluated LED-induced retinal cell damage by studying oxidative stress, stress response pathways, and the identification of cell death pathways. LED light caused a state of suffering of the retina with oxidative damage and retinal injury. We observed a loss of photoreceptors and the activation of caspase-independent apoptosis, necroptosis, and necrosis. A wavelength dependence of the effects was observed. Phototoxicity of LEDs on the retina is characterized by a strong damage of photoreceptors and by the induction of necrosis.

High prevalence of PRPH2 in autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa in france and characterization of biochemical and clinical features.

PURPOSE: To assess the prevalence of PRPH2 in autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (adRP), to report 6 novel mutations, to characterize the biochemical features of a recurrent novel mutation, and to study the clinical features of adRP patients. DESIGN: Retrospective clinical and molecular genetic study. METHODS: Clinical investigations included visual field testing, fundus examination, high-resolution spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT), fundus autofluorescence imaging, and electroretinogram (ERG) recording. PRPH2 was screened by Sanger sequencing in a cohort of 310 French families with adRP. Peripherin-2 protein was produced in yeast and analyzed by Western blot. RESULTS: We identified 15 mutations, including 6 novel and 9 previously reported changes in 32 families, accounting for a prevalence of 10.3% in this adRP population. We showed that a new recurrent p.Leu254Gln mutation leads to protein aggregation, suggesting abnormal folding. The clinical severity of the disease in examined patients was moderate with 78% of the eyes having 1-0.5 of visual acuity and 52% of the eyes retaining more than 50% of the visual field. Some patients characteristically showed vitelliform deposits or macular involvement. In some families, pericentral RP or macular dystrophy were found in family members while widespread RP was present in other members of the same families. CONCLUSIONS: The mutations in PRPH2 account for 10.3% of adRP in the French population, which is higher than previously reported (0%-8%) This makes PRPH2 the second most frequent adRP gene after RHO in our series. PRPH2 mutations cause highly variable phenotypes and moderate forms of adRP, including mild cases, which could be underdiagnosed.

Long-term controlled GDNF over-expression reduces dopamine transporter activity without affecting tyrosine hydroxylase expression in the rat mesostriatal system.

The dopamine (DA) transporter (DAT) is a plasma membrane glycoprotein expressed in dopaminergic (DA-) cells that takes back DA into presynaptic neurons after its release. DAT dysfunction has been involved in different neuro-psychiatric disorders including Parkinson's disease (PD). On the other hand, numerous studies support that the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) has a protective effect on DA-cells. However, studies in rodents show that prolonged GDNF over-expression may cause a tyrosine hydroxylase (TH, the limiting enzyme in DA synthesis) decline. The evidence of TH down-regulation suggests that another player in DA handling, DAT, may also be regulated by prolonged GDNF over-expression, and the possibility that this effect is induced at GDNF expression levels lower than those inducing TH down-regulation. This issue was investigated here using intrastriatal injections of a tetracycline-inducible adeno-associated viral vector expressing human GDNF cDNA (AAV-tetON-GDNF) in rats, and doxycycline (DOX; 0.01, 0.03, 0.5 and 3mg/ml) in the drinking water during 5weeks. We found that 3mg/ml DOX promotes an increase in striatal GDNF expression of 12× basal GDNF levels and both DA uptake decrease and TH down-regulation in its native and Ser40 phosphorylated forms. However, 0.5mg/ml DOX promotes a GDNF expression increase of 3× basal GDNF levels with DA uptake decrease but not TH down-regulation. The use of western-blot under non-reducing conditions, co-immunoprecipitation and in situ proximity ligation assay revealed that the DA uptake decrease is associated with the formation of DAT dimers and an increase in DAT-α-synuclein interactions, without changes in total DAT levels or its compartmental distribution. In conclusion, at appropriate GDNF transduction levels, DA uptake is regulated through DAT protein-protein interactions without interfering with DA synthesis.