Degradation of the resin-dentin bonds after simulated and inhibited cariogenic challenge in an in situ model

The aim of this study was to evaluate the resindentin bonds of two simplified etch-and-rinse adhesive after simulated cariogenic and inhibited cariogenic challenge in situ. Dental cavities (4 mm wide, 4 mm long, and 1.5 mm deep) were prepared in 60 bovine teeth with enamel margins. Restorations were bonded with either adhesive Adper Single Bond 2 (3MESPE) or Optibond Solo Plus (Kerr). Forty restorations were included in an intra-oral palatal appliance that was used for 10 adult volunteers while the remaining 20 dental blocks were not submitted to any cariogenic challenge [NC group] and tested immediately. For the simulated cariogenic challenge [C+DA], each volunteer dropped 20% sucrose solution onto all blocks four times a day during 14 days and distilled water twice a day. In the inhibited cariogenic challenge group [C + FA], the same procedure was done, but slurry of fluoride dentifrice (1.100 ppm) was applied instead of water. The restored bovine blocks were sectioned to obtain a slice for cross-sectional Vickers microhardness evaluation and resindentin bonded sticks (0.8 mm2) for resindentin microtensile evaluation. Data were evaluated by two-way ANOVA and Tukey's tests (a = 0.05). Statistically lower microhardness values and degradation of the resindentin bonds were only found in the C + DW group for both adhesives. The in situ model seems to be a suitable short-term methodology to investigate the degradation of the resindentin bonds under a more realistic condition. (c) 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 100B: 14661471, 2012.

Evaluation of degree of conversion and hardness of dental composites photo-activated with different light guide tips

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the degree of conversion and hardness of different composite resins, photo-activated for 40 s with two different light guide tips, fiber optic and polymer. Methods: Five specimens were made for each group evaluated. The percentage of unreacted carbon double bonds (% C=C) was determined from the ratio of absorbance intensities of aliphatic C=C (peak at 1637 cm-1) against internal standard before and after curing of the specimen: aromatic C-C (peak at 1610 cm-1). The Vickers hardness measurements were performed in a universal testing machine. A 50 gf load was used and the indenter with a dwell time of 30 seconds. The degree of conversion and hardness mean values were analyzed separately by ANOVA and Tukey's test, with a significance level set at 5%. Results: The mean values of degree of conversion for the polymer and fiber optic light guide tip were statistically different (P<.001). The hardness mean values were statistically different among the light guide tips (P<.001), but also there was difference between top and bottom surfaces (P<.001). Conclusions: The results showed that the resins photo-activated with the fiber optic light guide tip promoted higher values for degree of conversion and hardness.

Preparation and characterisation of refractory whiskers and selected alumina composites

A whisker is a common name of single crystalline inorganic fibre of small dimensions, typically 0.5-1 μm in diameter and 20-50 μm in length. Whiskers are mainly used as reinforcement of ceramics. This work describes the synthesis and characterisation of new whisker types. Ti0.33Ta0.33Nb0.33CxN1-x, TiB2, B4C, and LaxCe1-xB6 have been prepared by carbothermal vapour–liquid–solid (CTR-VLS) growth mechanisms in the temperature range 900-1800°C, in argon or nitrogen. Generally, carbon and different suitable oxides were used as whisker precursors. The oxides reacted via a carbothermal reduction process. A halogenide salt was added to form gaseous metal halogenides or oxohalogenides and small amount of a transition metal was added to catalyse the whisker growth. In this mechanism, the whisker constituents are dissolved into the catalyst, in liquid phase, which becomes supersaturated. Then a whisker could nucleate and grow out under continuous feed of constituents. The syntheses of TiC, TiB2, and B4C were followed at ordinary synthesis conditions by means of mass spectrometry (MS), thermogravimetry (TG), differential thermal analysis (DTA) and quenching. The main reaction starting temperatures and reaction time for the different mixtures was revealed, and it was found that the temperature inside the crucible during the reactions was up to 100°C below the furnace set-point, due to endothermic nature of the reactions. Quench experiments showed that whiskers were formed already when reaching the temperature plateau, but the yield increased fast with the holding time and reached a maximum after about 20-30 minutes. Growth models for whisker formation have been proposed. Alumina based composites reinforced by (2-5 vol.%) TiCnano and TiNnano and 25 vol.% of carbide, and boride phases (whiskers and particulates of TiC, TiN, TaC, NbC, (Ti,Ta)C, (Ti,Ta,Nb)C, SiC, TiB2 and B4C) have been prepared by a developed aqueous colloidal processing route followed by hot pressing for 90 min at 1700°C, 28 MPa or SPS sintering for 5 minutes at 1200-1600°C and 75 MPa. Vickers indentation measurements showed that the lowest possible sintering temperature is to prefer from mechanical properties point of view. In the TiNnano composites the fracture mode was typically intergranular, while it was transgranular in the SiCnano composites. The whisker and particulate composites have been compared in terms of e.g. microstructure and mechanical properties. Generally, additions of whiskers yielded higher fracture toughness compared to particulates. Composites of commercially available SiC whiskers showed best mechanical properties with a low spread but all the other whisker phases, especially TiB2, exhibited a great potential as reinforcement materials.

Development and characterization of non-oxide ceramic composites for mechanical and tribological applications

The main reasons for the attention focused on ceramics as possible structural materials are their wear resistance and the ability to operate with limited oxidation and ablation at temperatures above 2000°C. Hence, this work is devoted to the study of two classes of materials which can satisfy these requirements: silicon carbide -based ceramics (SiC) for wear applications and borides and carbides of transition metals for ultra-high temperatures applications (UHTCs). SiC-based materials: Silicon carbide is a hard ceramic, which finds applications in many industrial sectors, from heat production, to automotive engineering and metals processing. In view of new fields of uses, SiC-based ceramics were produced with addition of 10-30 vol% of MoSi2, in order to obtain electro conductive ceramics. MoSi2, indeed, is an intermetallic compound which possesses high temperature oxidation resistance, high electrical conductivity (21·10-6 Ω·cm), relatively low density (6.31 g/cm3), high melting point (2030°C) and high stiffness (440 GPa). The SiC-based ceramics were hot pressed at 1900°C with addition of Al2O3-Y2O3 or Y2O3-AlN as sintering additives. The microstructure of the composites and of the reference materials, SiC and MoSi2, were studied by means of conventional analytical techniques, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). The composites showed a homogeneous microstructure, with good dispersion of the secondary phases and low residual porosity. The following thermo-mechanical properties of the SiC-based materials were measured: Vickers hardness (HV), Young’s modulus (E), fracture toughness (KIc) and room to high temperature flexural strength (σ). The mechanical properties of the composites were compared to those of two monolithic SiC and MoSi2 materials and resulted in a higher stiffness, fracture toughness and slightly higher flexural resistance. Tribological tests were also performed in two configurations disco-on-pin and slideron cylinder, aiming at studying the wear behaviour of SiC-MoSi2 composites with Al2O3 as counterfacing materials. The tests pointed out that the addition of MoSi2 was detrimental owing to a lower hardness in comparison with the pure SiC matrix. On the contrary, electrical measurements revealed that the addition of 30 vol% of MoSi2, rendered the composite electroconductive, lowering the electrical resistance of three orders of magnitude. Ultra High Temperature Ceramics: Carbides, borides and nitrides of transition metals (Ti, Zr, Hf, Ta, Nb, Mo) possess very high melting points and interesting engineering properties, such as high hardness (20-25 GPa), high stiffness (400-500 GPa), flexural strengths which remain unaltered from room temperature to 1500°C and excellent corrosion resistance in aggressive environment. All these properties place the UHTCs as potential candidates for the development of manoeuvrable hypersonic flight vehicles with sharp leading edges. To this scope Zr- and Hf- carbide and boride materials were produced with addition of 5-20 vol% of MoSi2. This secondary phase enabled the achievement of full dense composites at temperature lower than 2000°C and without the application of pressure. Besides the conventional microstructure analyses XRD and SEM-EDS, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was employed to explore the microstructure on a small length scale to disclose the effective densification mechanisms. A thorough literature analysis revealed that neither detailed TEM work nor reports on densification mechanisms are available for this class of materials, which however are essential to optimize the sintering aids utilized and the processing parameters applied. Microstructural analyses, along with thermodynamics and crystallographic considerations, led to disclose of the effective role of MoSi2 during sintering of Zrand Hf- carbides and borides. Among the investigated mechanical properties (HV, E, KIc, σ from room temperature to 1500°C), the high temperature flexural strength was improved due to the protective and sealing effect of a silica-based glassy phase, especially for the borides. Nanoindentation tests were also performed on HfC-MoSi2 composites in order to extract hardness and elastic modulus of the single phases. Finally, arc jet tests on HfC- and HfB2-based composites confirmed the excellent oxidation behaviour of these materials under temperature exceeding 2000°C; no cracking or spallation occurred and the modified layer was only 80-90 μm thick.

Visual scanning in sports actions: comparison between soccer goalkeepers and judo fighters

Visual search and oculomotor behaviour are believed to be very relevant for athlete performance, especially for sports requiring refined visuo-motor coordination skills. Modern coaches believe that a correct visuo-motor strategy may be part of advanced training programs. In this thesis two experiments are reported in which gaze behaviour of expert and novice athletes were investigated while they were doing a real sport specific task. The experiments concern two different sports: judo and soccer. In each experiment, number of fixations, fixation locations and mean fixation duration (ms) were considered. An observational analysis was done at the end of the paper to see perceptual differences between near and far space. Purpose: The aim of the judo study was to delineate differences in gaze behaviour characteristics between a population of athletes and one of non athletes. Aspects specifically investigated were: search rate, search order and viewing time across different conditions in a real-world task. The second study was aimed at identifying gaze behaviour in varsity soccer goalkeepers while facing a penalty kick executed with instep and inside foot. Then an attempt has been done to compare the gaze strategies of expert judoka and soccer goalkeepers in order to delineate possible differences related to the different conditions of reacting to events occurring in near (peripersonal) or far (extrapersonal) space. Judo Methods: A sample of 9 judoka (black belt) and 11 near judoka (white belt) were studied. Eye movements were recorded at 500Hz using a video based eye tracker (EyeLink II). Each subject participated in 40 sessions for about 40 minutes. Gaze behaviour was considered as average number of locations fixated per trial, the average number of fixations per trial, and mean fixation duration. Soccer Methods: Seven (n = 7) intermediate level male volunteered for the experiment. The kickers and goalkeepers, had at least varsity level soccer experience. The vision-in-action (VIA) system (Vickers 1996; Vickers 2007) was used to collect the coupled gaze and motor behaviours of the goalkeepers. This system integrated input from a mobile eye tracking system (Applied Sciences Laboratories) with an external video of the goalkeeper’s saving actions. The goalkeepers took 30 penalty kicks on a synthetic pitch in accordance with FIFA (2008) laws. Judo Results: Results indicate that experts group differed significantly from near expert for fixations duration, and number of fixations per trial. The expert judokas used a less exhaustive search strategy involving fewer fixations of longer duration than their novice counterparts and focused on central regions of the body. The results showed that in defence and attack situation expert group did a greater number of transitions with respect to their novice counterpart. Soccer Results: We found significant main effect for the number of locations fixated across outcome (goal/save) but not for foot contact (instep/inside). Participants spent more time fixating the areas in instep than inside kick and in goal than in save situation. Mean and standard error in search strategy as a result of foot contact and outcome indicate that the most gaze behaviour start and finish on ball interest areas. Conclusions: Expert goalkeepers tend to spend more time in inside-save than instep-save penalty, differences that was opposite in scored penalty kick. Judo results show that differences in visual behaviour related to the level of expertise appear mainly when the test presentation is continuous, last for a relatively long period of time and present a high level of uncertainty with regard to the chronology and the nature of events. Expert judoist performers “anchor” the fovea on central regions of the scene (lapel and face) while using peripheral vision to monitor opponents’ limb movements. The differences between judo and soccer gaze strategies are discussed on the light of physiological and neuropsychological differences between near and far space perception.

Sistemi multistrato per il miglioramento del comportamento tribologico dell'acciaio inossidabile AISI 316L: cementazione a bassa temperatura seguita da deposizione PACVD di carbonio amorfo (a-C:H)

Gli acciai inossidabili austenitici presentano ottime caratteristiche che li rendono ideali in tutti quei settori in cui è richiesta un’elevata resistenza alla corrosione associata a caratteristiche estetiche e funzionali. L’acciaio AISI 316L risulta essere uno dei più studiati ed utilizzati, specie nell’industria alimentare e farmaceutica, dove leapparecchiature debbono poter essere sottoposte ad aggressive procedure di sanificazione. Tuttavia, la modesta resistenza meccanica e la bassa durezza superficiale di questo acciaio determinano un comportamento non soddisfacente dal punto di vista dell’usura da strisciamento in assenza di lubrificanti, situazione che si verifica sovente in molti macchinari dedicati a queste industrie. Tra le varie soluzioni, studiate per migliorare il suo comportamento tribologico, la cementazione a bassa temperatura (LowTemperature Carburizing, LTC) seguita dalla deposizione PE-CVD (Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapour Deposition) di un rivestimento di carbonio amorfo idrogenato (a-C:H), sembra essere molto promettente. In questo lavoro vengono analizzate le caratteristiche tribologiche dell’acciaio AISI 316L cementato a bassa temperatura e rivestito di carbonio amorfo idrogenato, tramite prove tribologiche di strisciamento non lubrificato in geometria di contatto pattino su cilindro. Sono state verificate, inoltre, le caratteristiche microstrutturali e meccaniche superficiali del rivestimento multistrato LTC/a-C:H tramite osservazioni morfologiche/topografiche, analisi in spettroscopia micro-Raman e misure di indentazione strumentata sulle superfici rivestite, seguite da analisi metallografia e misura dei profili di microdurezza Vickers in sezione trasversale. I risultati ottenuti dimostrano che, ai fini di contenere l’effetto negativo legato all’aumento di rugosità dovuto al trattamento LTC, è opportuno effettuare una lucidatura precedente al trattamento stesso, poiché effettuandola successivamente si rischierebbe dicomprometterne lo strato efficace. Inoltre, si osserva come il trattamento LTC incrementi le capacità del substrato di supportare il rivestimento a-C:H, portando ad un miglioramento delle prestazioni tribologiche, nelle prove di strisciamento non lubrificato. Infine, si dimostra come l’utilizzo di un rivestimento a base di carbonio amorfo idrogenato adeguatamente supportato permetta una riduzione dell’attrito (di oltre cinque volte) e dell’usura (di circa dieci ordini di grandezza) rispetto ai corrispondenti materiali non rivestiti.

Caratterizzazione meccanica multiscala di materiali rocciosi strutturalmente complessi

The research work was aimed at studying, with a deterministic approach, the relationships between the rock’s texture and its mechanical properties determined at the laboratory scale. The experimentation was performed on a monomineralic crystalline rock, varying in texture, i.e. grains shape. Multi-scale analysis has been adopted to determine the elasto-mechanical properties of the crystals composing the rock and its strength and deformability at the macro-scale. This let us to understand how the structural variability of the investigated rock affects its macromechanical behaviour. Investigations have been performed on three different scales: nano-scale (order of nm), micro-scale (tens of m) and macro-scale (cm). Innovative techniques for rock mechanics, i.e. Depth Sensing Indentation (DSI), have been applied, in order to determine the elasto-mechanical properties of the calcite grains. These techniques have also allowed to study the influence of grain boundaries on the mechanical response of calcite grains by varying the indents’ sizes and to quantify the effect of the applied load on the hardness and elastic modulus of the grain (indentation size effect, ISE). The secondary effects of static indentation Berkovich, Vickers and Knoop were analyzed by SEM, and some considerations on the rock’s brittle behaviour and the effect of microcracks can be made.

Effetto dell'addizione di fibre corte di carbonio su microstruttura e proprietà di materiali a base di ZrB2

Il lavoro di tesi, svolto presso l’Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali Ceramici (ISTEC-CNR, Faenza, RA), ha affrontato la produzione e la caratterizzazione di ceramici a base di boruro di zirconio (ZrB2) con lo scopo di valutare l’efficacia delle fibre corte di carbonio come potenziale rinforzo. Il boruro di zirconio appartiene a una famiglia di materiali noti come UHTC (Ultra-High Temperature Ceramics) caratterizzati da elevato punto di fusione e in grado di mantenere la resistenza meccanica e operare con limitata ossidazione a temperature superiori ai 2000°C. Il principale ostacolo nella produzione dei materiali a base di ZrB2 è il processo di sintesi, infatti, a causa della loro elevata temperatura di fusione, per ottenere un materiale completamente denso è necessario utilizzare processi a temperatura e pressione elevati (T > 2000°C e P > 30 MPa), condizioni che vanno ad influenzare la microstruttura della matrice e delle fibre e di conseguenza le proprietà meccaniche del materiale. L’aggiunta di additivi di sinterizzazione idonei permette di ottenere materiali perfettamente densi anche a temperature e pressioni inferiori. Tuttavia lo ZrB2 non viene ampiamente utilizzato per applicazioni strutturali a causa della sua fragilità, per far fronte alla sua bassa tenacità il materiale viene spesso rinforzato con una fase allungata (whiskers o fibre). È già oggetto di studi l’utilizzo di fibre corte e whiskers di SiC per tenacizzare lo ZrB2, tuttavia la forte interfaccia che viene a crearsi tra fibra e matrice, che non permette il pull-out delle fibre, ci porta a credere che una fibra che non tenda a reagire con la matrice, presentando un’interfaccia più debole, possa portare ad una tenacizzazione più efficace. Per questo scopo sono stati realizzati mediante pressatura a caldo due materiali rinforzati con fibre corte di carbonio: ZrB2 + 5% vol MoSi2 + 8% vol fibre di carbonio e [ZrB2 + 2 % peso C] + 8% vol fibre di carbonio, indicati rispettivamente con Z5M_Cf e Z2C_Cf. Sono stati analizzati e discussi diversi aspetti del materiale rinforzato tra cui: il comportamento di densificazione durante la pressatura a caldo, l’evoluzione della microstruttura della matrice, la distribuzione e la morfologia delle fibre, l’influenza del rinforzo sulle proprietà meccaniche di durezza e tenacità e sulla resistenza all’ossidazione. L’elaborato è strutturato come segue: inizialmente sono state introdotte le caratteristiche generali dei ceramici avanzati tra cui le proprietà, la produzione e le applicazioni; successivamente è stata approfondita la descrizione dei materiali a base di boruro di zirconio, in particolare i processi produttivi e l’influenza degli additivi di sinterizzazione sulla densificazione e sulle proprietà; ci si è poi concentrati sull’effetto di una seconda fase allungata per il rinforzo del composito. Per quanto riguarda la parte sperimentale vengono descritte le principali fasi della preparazione e caratterizzazione dei materiali: le materie prime, disperse in un solvente, sono state miscelate mediante ball-milling, successivamente è stato evaporato il solvente e la polvere ottenuta è stata formata mediante pressatura uniassiale. I campioni, dopo essere stati sinterizzati mediante pressatura uniassiale a caldo, sono stati tagliati e lucidati a specchio per poter osservare la microstruttura. Quest’ultima è stata analizzata al SEM per studiare l’effetto dell’additivo di sinterizzazione (MoSi2 e carbonio) e l’interfaccia tra matrice e fase rinforzante. Per approfondire l’effetto del rinforzo sulle proprietà meccaniche sono state misurate la durezza e la tenacità del composito; infine è stata valutata la resistenza all’ossidazione mediante prove in aria a 1200°C e 1500°C. L’addizione di MoSi2 ha favorito la densificazione a 1800°C mediante formazione di una fase liquida transiente, tuttavia il materiale è caratterizzato da una porosità residua di ~ 7% vol. L’addizione del carbonio ha favorito la densificazione completa a 1900°C grazie alla reazione dall’additivo con gli ossidi superficiali dello ZrB2. La microstruttura delle matrici è piuttosto fine, con una dimensione media dei grani di ~ 2 μm per entrambi i materiali. Nel caso del materiale con Z5M_Cf sono presenti nella matrice particelle di SiC e fasi MoB derivanti dalla reazione dell’additivo con le fibre e con la matrice; invece nel materiale Z2C_Cf sono presenti grani di carbonio allungati tra i bordi grano, residui delle reazioni di densificazione. In entrambi i materiali le fibre sono distribuite omogeneamente e la loro interfaccia con la matrice è fortemente reattiva. Nel caso del materiale Z5M_Cf si è formata una struttura core-shell con lo strato più esterno formato da SiC, formato dalla reazione tra il siliciuro e la fibra di C. Nel caso del materiale Z2C_Cf non si forma una vera e propria interfaccia, ma la fibra risulta fortemente consumata per via dell’alta temperatura di sinterizzazione. I valori di durezza Vickers dei materiali Z5M_Cf e Z2C_Cf sono rispettivamente 11 GPa e 14 GPa, valori inferiori rispetto al valore di riferimento di 23 GPa dello ZrB2, ma giustificati dalla presenza di una fase meno dura: le fibre di carbonio e, nel caso di Z5M_Cf, anche della porosità residua. I valori di tenacità dei materiali Z5M_Cf e Z2C_Cf, misurati con il metodo dell’indentazione, sono rispettivamente 3.06 MPa·m0.5 e 3.19 MPa·m0.5. L’osservazione, per entrambi i materiali, del fenomeno di pull-out della fibra, sulla superficie di frattura, e della deviazione del percorso della cricca, all’interno della fibra di carbonio, lasciano supporre che siano attivi questi meccanismi tenacizzanti a contributo positivo, unitamente al contributo negativo legato allo stress residuo. La resistenza all’ossidazione dei due materiali è confrontabile a 1200°C, mentre dopo esposizione a 1500°C il materiale Z5M_Cf risulta più resistente rispetto al materiale Z2C_Cf grazie alla formazione di uno strato di SiO2 protettivo, che inibisce la diffusione dell’ossigeno all’interno della matrice. Successivamente, sono stati considerati metodi per migliorare la densità finale del materiale e abbassare ulteriormente la temperatura di sinterizzazione in modo da minimizzare la degenerazione della fibra. Da ricerca bibliografica è stato identificato il siliciuro di tantalio (TaSi2) come potenziale candidato. Pertanto è stato prodotto un terzo materiale a base di ZrB2 + Cf contenente una maggiore quantità di siliciuro (10% vol TaSi2) che ha portato ad una densità relativa del 96% a 1750°C. Questo studio ha permesso di approcciare per la prima volta le problematiche legate all’introduzione delle fibre di carbonio nella matrice di ZrB2. Investigazioni future saranno mirate alla termodinamica delle reazioni che hanno luogo in sinterizzazione per poter analizzare in maniera più sistematica la reattività delle fibre nei confronti della matrice e degli additivi. Inoltre riuscendo ad ottenere un materiale completamente denso e con fibre di carbonio poco reagite si potrà valutare la reale efficacia delle fibre di carbonio come possibili fasi tenacizzanti.

Influence of Surface Roughness on Mechanical Properties of Two Computer-aided Design/Computer-aided Manufacturing (CAD/CAM) Ceramic Materials

SUMMARY The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of surface roughness on surface hardness (Vickers; VHN), elastic modulus (EM), and flexural strength (FLS) of two computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) ceramic materials. One hundred sixty-two samples of VITABLOCS Mark II (VMII) and 162 samples of IPS Empress CAD (IPS) were ground according to six standardized protocols producing decreasing surface roughnesses (n=27/group): grinding with 1) silicon carbide (SiC) paper #80, 2) SiC paper #120, 3) SiC paper #220, 4) SiC paper #320, 5) SiC paper #500, and 6) SiC paper #1000. Surface roughness (Ra/Rz) was measured with a surface roughness meter, VHN and EM with a hardness indentation device, and FLS with a three-point bending test. To test for a correlation between surface roughness (Ra/Rz) and VHN, EM, or FLS, Spearman rank correlation coefficients were calculated. The decrease in surface roughness led to an increase in VHN from (VMII/IPS; medians) 263.7/256.5 VHN to 646.8/601.5 VHN, an increase in EM from 45.4/41.0 GPa to 66.8/58.4 GPa, and an increase in FLS from 49.5/44.3 MPa to 73.0/97.2 MPa. For both ceramic materials, Spearman rank correlation coefficients showed a strong negative correlation between surface roughness (Ra/Rz) and VHN or EM and a moderate negative correlation between Ra/Rz and FLS. In conclusion, a decrease in surface roughness generally improved the mechanical properties of the CAD/CAM ceramic materials tested. However, FLS was less influenced by surface roughness than expected.

Depth of cure of resin composites: is the ISO 4049 method suitable for bulk fill materials?

To evaluate if depth of cure D(ISO) determined by the ISO 4049 method is accurately reflected with bulk fill materials when compared to depth of cure D(new) determined by Vickers microhardness profiles.

Shear band evolution in Zr/Hf-based bulk metallic glasses under static and dynamic indentations

Bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) exhibit superior mechanical properties as compared with other conventional materials and have been proposed for numerous engineering and technological applications. Zr/Hf-based BMGs or tungsten reinforced BMG composites are considered as a potential replacement for depleted uranium armor-piercing projectiles because of their ability to form localized shear bands during impact, which has been known to be the dominant plastic deformation mechanism in BMGs. However, in conventional tensile, compressive and bending tests, limited ductility has been observed because of fracture initiation immediately following the shear band formation. To fully investigate shear band characteristics, indentation tests that can confine the deformation in a limited region have been pursued. In this thesis, a detailed investigation of thermal stability and mechanical deformation behavior of Zr/Hf-based BMGs is conducted. First, systematic studies had been implemented to understand the influence of relative compositions of Zr and Hf on thermal stability and mechanical property evolution. Second, shear band evolution under indentations were investigated experimentally and theoretically. Three kinds of indentation studies were conducted on BMGs in the current study. (a) Nano-indentation to determine the mechanical properties as a function of Hf/Zr content. (b) Static Vickers indentation on bonded split specimens to investigate the shear band evolution characteristics beneath the indention. (c) Dynamic Vickers indentation on bonded split specimens to investigate the influence of strain rate. It was found in the present work that gradually replacing Zr by Hf remarkably increases the density and improves the mechanical properties. However, a slight decrease in glass forming ability with increasing Hf content has also been identified through thermodynamic analysis although all the materials in the current study were still found to be amorphous. Many indentation studies have revealed only a few shear bands surrounding the indent on the top surface of the specimen. This small number of shear bands cannot account for the large plastic deformation beneath the indentations. Therefore, a bonded interface technique has been used to observe the slip-steps due to shear band evolution. Vickers indentations were performed along the interface of the bonded split specimen at increasing loads. At small indentation loads, the plastic deformation was primarily accommodated by semi-circular primary shear bands surrounding the indentation. At higher loads, secondary and tertiary shear bands were formed inside this plastic zone. A modified expanding cavity model was then used to predict the plastic zone size characterized by the shear bands and to identify the stress components responsible for the evolution of the various types of shear bands. The applicability of various hardness—yield-strength ( H −σγ ) relationships currently available in the literature for bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) is also investigated. Experimental data generated on ZrHf-based BMGs in the current study and those available elsewhere on other BMG compositions were used to validate the models. A modified expanding-cavity model, employed in earlier work, was extended to propose a new H −σγ relationship. Unlike previous models, the proposed model takes into account not only the indenter geometry and the material properties, but also the pressure sensitivity index of the BMGs. The influence of various model parameters is systematically analyzed. It is shown that there is a good correlation between the model predictions and the experimental data for a wide range of BMG compositions. Under dynamic Vickers indentation, a decrease in indentation hardness at high loading rate was observed compared to static indentation hardness. It was observed that at equivalent loads, dynamic indentations produced more severe deformation features on the loading surface than static indentations. Different from static indentation, two sets of widely spaced semi-circular shear bands with two different curvatures were observed. The observed shear band pattern and the strain rate softening in indentation hardness were rationalized based on the variations in the normal stress on the slip plane, the strain rate of shear and the temperature rise associated with the indentation deformation. Finally, a coupled thermo-mechanical model is proposed that utilizes a momentum diffusion mechanism for the growth and evolution of the final spacing of shear bands. The influence of strain rate, confinement pressure and critical shear displacement on the shear band spacing, temperature rise within the shear band, and the associated variation in flow stress have been captured and analyzed. Consistent with the known pressure sensitive behavior of BMGs, the current model clearly captures the influence of the normal stress in the formation of shear bands. The normal stress not only reduces the time to reach critical shear displacement but also causes a significant temperature rise during the shear band formation. Based on this observation, the variation of shear band spacing in a typical dynamic indentation test has been rationalized. The temperature rise within a shear band can be in excess of 2000K at high strain rate and high confinement pressure conditions. The associated drop in viscosity and flow stress may explain the observed decrease in fracture strength and indentation hardness. The above investigations provide valuable insight into the deformation behavior of BMGs under static and dynamic loading conditions. The shear band patterns observed in the above indentation studies can be helpful to understand and model the deformation features under complex loading scenarios such as the interaction of a penetrator with armor. Future work encompasses (1) extending and modifying the coupled thermo-mechanical model to account for the temperature rise in quasistatic deformation; and (2) expanding this model to account for the microstructural variation-crystallization and free volume migration associated with the deformation.

Processing and mechanical properties of cast aluminum containing scandium, zirconium, and ytterbium

A series of aluminum alloys containing additions of scandium, zirconium, and ytterbium were cast to evaluate the effect of partial ytterbium substitution for scandium on tensile behavior. Due to the high price of scandium, a crucible-melt interaction study was performed to ensure no scandium was lost in graphite, alumina, magnesia, or zirconia crucibles after holding a liquid Al-Sc master alloy for 8 hours at 900 °C in an argon atmosphere. The alloys were subjected to an isochronal aging treatment and tested for conductivity and Vickers microhardness after each increment. For scandium-containing alloys, peak hardnesses of 520-790 MPa, and peak tensile stresses of 138-234 MPa were observed after aging from 150-350 °C for 3 hours in increments of 50 °C, and for alloys without scandium, peak hardnesses of 217-335 MPa and peak tensile stresses of 45-63 MPa were observed after a 3 hour, 150 °C aging treatment. The hardness and tensile strength of the ytterbium containing alloy was found to be lower than in the alloy with no ytterbium substitution.

ON THE DIGITAL-POLITICAL TOPOGRAPHY OF MUSIC

The persuasive power of music is often relegated to the dimension of pathos: that which moves us emotionally. Yet, the music commodity is now situated in and around the liminal spaces of digitality. To think about how music functions, how it argues across media, and how it moves us, we must examine its material and immaterial realities as they present themselves to us and as we so create them. This dissertation rethinks the relationship between rhetoric and music by examining the creation, performance, and distribution of music in its material and immaterial forms to demonstrate its persuasive power. While both Plato and Aristotle understood music as a means to move men toward virtue, Aristotle tells us in his Laws, through the Athenian Stranger, that the very best kinds of music can help guide us to truth. From this starting point, I assess the historical problem of understanding the rhetorical potential of music as merely that which directs or imitates the emotions: that which “Soothes the savage breast,” as William Congreve writes. By furthering work by Vickers and Farnsworth, who suggest that the Baroque fascination with applying rhetorical figures to musical figures is an insufficient framework for assessing the rhetorical potential of music, I demonstrate the gravity of musical persuasion in its political weight, in its violence—the subjective violence of musical torture at Guantanamo and the objective, ideological violence of music—and in what Jacques Attali calls the prophetic nature of music. I argue that music has a significant function, and as a non-discursive form of argumentation, works on us beyond affect. Moreover, with the emergence of digital music distribution and domestic digital recording technologies, the digital music commodity in its material and immaterial forms allows for ruptures in the former methods of musical composition, production, and distribution and in the political potential of music which Jacques Attali describes as being able to foresee new political realities. I thus suggest a new theoretical framework for thinking about rhetoric and music by expanding on Lloyd Bitzer’s rhetorical situation, by offering the idea of “openings” to the existing exigence, audience, and constraints. The prophetic and rhetorical power of music in the aleatoric moment can help provide openings from which new exigencies can be conceived. We must, therefore, reconsider the role of rhetorical-musical composition for the citizen, not merely as a tool for entertainment or emotional persuasion, but as an arena for engaging with the political.