A high-mobility, low-cost phenotype defines human effector-memory CD8+ T cells.

T cells move randomly ("random-walk"), a characteristic thought to be integral to their function. Using migration assays and time-lapse microscopy, we found that CD8+ T cells lacking the lymph node homing receptors CCR7 and CD62L migrate more efficiently in transwell assays, and that these same cells are characterized by a high frequency of cells exhibiting random crawling activity under culture conditions mimicking the interstitial/extravascular milieu, but not when examined on endothelial cells. To assess the energy efficiency of cells crawling at a high frequency, we measured mRNA expression of genes key to mitochondrial energy metabolism (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1beta [PGC-1beta], estrogen-related receptor alpha [ERRalpha], cytochrome C, ATP synthase, and the uncoupling proteins [UCPs] UCP-2 and -3), quantified ATP contents, and performed calorimetric analyses. Together these assays indicated a high energy efficiency of the high crawling frequency CD8+ T-cell population, and identified differentially regulated heat production among nonlymphoid versus lymphoid homing CD8+ T cells.

Conformité du langage françois avec le grec. édition accompagnée de notes et précédée d'un Essai sur la vie et les ouvrages de cet auteur ([Reprod.]) / par Henri Estienne... ; par Léon Feugère,...

Collection : Archives de la linguistique française ; 146

Clostridium difficile toxin-induced inflammation and intestinal injury are mediated by the inflammasome.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Clostridium difficile-associated disease (CDAD) is the leading cause of nosocomial diarrhea in the United States. C difficile toxins TcdA and TcdB breach the intestinal barrier and trigger mucosal inflammation and intestinal damage. The inflammasome is an intracellular danger sensor of the innate immune system. In the present study, we hypothesize that TcdA and TcdB trigger inflammasome-dependent interleukin (IL)-1beta production, which contributes to the pathogenesis of CDAD. METHODS: Macrophages exposed to TcdA and TcdB were assessed for IL-1beta production, an indication of inflammasome activation. Macrophages deficient in components of the inflammasome were also assessed. Truncated/mutated forms of TcdB were assessed for their ability to activate the inflammasome. The role of inflammasome signaling in vivo was assessed in ASC-deficient and IL-1 receptor antagonist-treated mice. RESULTS: TcdA and TcdB triggered inflammasome activation and IL-1beta secretion in macrophages and human mucosal biopsy specimens. Deletion of Nlrp3 decreased, whereas deletion of ASC completely abolished, toxin-induced IL-1beta release. TcdB-induced IL-1beta release required recognition of the full-length toxin but not its enzymatic function. In vivo, deletion of ASC significantly reduced toxin-induced inflammation and damage, an effect that was mimicked by pretreatment with the IL-1 receptor antagonist anakinra. CONCLUSIONS: TcdA and TcdB trigger IL-1beta release by activating an ASC-containing inflammasome, a response that contributes to toxin-induced inflammation and damage in vivo. Pretreating mice with the IL-1 receptor antagonist anakinra afforded the same level of protection that was observed in ASC-/- mice. These data suggest that targeting inflammasome or IL-1beta signaling may represent new therapeutic targets in the treatment of CDAD.

Les premices ou Le I livre des proverbes epigrammatizez ou des epigrammes proverbializez... ([Reprod.]) / par Henri Estiene

Collection : Archives de la linguistique française ; 145

Deux dialogues du nouveau langage françois italianizé... ([Reprod.]) / par Henri Estienne ; avec introduction et notes par P. [Paul] Ristelhuber

Collection : Archives de la linguistique française ; 147

Oeuvres de François de La Mothe Le Vayer,.... Tome 4 / Partie 2

Collection : Archives de la linguistique française ; 210

Oeuvres de François de La Mothe Le Vayer,.... Tome 7 / Partie 2

Collection : Archives de la linguistique française ; 210

Oeuvres de François de La Mothe Le Vayer,.... Tome 2 / Partie 2

Collection : Archives de la linguistique française ; 210

Oeuvres de François de La Mothe Le Vayer,.... Tome 3 / Partie 1

Collection : Archives de la linguistique française ; 210

Oeuvres de François de La Mothe Le Vayer,.... Tome 6 / Partie 1

Collection : Archives de la linguistique française ; 210

Oeuvres de François de La Mothe Le Vayer,.... Tome 5 / Partie 1

Collection : Archives de la linguistique française ; 210

Oeuvres de François de La Mothe Le Vayer,.... Tome 6 / Partie 2

Collection : Archives de la linguistique française ; 210

Oeuvres de François de La Mothe Le Vayer,.... Tome 3 / Partie 2

Collection : Archives de la linguistique française ; 210