Kinetic modeling for the synthesis of ethyl levulinate

This work is focused on studying the kinetics of esterification of levulinic acid in an isothermal batch reactor using ethanol as a reactant and as a protic polar solvent at the same time and in the presence of an acid catalyst (sulfuric acid). The choice of solvent is important as it affects the kinetics and thermodynamics of the reaction system moreover, the knowledge of the reaction kinetics plays an important role in the design of the process. This work is divided into two stages; The first stage is the experimental part in which the experimental matrix was developed by changing the process variables one at a time (temperature, molar ratio between reactants, and catalyst concentration) in order to study their influence on the kinetics; the second stage is using the obtained data from the experiments to build the modeling part in order to estimate the thermodynamics parameters.

Biocosmetici innovativi ottenuti da processi di scomposizione e ricomposizione di farina di ghianda

In questo lavoro di Tesi è stato progettato un modello di bioraffineria che valorizza una matrice vegetale di scarto, la farina di ghianda, utilizzandola come materia prima per la produzione di biocosmetici ad elevato valore aggiunto. Le ghiande, lungi dall’essere uno scarto forestale privo di valore, sono una preziosa risorsa rinnovabile, disponibile a livello globale in ingenti quantità nonché ricca fonte di preziosi fitocomposti che mediante bioliquefazione molecolare possono essere resi biodisponibili e solubili in ambiente acquoso. Vengono condotte prove di bioliquefazione molecolare con preparati enzimatici commerciali diversi al fine di identificare il metodo di estrazione più adatto per ottenere il bioliquefatto con il maggiore potere antiossidante da inserire nelle formulazioni cosmetiche. Dalla scomposizione di tale materia vegetale di scarto nelle componenti principali e dalla ricomposizione delle stesse si ottengono biocosmetici che soddisfano tutti i requisiti di sostenibilità: costituiti quasi interamente da una sola materia prima di scarto, ottenuti attraverso processi biotecnologici a basso impatto ambientale e una produzione di rifiuti prossima allo zero. Mediante modellazione 3D vengono progettati prototipi di packaging cosmetici sostenibili ed ecocompatibili.

Life cycle assessment (LCA) of a bio-fuel cell fed with waste biomass: potential for scale-up and process optimization

In this Thesis, a life cycle analysis (LCA) of a biofuel cell designed by a team from the University of Bologna was done. The purpose of this study is to investigate the possible environmental impacts of the production and use of the cell and a possible optimization for an industrial scale-up. To do so, a first part of the paper was devoted to studying the present literature on biomass, and fuel cell treatments and then LCA studies on them. The experimental part presents the work done to create the Life Cycle Inventory and Life Cycle Impact Assessment. Several alternative scenarios were created to study process optimization. Reagents and energy supply were changed. To examine whether this technology can be competitive, a comparison was made with some biofuel cell use scenarios with traditional biomass treatment technologies. The result of this study is that this technology is promising from an environmental point of view in case it is possible to recover nutrients in output, without excessive energy consumption, and to minimize the use of energy used to prepare the solution.