Bioactive compounds and acceptance of cookies made with Guava peel flour

The use of fruit industrial waste in the processing new foods represents an important new step for the food industry. This study aimed to develop cookie recipes using different amounts of guava peel flour (GPF) levels (30%, 50%, and 70%) to evaluate the proximate composition, and the phenolic compound, lycopene, and β-carotene levels in the cookies and flour and to evaluate the cookie sensory acceptance. The results demonstrated low moisture, lipid and carbohydrate contents in the flour and cookies. GPF was considered rich in fiber, ash, polyphenols, and β-carotene. The sensory analysis showed satisfactory acceptance of the cookies containing 30% GPF regarding the aroma, flavor, and texture attributes. The cookies containing 50% and 70% GPF received satisfactory acceptance regarding to aroma only. In conclusion, GPF can be used to partially replace wheat flour in the preparation of cookies to improve the nutritional quality without affecting the product sensory quality.

Stability of porridge pre-mixture made with Brazil nut flour and green banana flour with and without milk powder

The mixture of Brazil nut flour and green banana flour can improve the nutritional value of school meals, allowing for the use of regional ingredients derived from family agriculture. This study aimed to assess the stability of porridge pre-mixtures made with Brazil nut flour and green banana flour during six months of storage. Two types of pre-mixture were evaluated: with and without milk powder. These mixtures were packed in polyethylene/metallized polyester film, vacuum-sealed, and stored at room temperature. The products were evaluated for physicochemical composition, and every 30 days for moisture content, water activity, titratable acidity, pH, peroxide value and acidity of the lipid phase, total and thermotolerant coliforms, yeasts and molds, and sensory acceptance. There was no difference between the mixtures for the parameters evaluated. Moisture content, water activity, acidity of the lipid phase, and the yeast and mold count increased with storage time. The growth of yeasts and molds was more pronounced after 90 days of storage, when water activity reached the limit of 0.60. Although both products had good sensory acceptance throughout the period of study, it is recommended that the shelf life does not exceed 90 days.

Physicochemical and sensory characteristics of snack made with minced Nile tilapia

Nile tilapia is one of the major fish species cultivated worldwide and in Brazil. The tilapia fillet yield is between 30-35%, thus around 70% of waste is generated. A portion of this waste can be used to obtain minced fish, and the resulting product can be used as meat raw material to prepare fish snacks. The aim of this study was to produce fish snacks containing different inclusion levels (20, 30, and 40%) of minced fish obtained from Nile tilapia processing waste and evaluate their physicochemical characteristics and sensory acceptance. Protein content, ash, water activity, and hardness increased with increasing inclusion of minced fish. The scores obtained in the sensory evaluation were: flavor acceptance (from 7.2 to 5.7), texture (from 7.4 to 5.3), overall acceptance (from 7.1 to 5.9), and willingness to purchase (from 4.0 to 3.1). This study demonstrates that the inclusion of 20 to 40% of minced fish of Nile tilapia in snacks is well accepted and improves their nutritional value without affecting the physicochemical properties.

Optimization of image analysis techniques for quality assessment of whole-wheat breads made with fat replacer

The cellular structure of healthy food products, with added dietary fiber and low in calories, is an important factor that contributes to the assessment of quality, which can be quantified by image analysis of visual texture. This study seeks to compare image analysis techniques (binarization using Otsu’s method and the default ImageJ algorithm, a variation of the iterative intermeans method) for quantification of differences in the crumb structure of breads made with different percentages of whole-wheat flour and fat replacer, and discuss the behavior of the parameters number of cells, mean cell area, cell density, and circularity using response surface methodology. Comparative analysis of the results achieved with the Otsu and default ImageJ algorithms showed a significant difference between the studied parameters. The Otsu method demonstrated the crumb structure of the analyzed breads more reliably than the default ImageJ algorithm, and is thus the most suitable in terms of structural representation of the crumb texture.

Influence of the wheat flour extraction degree in the quality of bread made with high proportions of β-glucan

β-glucan is currently one of the most important bioactive substances. Hence, there is a growing interest in the production of various foods containing β-glucan. The study examines the influence of the degree of wheat flour extraction in the quality of breads with high β-glucan content. Rheological tests were conducted on dough. Volume, mass, color and texture of bread were measured after baking. We observed that increasing the degree of extraction caused an increase in the storage and loss modulus. All of the bread made from the different flours were smaller in volume after the addition of β-glucan, although the yield increased. The crumb color of β-glucan-added breads was darker than the control samples. Control samples were higher in textural parameters (firmness, gumminess and chewiness). β-glucan-added samples had decreased porosity. The results revealed that using very strong flour with a high protein content results in a high quality β-glucan bread with a higher nutritional value due to the high total dietary fiber and β-glucan content.

Sensory acceptability and fatty acid profile of fish crackers made from Carassius gibelio

Abstract In this study, our aim was to consider the production of fish crackers using Carassius gibelio and to investigate the fatty acid profile and sensory quality of the fish crackers. Fish cracker mixture with a ratio 3.5:1.5 (minced fish/wheat starch) was obtained. Based on the total minced fish and starch level, 1.75% salt, 0.25% black pepper, 2% sunflower oil, 1% baking powder and 10% cold water (4 °C) were added and stirred until a homogenous mixture was obtained. The mixture was compressed in an extractor and baked. The moisture content of minced fish (CMF), cracker dough (CD) and crackers (CCr) was 77.73 ± 0.14%, 63.10 ± 2.18% and 7.95 ± 0.67% respectively. The n6/n3 ratio of crackers was 2.61 ± 0.20, PUFA/SFA ratio 2.28 ± 0.06 and DHA/EPA ratio 1.81 ± 0.01. The overall acceptability score obtained by the sensory evaluation of panelists was very high (8.09 ± 0.25).

Optimization of the HS-SPME-GC/MS technique for determining volatile compounds in red wines made from Isabel grapes (Vitis labrusca)

Abstract Brazilian wine production is characterized by Vitis labrusca grape varieties, especially the economically important Isabel cultivar, with over 80% of its production destined for table wine production. The objective of this study was to optimize and validate the conditions for extracting volatile compounds from wine with the solid-phase microextraction technique, using the response surface method. Based on the response surface analysis, it can be concluded that the central point values maximize the process of extracting volatile compounds from wine, i.e., an equilibrium time of 15 minutes, an extraction time of 35 minutes, and an extraction temperature of 30 °C. Esters were the most numerous compounds found under these extraction conditions, indicating that wines made from Isabel cultivar grapes are characterized by compounds that confer a fruity aroma; this finding corroborates the scientific literature.

Valtionpäämiehen vastuu sotarikoksesta : tapausesimerkkinä Charles Taylor

Tämä tutkimus sijoittuu sotilasjohtamisen alalle. Siinä on hyödynnetty oikeustieteen lähestymistapoja ja tutkimusmenetelmiä. Tieteenfilosofisesti tutkimus noudattaa eurooppalaisen oikeuspositivismin periaatteita. Tutkimuskohteena oli Liberian entisen presidentin Charles Taylorin sotarikosoikeudenkäynti Sierra Leonen erityistuomioistuimessa. Tavoitteena oli muodostaa oikeustapausta tarkastelemalla perusteltu näkemys siitä, miten kansainvälisen oikeuden oikeussäännöt nykyään vaikuttavat valtionpäämiehen vastuuseen sotarikostapauksissa. Keskeisin tutkimusongelma ja päätutkimuskysymys oli mikä on valtionpäämiehen vastuu sotarikoksista nykyisen oikeuskäytännön mukaan (tapausesimerkkinä tapaus Charles Taylor)? Tämä on ensimmäinen suomalainen sotatieteellinen tutkimus, joka käsittelee valtionpäämiehen vastuuta sotarikoksista. Tutkittava tapaus valikoitui sen merkittävyyden perusteella. Taylorin oikeudenkäynti on toisen maailmansodan jälkeen ensimmäinen, jossa valtion päämies joutui rikosoikeudelliseen vastuuseen sotarikoksista. Tapausta voidaan pitää ennakkotapauksena ja prosessiesimerkkinä kansainvälisen rikosoikeuden soveltamisesta valtionpäämiestä koskevassa sotarikoskysymyksessä. Tapaus oli erittäin mielekäs tutkimuskohde, koska kyseinen oikeustapaus on saatu päätökseen. Nyt voitiin ensimmäistä kertaa analysoida valtionpäämieheen liittyvää kansainvälisoikeudellista prosessia kokonaisuutena. Tuomioistuimen päätöksen perusteella voidaan todeta, millä perusteilla valtionpäämiehen asemassa oleva henkilö voidaan tuomita sotarikoksista. Tutkimusmenetelmänä käytettiin aineistolähtöistä sisällönanalyysia, koska aiheesta oli suuri määrä kirjallista aineistoa. Analyysissa päädyttiin induktiiviseen eli aineistolähtöiseen päättelylogiikkaan, ja tutkimusstrategiaksi muodostui tapaustutkimus, koska tutkimuksen kohde oli selkeästi rajattu. Tutkimuksen primääriaineiston muodostivat erilaiset asiakirjat. Keskeisimmät tutkittavat dokumentit olivat Sierra Leonen erityistuomioistuimen oikeudenkäyntiasiakirjat ja oikeuslähteinä käytetyt viralliset dokumentit kuten valtiosopimukset ja tuomioistuinten peruskirjat. Tietoa taustoitettiin ja syvennettiin kirjallisuudella ja lehdistön tiedoilla. Tutkimuksessa selvitettiin ja kuvailtiin Charles Taylorin oikeusprosessi ja sen historialliset taustat. Pääpaino oli oikeustapauksen analyysissä. Tutkimusraporttiin liitettiin käsitteenmäärittelyosuus, jossa kuvaillaan niitä periaatteita ja oikeussääntöjä, joiden perusteella johtopäätöksiä tutkimuksessa tehtiin. Tutkimuksen johtopäätökset vastaavat tutkimuskysymyksiin. Keskeisimmät havainnot ja johtopäätökset ovat: 1. Valtionpäämiehen vastuu sotarikoksista perustuu kansainvälisen oikeuden oikeuslähteisiin. Taylorin vastuu rikoksiin voidaan osoittaa ja johtaa kaikista kansainvälisen oikeuden oikeuslähteistä. 2. Valtionpäämiehen status ei suojannut Charles Tayloria rikosoikeudelliselta vastuulta, koska rikokset, joista häntä syytettiin, olivat niin vakavia. Kansallisilla ja kansainvälisillä rikostuomioistuimilla on oikeus syyttää henkilöitä sotarikoksista ja rikoksista ihmisyyttä vastaan heidän valtiollisesta statuksestaan riippumatta. Esimerkiksi valtion immuniteetti tai valtionpäämiehen diplomaattinen asema eivät anna suojaa rikosoikeudelliselta vastuulta silloin, kun tutkitaan vakavia kansainvälisiä rikoksia. Tällaisiksi rikoksiksi luetaan esimerkiksi joukkotuhonta, sotarikokset ja rikokset ihmisyyttä vastaan. 3. Esimiehen vastuu seuraa komentoketjussa aina sen korkeimmalle huipulle saakka poikkeuksetta. Komentoketjun huipulla olevalla henkilöllä, esimerkiksi valtionpäämiehellä, ei ole rikosoikeudellista immuniteettia, mikäli häntä epäillään teoista, jotka täyttävät sotarikoksen tai rikoksien ihmisyyttä vastaan määritelmät. 4. Todisteet eivät riittäneet Taylorin tuomitsemiseksi suoraan esimiehen vastuun perusteella. Syyttäjä ei pystynyt näyttämään toteen, että Taylorilla olisi ollut suora esimiesasema Sierra Leonessa rikoksia tehneisiin henkilöihin tai järjestöihin. Tuomioistuin kuitenkin totesi Taylorin olleen rikosoikeudellisessa vastuussa, koska hänen katsottiin avustaneen (aiding and abetting) rikosten tekemistä ja osallistuneen niiden suunnitteluun (planning). 5. Taylorin tapaus vahvistaa kansainvälisen oikeuden periaatetta siitä, että esimiehen rikosoikeudellinen vastuu seuraa häntä myös tilanteissa, joissa hän ei itse ole varsinaisesti tehnyt rikoksia mutta on hyväksynnällään, ohjeillaan, asennoitumisellaan tai laiminlyönneillään edesauttanut niiden tekemistä. Henkilöllä ei tarvitse olla suoraa komentosuhdetta rikoksentekijöihin. Riittää, että hänellä on heihin vaikutusvaltaa. 6. Taylorin tuomio on merkittävä ennakkotapaus. Sillä on todennäköisesti tulevaisuudessa merkitystä vastaavia tapauksia selvitettäessä. Se antaa suuntaviivoja ja esimerkin siitä, miten valtionpäämiestä koskeva kansainvälinen rikosoikeudellinen prosessi voidaan toteuttaa onnistuneesti. Sillä voidaan toivoa myös olevan pelotearvoa. Se osoittaa, että vakavimpia rikoksia tehneet valtionpäämiehet eivät voi paeta vastuutaan asemaansa perustuvan rikosoikeudellisen immuniteetin tai diplomaattisen suojan perusteella.

Metas de inflação, regra de Taylor e neutralidade da moeda: uma crítica pós-keynesiana

Inflation targeting, Taylor rule and money neutrality: a post-Keynesian critic. This paper critically discusses the inflation targeting regime proposed by orthodox economists, in particular the Taylor Rule. The article describes how the Taylor Rule assumes the argument of money neutrality inherited from the Quantitative Theory of Money. It discusses critically the ways of operation of the rule, and the negative impacts of the interest rate over the potential output. In this sense, the article shows the possible vicious circles of the monetary policy when money is not neutral, as is the case for post-keynesian economists. The relation of interest rates, potential output and the output gap is illustrated in some estimates using the methodology of Vector Auto-Regressive in the Brazilian case.

Effect of loading type on the fatigue strength of symmetric and asymmetric welded joints made of ultra high strength steel

In this study, finite element analyses and experimental tests are carried out in order to investigate the effect of loading type and symmetry on the fatigue strength of three different non-load carrying welded joints. The current codes and recommendations do not give explicit instructions how to consider degree of bending in loading and the effect of symmetry in the fatigue assessment of welded joints. The fatigue assessment is done by using effective notch stress method and linear elastic fracture mechanics. Transverse attachment and cover plate joints are analyzed by using 2D plane strain element models in FEMAP/NxNastran and Franc2D software and longitudinal gusset case is analyzed by using solid element models in Abaqus and Abaqus/XFEM software. By means of the evaluated effective notch stress range and stress intensity factor range, the nominal fatigue strength is assessed. Experimental tests consist of the fatigue tests of transverse attachment joints with total amount of 12 specimens. In the tests, the effect of both loading type and symmetry on the fatigue strength is studied. Finite element analyses showed that the fatigue strength of asymmetric joint is higher in tensile loading and the fatigue strength of symmetric joint is higher in bending loading in terms of nominal and hot spot stress methods. Linear elastic fracture mechanics indicated that bending reduces stress intensity factors when the crack size is relatively large since the normal stress decreases at the crack tip due to the stress gradient. Under tensile loading, experimental tests corresponded with finite element analyzes. Still, the fatigue tested joints subjected to bending showed the bending increased the fatigue strength of non-load carrying welded joints and the fatigue test results did not fully agree with the fatigue assessment. According to the results, it can be concluded that in tensile loading, the symmetry of joint distinctly affects on the fatigue strength. The fatigue life assessment of bending loaded joints is challenging since it depends on whether the crack initiation or propagation is predominant.

Interpretação e teoria nas ciências naturais e nas ciências humanas: comentários a respeito de Kuhn e Taylor

O objetivo do artigo é o de extrair dos escritos de Taylor uma crítica da concepção de Kuhn a respeito de uma possível unidade entre as ciências naturais e as ciências humanas, e dos de Kuhn uma crítica à caracterização proposta por Taylor para as ciências naturais. Deste empreendimento resulta uma reconceptualização da unidade das ciências.

Home Made Cars: An insight on Consumer Ethnocentrism – Case Saab

Saab outstands in the history of the Finnish car manufacturing. This is not only due to that these cars have been manufactured in Finland more than other passenger vehicles altogether. Finns also have a special emotional attachment to the “Finnish Saabs”. Findings from previous studies show that consumers connect cars well to the origin of the brand (COB). They are however rarely aware of the Country of Manufacturing (COM). Domestic brands are often popular in the COB, but research from situations in which the domestic origin is limited to the COM is rare. The case of this study is a phenomenon, in which the products origin is two dimensional and divided into domestic COM and foreign COB. The aim is to understand the phenomenon’s effect on consumer behavior. The research problem is approached with two sub questions: • Which country do consumers perceive as the origin country of the car? • What is the role of this origin in the consumers’ product perception and purchasing decision of the car? The theoretical framework of this study applies previous findings of two areas of interest: Country of Origin effect and Consumer Ethnocentrism. This is followed by feasibility studies that present and discuss the history and current state of Finnish car manufacturing. Based on the findings of earlier stages of the study, the role of the domestic COM on consumer behavior is presumed high. This expectation is confirmed by the experts and also by the first consumer respondent, who states domestic origin having been the main motivation to his car choice. All further consumer respondents do however not connect Saab to the home country, but discuss it as a Nordic car. This unexpected finding means that they do not perceive the origin to be neither the COM nor COB, but a geographical area that includes both countries. In other words, consumers have widened their in-group in a way that is in this thesis explained with reference group theory. The consumers’ perceived origin of the car is in this research found to be an important factor to the consumers’ product perception and purchasing decision. Being fit for the yields of the local environment is discovered to have been the most important factor to Finnish consumers purchasing choice of a Saab and the Nordic origin has been an indicator of this fit to them.

Capitaine Taylor : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 58530

Capitaine Taylor du [sous-marin britannique] M3 : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 58610

ALBUM AMICORUM de Daniel Rindfleisch de Memmingen (1590-1591). In-8 de 15 f. interfoliés de papier blanc. — KNIGHTS made by K. Charles 2d, alphabetically digested. In-8 de 4 f. — Ensemble 2 parties en un vol. in-8, mar. viol. jans. (Hans Asper.)

Rindfleisch (Daniel). Album amicorum (1590-1591)