Estudo da diversidade genética e química de Uncaria tomentosa Willd. ex Roem. & Schult. e Uncaria guianensis Gmell. de populações naturais localizadas na Amazônia

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Den flygande maran : En studie om åtta narkotikabrukande kvinnor i Stockholm

Between April 1997 and November 1999, I followed eight socially excluded female drug users in an attempt to describe their lives and living conditions. The study employs an ethnographic approach with the focus being directed at the specific woman and her life in relation to the social context where this life is lived. The study’s objective has been to describe the lives and living conditions of the eight drug-using women, as well as the extent of the opportunities available to them, as being determined by mechanisms of social exclusion. Their lives are understood on the basis of a feminist and social constructionist perspective where perceptions of ‘the drug-abusing woman’ are regarded as the result of constructions of gender and deviance. The theoretical perspectives proceeds from the idea that one is not born a woman but rather becomes one. The fundamental idea is that women become women by means of processes of femininisation, in the context of which certain ways of interpreting and presenting oneself as a woman are regarded as good and others as bad. Our images of ‘the female drug addict’ are based on how we define and interpret deviance and on the cultural and social thought and behaviour patterns we ascribe to people on the basis of bodily differences. It is images of ‘the good woman’ that defines what we regard as characteristic of ‘the bad woman’ and vice versa. The findings are organised into three main topics: femininity, living conditions and social control. The main findings are: The women described themselves as women by relating to normative messages about how women “are and should be”, and their drug use constituted a means of coping with life from their social position. Their life revolved to a large extent around money via a constant struggle to find enough to cover the rent, food and other basic necessities. And finally, how the women’s relations to societal institutions were formed by their social position as ‘female drug addicts’ and how the asymmetry of these relations produced certain fixed patterns of action for the parties involved.

Osseointegration: the slow delivery of BMP-2 enhances osteoinductivity

Although the placement of dental and orthopedic implants is now generally a safe, reliable and successful undertaking, the functional outcome is less assured in patients whose bone-healing capacity is compromised. To enhance peri-implant osteogenesis in these individuals, BMP-2 could be locally administered. However, neither a free suspension nor an implant-adsorbed depot of the agent is capable of triggering sustained bone formation. We hypothesize that this end could be achieved by incorporating BMP-2 into the three-dimensional crystalline latticework of a bone-mineral like, calcium-phosphate implant coating, where from it would be liberated gradually - as the inorganic layer undergoes osteoclast-mediated degradation - not rapidly, as from an implant-adsorbed (two-dimensional) depot. To test this postulate, we compared the osteoinductive efficacies of implant coatings bearing either an incorporated, an adorbed, or an incorporated and an adsorbed depot of BMP-2 at a maxillary site in miniature pigs. The implants were retrieved 1, 2 and 3 weeks after surgery for the histomorphometric analysis of bone formation within a defined 'osteoinductive' space. At each juncture, the volume of newly-formed bone within the osteoinductive space was greatest around implants that bore a coating-incorporated depot of BMP-2, peak osteogenic activity being attained during the first week and sustained thereafter. In the other groups, the temporal course of bone formation was variable, and the peak levels were not sustained. The findings of this study confirm our hypothesis: they demonstrate that we now have at our disposal a means of efficaciously augmenting and expediting peri-implant bone formation. Clinically, this possibility would render the process of implant placement a safer and a more reliable undertaking in patients whose bone-healing capacity is compromised, and would also permit a curtailment of the postoperative recovery period by a forestallment of the mechanical-loading phase.

Modelización de procesos de soldadura (GMAW y GTAW) de la aleación de magnesio AZ31B. Estudio y análisis del comportamiento de este tipo de uniones soldadas frente a la corrosión en medios salinos

El magnesio y sus aleaciones representan un interesante campo de investigación dentro de la ingeniería de materiales debido a los retos que plantean tanto su conformabilidad como durabilidad. Las características físicas y mecánicas del magnesio y sus aleaciones los convierten en materiales de gran interés desde el punto de vista industrial al tratarse de uno de los materiales más abundantes y ligeros en un mundo en el que día a día los recursos y materias primas son más escasos por lo que el acceso a materiales abundantes y ligeros que permitan economizar el uso de energía cobrará mayor importancia en el futuro. En la coyuntura actual es por tanto necesario revisar procesos y procedimientos, investigando y tratando de ampliar desde este punto de vista si es posible mejorar los procedimientos de fabricación de los materiales disponibles actualmente o el desarrollo de nuevos, mejores que los anteriores, que permitan ayudar a la sostenibilidad del planeta. El magnesio, pese a ser un material muy abundante y relativamente barato, presenta una serie de inconvenientes que limitan de manera muy seria su aplicación industrial, su alta reactividad en presencia de oxígeno y su mal comportamiento frente a la corrosión así como limitaciones en su conformabilidad han estado limitando su uso y aplicaciones, los investigaciones dentro del campo de la metalurgia física de este material y el desarrollo de nuevas aleaciones han permitido su empleo en múltiples aplicaciones dentro de la industria aeroespacial, militar, automovilística, electrónica, deportiva y médica. La motivación para esta tesis doctoral ha sido tratar de aportar más luz sobre el comportamiento de una de las aleaciones comerciales base magnesio más empleadas, la AZ31B, tratando de modelizar como le afectan los procesos de soldadura y estudiando desde un punto de vista experimental como se ve modificada su microestructura, su comportamiento mecánico y su resistencia frente a la corrosión. Aunque en un principio se pensó en el empleo de métodos electroquímicos para el estudio de la corrosión de estos materiales, rápidamente se decidió prescindir de su uso dada la dificultad observada tanto durante los trabajos de investigación de esta Tesis como los encontrados por otros investigadores. Mediante microdurezas se han caracterizado mecánicamente las soldaduras de aleación de magnesio tipo AZ31 en función de diferentes materiales de aporte, observándose que el empleo de las aleaciones con mayor contenido de aluminio y zinc no contribuye a una mejora significativa de las propiedades mecánicas. Se han podido establecer correlaciones entre los modelos de simulación desarrollados y las microestructuras resultantes de los procesos reales de soldadura que permiten definir a priori que estructuras se van a obtener. De igual forma ha sido posible completar un estudio micrográfico y químico completo de las diferentes fases y microconstituyentes originados durante los procesos de soldadura, gracias a estos resultados se ha propuesto como hipótesis una explicación que justifica el comportamiento frente a la corrosión de estas aleaciones una vez soldadas. Los ensayos de corrosión realizados han permitido determinar correlaciones matemáticas que indican las velocidades de corrosión esperables de este tipo de aleaciones. Desde el punto de vista del diseño, los resultados obtenidos en este trabajo permitirán a otros investigadores y diseñadores tomar decisiones a la hora de decidir qué materiales de aporte emplear junto con las implicaciones que conllevan desde el punto de vista metalúrgico, mecánico o corrosivo las diferentes alternativas. Por último indicar que gracias al trabajo desarrollado se han definido modelos matemáticos para predecir el comportamiento frente a la corrosión de estas aleaciones, se han determinado las posibles causas y mecanismos por las que se gobierna la corrosión en la soldadura de chapas de aleación AZ31B y los motivos por los que se debe considerar el empleo de un material de aporte u otro. Los modelos de simulación desarrollados también han ayudado a comprender mejor la microestructura resultante de los procesos de soldadura y se han determinado que fases y microconstituyentes están presentes en las soldaduras de estas aleaciones. ABSTRACT Magnesium and its alloys represent and interesting research field in the material science due to the challenges of their fabrication and durability. The physical and mechanical properties of magnesium and its alloys make them a very interesting materials from and industrial point of view being one of the most abundant and lightest materials in a world in which day by day the lacking of resources and raw materials is more important, the use of light materials which allow to save energy will become more important in a near future. So that it is necessary to review processes and procedures, investigating and trying to improve current fabrication procedures and developing new ones, better than the former ones, in order to help with the sustainability of the planet. Although magnesium is a very common and relatively cheap material, it shows some inconveniences which limit in a major way their industrial application; its high reactivity in presence of oxygen, its poor corrosion resistance and some manufacturing problems had been limiting their use and applications, metallurgical investigations about this material and the development of new alloys have allowed its use in multiple applications in the aerospacial, military, automobile, electronics, sports and medical industry. The motivation for this thesis has been trying to clarify the behavior of one most used commercial base magnesium alloys, the AZ31, trying to modeling how its affected by thermal cycles of the welding process and studying from an experimental point of view how its microstructure is modified and how these modifications affect its mechanical behavior and corrosion resistance. Although at the beginning of this works it was though about the using of electrochemical techniques to evaluate the corrosion of these materials, rapidly it was decided not to use them because of the difficulty observed by during this research and by other investigators. The results obtained in this thesis have allowed to characterize mechanically AZ31 magnesium welding alloys considering different filler metals, according to this study using filler metals with a high content of aluminum and zinc does not represent an important improve It has been possible to establish correlations between simulation models and the resultant microstructures of the real melting processes originated during welding processes which allow to predict the structures which will be obtained after the welding. In addition to that it is possible to complete a complete micrographic and chemical analysis of the different phases and microconstituents created during welding, due to these results and hypothesis to explain the corrosion behavior of these welded alloys. Corrosion tests carried out have allowed defining mathematical correlations to predict corrosion rates of this kind of alloys. From a designing point of view, the results obtained in this work will let other investigators and designers to make decisions taking into account which implications have the different options from a metallurgical, mechanic and corrosive point of view. Finally we would like to indicate that thanks to this work it has been possible to define mathematical models to predict the corrosion behavior, the causes and the mechanism of this corrosion in the AZ31 welding sheets have been also determined and the reasons for using of one filler metal or another, the developed simulation models have also help to get a better understanding of the result microstructure determining the phases and the microconstituents present in the welding of this alloys.

La Revista El Arquitecto Peruano: reseña de la Cultura Arquitectónica del Perú 1937/1977

La tesis se centra en el análisis de 356 números de la revista El Arquitecto Peruano publicados entre 1937 y 1977. La revista fue fundada en agosto de 1937 por Fernando Belaúnde Terry, arquitecto graduado en la University of Texas at Austin en 1935 quien la dirigió por 25 años hasta marzo de 1963. Desde abril de 1963 la dirige Miguel Cruchaga Belaunde. Durante esta última etapa la revista deja de ser regular, publicándose intermitentemente con varios años sin editarse, hasta desaparecer finalmente en 1977. La revista es la publicación periódica de arquitectura más importante del siglo XX en el Perú. La investigación ubica a la revista en el contexto nacional donde se desarrolló vinculando además los diversos eventos de la arquitectura y el urbanismo del panorama internacional sucedidos durante las tres décadas de estudio. El trabajo empieza por establecer una secuencia de periodos. Esta se basa en la identificación de una estructura fija existente en la revista conformada por las secciones permanentes. Una paulatina inserción de secciones temporales fue complementando y detallando nuevas temáticas y contenidos generando variantes de la estructura fija a lo largo del tiempo. Como resultado de este proceso se reconocen 5 periodos vinculados a una serie de temas vertebrales durante la dirección de Fernando Belaunde: Periodo 1 (Agosto de 1937 a marzo de 1942). Vivienda Unifamiliar. Periodo 2 (Abril de 1942 a mayo de 1944). Urbanismo moderno. Periodo 3 (Junio de 1944 a diciembre de 1949). Vivienda Colectiva. Periodo 4 (Enero-febrero de 1950 a enero-febrero de 1956). Proyectos y obras. Periodo 5 (Marzo-abril de 1956 a enero-febrero-marzo de 1963). Territorio. Los años finales bajo la dirección de Miguel Cruchaga conforman el último Periodo. En la década de los treinta, durante el primer periodo se analiza el rol que un grupo de revistas de arquitectura europeas y norteamericanas tuvieron en la construcción formal y temática de El Arquitecto Peruano. En sus inicios existen influencias de The Architectural Forum, The American Architect, Architecture, California Arts and Architecture y Architectural Digest . Y junto a estas, las revistas alemanas Moderne Bauformen e Innen Dekoration. A raíz de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, las referencias a las revistas alemanas desaparecen y las relaciones con Estados Unidos se intensifican por la posición del Perú dentro del área de influencia norteamericana. El canal de las revistas no fue el único medio de influencia, durante los años cuarenta hubo un marco de apertura hacia Latinoamérica que incluyó viajes de cooperación de arquitectos norteamericanos por el sur del continente. Como parte de estos vínculos, en 1945 Paul Lester Wiener de Town Planning Associates y Richard Neutra, - ambos miembros del CIAM y el segundo Presidente del CIAM USA- prestaron asistencia a la iniciativa más importante promovida por la revista peruana, un proyecto de vivienda popular para obreros y empleados llamado el Plan Peruano. La revista tuvo siempre una fuerte actitud de cambio de la realidad existente en el medio peruano. Para modelar su nueva versión de la realidad instrumentó una serie de campañas de prensa. En la más importante utilizó las ideas del urbanismo moderno que circulaban durante la guerra nacidas en los CIAM de entreguerras. El Arquitecto Peruano aprovecha la coyuntura de los primeros años de la posguerra para canalizar sus iniciativas, tomando como modelo de su propuesta la idea de la Neighborhood Unit, convirtiéndolo en proyecto y finalmente construyendo la Unidad Vecinal N°3, el proyecto de mayor escala asociado con la revista. A esta perspectiva favorable para las ideas vertidas por la publicación se une el hecho de que su Director, es elegido Diputado por Lima y es un miembro muy cercano al gobierno de turno que dio la cobertura legal y de gestión para cristalizar los proyectos desde 1945 hasta 1948. Durante este periodo se producen las propuestas de mayor alcance promovidas por Fernando Belaunde y difundidas por la revista, como el propio Plan Peruano de Vivienda, los Centros Climáticos de Invierno, el Plan Piloto de Lima y los Concursos de Vivienda popular. Existe un trabajo anterior sobre la revista, restringido al campo del urbanismo realizado en 1992 por el historiador Antonio Zapata y titulado El joven Belaunde: Historia de la revista El Arquitecto Peruano en donde se inclina el peso de la revista hacia la Vivienda Social y se señala a Walter Gropius como el arquitecto más influyente en la publicación. La presente tesis plantea que el Plan Peruano es la punta del iceberg, pero que todos estos proyectos relacionados con la revista, conforman un conjunto indisoluble y que el paquete completo tiene una directa influencia de proyectos, ideas y labor editorial de José Luis Sert desarrollada desde finales de los años veinte hasta los años cincuenta. Sus libros Can Our Cities Survive? , The Heart of the City y la revista del GATEPAC AC Documentos de Actividad Contemporánea tienen improntas claras en la revista peruana que atraviesan tres de los periodos propuestos. Durante la década de los cuarenta cuando Sert junto a Wiener fueron socios en Town Plannning Associates y tuvieron contacto directo con el director de la revista así como con los principales colaboradores, y durante la década posterior. A la luz de las evidencias analizadas, la figura de José Luis Sert emerge como la del arquitecto más influyente para la revista El Arquitecto Peruano a lo largo de todo su recorrido. ABSTRACT The thesis focuses on the analysis of 356 issues of the magazine El Arquitecto Peruano published between 1937 and 1977. The magazine was founded in august 1937 by Fernando Belaunde Terry, graduated from the University of Texas at Austin in 1935 who leaded it 25 years until March 1963. Since April 1963 was leaded by Miguel Cruchaga Belaunde. During this last stage the magazine ceases to be published on regular times, being published intermittently, unreleased several years, and finally disappear in 1977. El Arquitecto Peruano is the most important magazine of architecture of the twentieth century in Peru. The research located the magazine in the national context where was developed further by linking the various events of architecture and urbanism of the international scene occurred during the three decades of study. The research begins to establish a sequence of periods. This identification is based on a fixed structure existing in the journal formed by the permanent sections. A gradual insertion of temporary sections was complementing and detailing new themes and contents generating variants of the fixed structure over time. As a result of this process we recognize five periods linked to a series of central themes developed under the lead of Fernando Belaunde: Period 1 (September 1937 to March 1942): The Small House. Period 2 (April 1942 to May 1944). Modern urbanism. Period 3 (June 1944 to December 1949). Housing. Period 4 (January-February 1950 January-February 1956). Projects and Buildings. Period 5 (March-April 1956 January-February-March 1963). Territory. The final years under the direction of Miguel Cruchaga make the last Period. In the thirties, during the first period, is analyzed the role that a group of European and American magazines in architecture had in formal construction and thematic of the magazine. In the beginning there are influences of The Architectural Forum, The American Architect, Architecture, California Arts and Architecture and Architectural Digest. And along with these, the german magazine Moderne Bauformen and Innen Dekoration. Following World War II, the references to german magazines disappear and US relations are intensified by the position of Peru in the area of US influence. The magazines was not the only ways of influence, during the forties there was an open framework with Latin America that included cooperation trips of american architects on the south of the continent. As part of these links, in 1945 Paul Lester Wiener of Town Planning Associates and Richard Neutra, -both members of CIAM and the second President of the CIAM USAassisted the most important initiative promoted by the peruvian magazine, a popular housing project for workers and employees called El Plan Peruano. The magazine always has a strong attitude of change of the reality in the peruvian scene. To model the new version of reality created a series of media campaigns. In the biggest it used the ideas of modern urbanism that circulated during the war born in the CIAM of twenties and thirties. El Arquitecto Peruano take advantage of the situation of the early postwar years to direct their initiatives, modeled his proposal with the idea of Neighborhood Unit, making project and finally building the Unidad Vecinal N° 3, the larger scale project linked with the magazine. This favorable outlook for the ideas expressed by the publication joins the fact that its Director is elected deputy for Lima and is very close member to the current government who gave legal instruments and management to crystallize projects from 1945 to 1948. During this period of far-reaching proposals promoted by Fernando Belaunde and diffused by the magazine, as El Plan Peruano itself, the Centros Climaticos de Invierno, the Plan Piloto for Lima and the Concusos de Vivienda Popular. There is an earlier work on the magazine, restricted to the field of urbanism in 1992 by historian Antonio Zapata, entitled El Joven Belaunde: Historia de la revista El Arquitecto Peruano where the weight of the magazine leans Social Housing and notes Walter Gropius as the most influential architect in the publication. This thesis suggests that El Plan Peruano is the end of the iceberg, but these related projects to the magazine, form an inseparable whole and that the whole package has a direct influence of projects, ideas and editorial work of José Luis Sert developed from late twenties to the fifties. His book Can Our Cities Survive? , The Heart of the City and the magazine of GATEPAC AC Documentos de Actividad Contemporanea have clear signs in the peruvian magazine cross three of the proposed periods. During the forties when Sert and Wiener were partners in Town Plannning Associates and had direct contact with the director of the magazine as well as with key colaborators, and during the following decade. In light of the evidence examined, the shape of José Luis Sert emerges as the most influential architect to the peruvian magazine along its entire route.

A Divine Round Trip: the Literary and Christological Function of the Descent/Ascent Leitmotif in the Gospel of John

The thesis of this dissertation is that the Descent/Ascent Leitmotif, which includes the language of not only descending and ascending, but also going, coming, and being sent, performs a significant literary and christological function in the Gospel of John. The Evangelist's Descent/Ascent Leitmotif becomes the Gospel's organizing principal, drawing together a constellation of verbs and a number of themes, including Jesus-Son's origin, identity, relationship to God, authority, signs and works, life, and glory. In the introductory chapter, after providing a layout of the dissertation, the discussion turns to the spacial dimensions and christological importance of the vertical and horizontal depictions of the descending, ascending, coming, going, and being sent verbs. The focus of chapter two is to explain and illustrate, using a version of the Cinderella story, a method that serves to identify the Leitmotif and the verbs, motifs, and themes the Leitmotif draws within its constellation. This approach, titled a thematic structural method, integrates works from thematic scholars Horst Daemmrich and Eugene Falk with works from literary structural scholars A. J Greimas and Roland Barthes, and is a tool to analyze the influence of the Leitmotif as the Gospel's organizing principal on the relationships between the Leitmotif and numerous themes from which John's Christology emerges. The task of chapter three is to explain the rationale for the selection of the Leitmotif's verbs of descending, ascending, coming, going, and being sent. Chapters four and five investigate how the Evangelist, with the repetition of the Leitmotif, constructs his narrative to tell the story of the historical Jesus and shape the Evangelist's Christology. Additionally, the focus is to analyze the transforming influences of the Descent/Ascent Leitmotif on the themes of Jesus-Son's origin, identity, relationship to the Father, and authority, through his signs and works, life, and glory. The Descent/Ascent Leitmotif depicts a divine round trip, and the emphasis of chapter six is to examine the role of the Leitmotif in Jesus-Son's departure from the world and return to God. The Evangelist's use of the Leitmotif in Jesus' prayer to the Father (John 17) and the promise of the Paraclete are included in this chapter. Due to the Descent/Ascent Leitmotif's inherent spatial overtones, elements related to Jesus' return, including heaven, world, the hour, and his form after his resurrection, are explored from a cosmological and ontological perspective.

Russia's position on the events in Kyrgyzstan (April-June 2010). OSW Commentary No. 38, 2010-07-27

Russia was the first state in the world to de facto recognise the regime change in Kyrgyzstan that took place on 7 April 2010. This recognition, along with a previous campaign by the Russian media against the then President Kurmanbek Bakiyev, has given rise to suspicion that the events of April were provoked by Russia. However, it seems no more than reasonable to say that Russia provided some inspiration and lobbying in that direction. Russia offered support to the new Kyrgyz government almost immediately, albeit conditionally. Russia’s relations with Roza Otunbayeva’s government have been changing in nature; they are currently much cooler than they had been immediately after the coup. There are many indications that this change was a reaction to the extension of the lease agreement for the American military base in the Manas airport. At the same time, Moscow remains in contact with the political rivals to the current regime, which suggests that the Kremlin is preparing for different developments, and does not regard the current crisis as having been fully resolved. Despite the interim government’s plea for help, Russia refused to undertake military intervention in southern Kyrgyzstan, which plunged into ethnic unrest in June. This shows that Russia is wary of being dragged into a long-standing and bloody conflict in the region, which could entail considerable expenses and jeopardise Russia’s authority. It should be expected that after the October parliamentary elections in Kyrgyzstan, Russia will return to its plans to establish a second military base in this country (in addition to the Kant base) to reinforce its dominant position in the region. This is the first time that Russia has had a real chance to play a stabilising role in the CIS area. How Russia copes with this challenge may decide its position in post-Soviet Central Asia – and in a wider context, its relations with NATO, the USA and China.

Macro and micro plastics in an urbanized and non-urbanized fjord estuary in the Northeast Pacific Ocean

Senior thesis written for Oceanography 445

Stochastic dynamic programming for election timing: A game theory approach

In this paper, we consider dynamic programming for the election timing in the majoritarian parliamentary system such as in Australia, where the government has a constitutional right to call an early election. This right can give the government an advantage to remain in power for as long as possible by calling an election, when its popularity is high. On the other hand, the opposition's natural objective is to gain power, and it will apply controls termed as "boosts" to reduce the chance of the government being re-elected by introducing policy and economic responses. In this paper, we explore equilibrium solutions to the government, and the opposition strategies in a political game using stochastic dynamic programming. Results are given in terms of the expected remaining life in power, call and boost probabilities at each time at any level of popularity.

PERFIL DE EMPREENDEDORAS FEMININAS: ESTUDO DE CASO DO NÚCLEO DAS MULHERES EMPREENDEDORAS DA ASSOCIAÇÃO COMERCIAL E INDUSTRIAL DE SANTO ANDRÉ - SP

Ao longo do tempo, diversos estudos foram realizados com a intenção de compreender as diferenças entre pessoas empreendedoras e não empreendedoras e, especialmente, o que leva tais pessoas a terem atitudes. No entanto tais estudos geralmente focam características isoladas, que podem ser compreendidas por meio de construtos, sem a capacidade efetiva de construir perfis empreendedores. Outro aspecto importante é que a maioria dos estudos sobre o empreendedorismo, por características sociais e históricas, tem como foco o empreendedor masculino. Neste último aspecto, por mais que haja muitos estudos já realizados e em curso com o objetivo de corrigir esta distorção no estudo do empreendedorismo, ao incluir e evidenciar a parte feminina do empreendedorismo, ainda há muito a fazer. Este estudo, portanto, tem vários objetivos e cursos de ação: enfocar o empreendedorismo feminino, selecionar os construtos de empreendedorismo mais importantes sob a ótica feminina e, finalmente, construir um perfil empreendedor. Isto é, construir um perfil em que os diversos construtos se relacionam entre si e se organizam hierarquicamente em termos de importância. Para tanto, este estudo contou com o apoio do Núcleo de Mulheres Empreendedoras (NME) da Associação Comercial e Industrial de Santo André, onde o estudo foi realizado, sendo este um grupo de mulheres inovadoras e pioneiras na organização do empreendedorismo feminino no Estado de São Paulo e atuantes no ABC Paulista. Para conseguir os objetivos definidos, este estudo contou com várias fases como a entrevista inicial, onde foram identificados construtos relevantes e o contraste com a literatura - pesquisa bibliométrica com o objetivo de amalgamar a visão do NME com o que já foi previamente publicado. De forma inovadora, buscou-se utilizar uma técnica da família da Análise de Decisão Multicritério, a PAPRIKA (sigla inglesa para Ranqueamento Pareado Potencial de todas as Alternativas Possíveis), como parte das entrevistas e questionários, de modo a ser possível organizar as relações hierárquicas entre os construtos, que se mostrou adequado e compatível com o propósito original. Finalmente, utilizando-se da PAPRIKA e das entrevistas, foi possível construir um perfil final relacionado hierarquicamente de quais construtos são mais importantes no sucesso empreendedor feminino, de acordo com a visão de um grupo de mulheres empreendedoras.

O PAPEL MODERADOR DE POTÊNCIA DE EQUIPES SOBRE AS RELAÇÕES ENTRE PERCEPÇÃO DE SUPORTE SOCIAL E BEM-ESTAR SUBJETIVO

Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar o papel moderador de potência de equipes sobre as relações entre percepção de suporte social e bem-estar subjetivo, mediante delineamento longitudinal. A potência de equipes refere-se à crença dos membros na eficácia de sua equipe, enquanto o suporte social é à crença do indivíduo em receber apoio de sua rede social. Já o bem-estar subjetivo demonstra o quanto uma pessoa está satisfeita com sua própria vida. Participaram da pesquisa 249 adolescentes, provenientes de 53 equipes, cada uma composta por três a sete membros, idade média 13,85 anos (DP = 1,86), 57,4% do sexo masculino. O estudo foi realizado em grupos de escoteiros com sedes localizadas em Contagem e Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. O instrumento utilizado foi um questionário de autopreenchimento, composto por três escalas que aferiram as três variáveis deste estudo. Os resultados demonstraram que a percepção de suporte social e a potência de equipes influenciaram positiva e significativamente o bem-estar subjetivo dos adolescentes, porém, potência de equipes não foi capaz de moderar a relação entre percepção de suporte social e bem-estar subjetivo. Os adolescentes também mantiveram seus níveis de percepção de suporte social e de crença na potência de equipes em patamares semelhantes. Logo, os adolescentes desfrutavam de bem-estar e saúde psíquica, condição que se manteve ao longo do tempo. Tais evidências asseguram o papel promotor de bem-estar subjetivo tanto de percepção de suporte social quanto de potência de equipes na saúde mental do indivíduo.

Adaptive responses by mouse early embryos to maternal diet protect fetal growth but predispose to adult onset disease

Poor maternal nutrition during pregnancy can alter postnatal phenotype and increase susceptibility to adult cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. However, underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, we show that maternal low protein diet (LPD), fed exclusively during mouse preimplantation development, leads to offspring with increased weight from birth, sustained hypertension, and abnormal anxiety-related behavior, especially in females. These adverse outcomes were interrelated with increased perinatal weight being predictive of later adult overweight and hypertension. Embryo transfer experiments revealed that the increase in perinatal weight was induced within blastocysts responding to preimplantation LPD, independent of subsequent maternal environment during later pregnancy. We further identified the embryo-derived visceral yolk sac endoderm (VYSE) as one mediator of this response. VYSE contributes to fetal growth through endocytosis of maternal proteins, mainly via the multiligand megalin (LRP2) receptor and supply of liberated amino acids. Thus, LPD maintained throughout gestation stimulated VYSE nutrient transport capacity and megalin expression in late pregnancy, with enhanced megalin expression evident even when LPD was limited to the preimplantation period. Our results demonstrate that in a nutrient-restricted environment, the preimplantation embryo activates physiological mechanisms of developmental plasticity to stablize conceptus growth and enhance postnatal fitness. However, activation of such responses may also lead to adult excess growth and cardiovascular and behavioral diseases. © 2008 by the Society for the Study of Reproduction, Inc.

Undergraduate peer mentoring:an investigation into processes, activities and outcomes

Peer mentoring of undergraduates is increasingly being used in higher education to reduce first year attrition by aiding transition to university. The authors propose that peer mentoring may also be a means of transmitting the values and ethics which reflect academic and personal integrity and underpin graduate and professional identity. In a qualitative study, they examined students' expectations and subsequent experience of a psychology undergraduate pilot mentoring scheme, together with the process and content. Mentors and mentees felt that mentors had a unique part to play in aiding transition to university. Mentors' advice reflected implicit academic values rather than strategic short cuts and mentoring cued reflection on their own development. The implications for encouraging student participation in mentoring schemes are discussed.

"Quem sou eu?": uma (re)construção do sujeito por meio da narrativa autobiográfica - proposta didática com um olhar nas interações em sala de aula

As we are aware, the classroom is emerging as a continuous build learning experiences and environment, however, for students also it functions as a place also to be due to socializing with friends. However, not always these elements complement each other, so as harmoniously as we are aware that there are many difficulties, both in the act of learning as in interpersonal relations between them. From this, we understand that it is for the school to seek ways to contemplate such issues so that they feel inserted both with regard to this learning as well as being able to interact with themselves and with others, in a participatory manner, to live well socially. Thus, we find ourselves facing a similar situation with a 9th grade class where the students had certain limitations to have a good relationship with one another, causing thus problems in learning. On the other hand, this difficulty as affectively interact with each other, also, was increased by the difficulty that some students had to speak for themselves and to show their feelings and emotions, getting even more difficult this interaction at school. Thus, we found ourselves obliged to act immediately and need to bring about change in this picture. So it came out the idea of the application of an intervening action which started taking shapefrom a pedagogical project that we developed in other classes in previous years, this time adapted to the situation experienced by the group. The project, framed in the qualitative research and characterized from the action research approach took shape, and elected as its main objective to seek possible alternatives to develop the communicative competence of students, which is why we invest in exercise oral communication (speaking and listening) in order to promote the use of language, the interpersonal involvement facilitating thus their participation both in the classroom and in social life. To fulfill this goal, we set out to develop a didactic book whose support materialized through the autobiographical narrative (molded in writing production) and worked along a structured instructional sequence in three distinctstages that dialogued with each other. Therefore, we base our study from the socio-historical conception and dialogue proposed by Bakhtin in line with the sociodiscursivo interactionism of Bronckart and resort to other scholars as Dolz and Schneuwly, Marcuschi among others. The development of all stages of the project not only has had an immediate effect on what we proposed ourselves as also yielded us very gratifying moments reinforcing to us that the classroom environment goes far beyond the fact ministering content. And that work with orality, with views on affective interaction of these students resulted in a project, so to speak, exciting.

Realism and national identity in 'Y Tu Mamá También': an audience perspective

When referring to cinema and its emancipatory potential, realism, like Plato’s pharmakon, has signified both illness and cure, poison and medicine. On the one hand, realism is regarded as the main feature of so-called classical cinema, inherently conservative and thoroughly ideological, its main raison d’être being to reify and make a particular version of the status quo believable and to pass it out as ‘reality’ (Burch, 1990; MacCabe, 1974). On the other, realism has also been interpreted as a quest for truth and social justice, as in the positivist ethos that informs documentary (Zavattini, 1953). Even in the latter sense, however, the extent to which realism has served colonizing ends when used to investigate the ‘truth’ of the Other has also been noted, rendering the form profoundly suspicious (Chow, 2007, p. 150). For realism has been a Western form of representation, one that can be traced back to the invention of perspective in painting and that peaked with the secular worldview brought about by the Enlightenment. And like realism, the nation state too is a product of the Enlightenment, nationalism being, as it were, a secular replacement for the religious - that is enchanted or fantastic - worldview. In this way, realism, cinema and nation are inextricably linked, and equally strained under the current decline of the Enlightenment paradigm. This chapter looks at Y tu Mamá También by Alfonso Cuarón (2001), a highly successful road movie with documentary features, to explore the ways in which realism, cinema and nation interact with each other in the present conditions of ‘globalization’ as experienced in Mexico. The chapter compares and contrasts various interpretations of the role of realism in this film put forward by critics and scholars and other discourses about it circulating in the media with actual ways of audience engagement with it.