The purpose of consumer co-operation: implications for the management and governance of co-operatives

Extant research on consumer co-operation has acknowledged that the corporate purpose of consumer co-operatives deviates significantly from the purpose of investor-owned firms (IOFs – the dominant form in market economies and in theory development in the field of business economics) and also suggested that the management of consumer co-operatives differs from the management of IOFs. Despite this, there is a scarcity of research focusing on the management of consumer co-operatives in general and the ways this different purpose manifests in their management in particular. In other words, research on consumer cooperatives has only started to discover the importance of identifying the premises of these organizations and generating management and organization theories that take them into account. The overall objective of this study is to map out some of the implications that the purpose of consumer co-operation has for the management and governance of consumer co-operatives. To put it more precisely, by combining interview data gathered from Finnish consumer cooperatives (S Group, OP Bank Group and POP Bank) and extant literature, this study aims to generate or elaborate on definitions and outlines of the features that co-operative purpose poses for the strategic management, governance and managerial competence needed for consumer co-operatives. The study consists of two parts. The first part introduces the research topic, methods and publications, as well as discusses the overall outcomes. The second part consists of four publications that address the research questions from different viewpoints. The analyses of this study indicate that due to the purpose of consumer co-operation, the roles of locality and regionality become emphasized in their management. While locality and regionality are potential sources of competitive advantage for consumer co-operatives, geographic boundness sets significant boundary conditions for the strategic management of these organizations. Further, the purpose of consumer co-operation may pose several challenges to governance and set specific competence demands for the managers of these organizations. Associating the observations from various streams of research on management and governance with the purpose of consumer co-operation and examining these issues further, the thesis contributes to elaboration of theory in the field. While the thesis is by no means comprehensive (but instead reflects a co-operative research project in its early stages), it does shed light on some key ideas of management and governance and offers leads to theory and, thereby, will prove useful to elaborators, disseminators and appliers of knowledge on co-operation.

Pohjois- ja Etelä-Savon pohjavesiseuranta 2010

Tiehallinto on tarkkaillut Pohjois- ja Etelä-Savon alueella pohjaveden kloridipitoisuuksia 1990-luvulta asti. Pohjavesien kloridiseuranta on tärkeä osa alueiden ympäristön tilan seurantaa ja kloridiseurannan avulla havainnoidaan tiesuolauksen vaikutuksia pohjaveteen. Vuoden 2010 pohjavesiseurannan toteutti Golder Associates Oy Pohjois-Savon elinkeino-, liikenne- ja ympäristökeskuksen (ELY-keskus) toimeksiannosta. Vuoden 2010 pohjavesiseuranta ulottui kahdeksan kunnan alueelle Pohjois- ja Etelä- Savossa; Joroinen, Juva, Lapinlahti, Mikkeli, Pieksämäki, Punkaharju, Siilinjärvi ja Suonenjoki. Vuoden 2010 tarkkailussa oli mukana 27 kpl pohjavesiputkea. Pohjavesiputket sijaitsevat 11 pohjavesialueella, suolattavan tien läheisyydessä. Tässä raportissa on esitetty Pohjois- ja Etelä-Savon pohjavesiseurannan vuoden 2010 tulokset pohjavesialueittain.

Mädätys- ja kompostointilaitoshankkeen teknis-taloudellinen vertailu Lakeuden Ympäristöhuollossa

Työssä selvitettiin teknis-taloudellisen vaihtoehto Lakeuden Ympäristöhuollon keräämän biojätteen ja Seinäjoen lähialueella syntyvän hevosenlannan käsittelyyn. Nykyisin Lakeuden Ympäristöhuolto Oy:n keräämä biojäte kuljetetaan paikallisen jätehuoltoyhti-ön biokaasulaitokseen ja hevosenlantaa ei alueelta vielä kerätä olleenkaan. Työn lähtö-kohtana oli vertailla mahdollisesti rakennettavan oman biokaasulaitoksen ja rumpu-kompostointilaitoksen kannattavuutta toisiinsa. Kannattavuuden laskennassa käytettiin annuiteettimenetelmää. Työn kirjallisuusosiossa kerrotaan eloperäisten jätteiden ominaisuuksista mädätyksen ja kompostoinnin kannalta, mädätys- ja kompostointiprosessista, mädätys- ja kompostoin-titekniikoista sekä menetelmien eduista sekä haitoista. Työssä perehdyttiin myös mädä-tyksen ja kompostoinnin lopputuotteiden hyödyntämiseen. Vaihtoehtojen vaertailussa kumpikaan hankkeista ei ollut taloudellisesti kannattava. Vaikka prosesseihin saataisiin nykyään kerättävän biojätteen määrän lisäksi 2000 tonnia hevosenlantaa, se ei tee hankkeista kannattavia. Edes herkkyystarkastelussa laskettu korkeampi hevosenlannan porttimaksun määrä ei vaikuttanut kannattavuuteen. Lakeuden Ympäristöhuollon näin ollen on viisainta olla investoimatta kumpaakaan hankkeeseen.

Karkkila

kuv., 11 x 23 cm

Development of an environmentally friendly method of starch oxidation by hydrogen peroxide and a complex water-soluble Iron catalyst

Oxidized starch is a key component in the paper industry, where it is used as both surfacing sizer and filler. Large quantities are annually used for this purpose; however, the methods for the oxidation are not environmentally friendly. In our research, we have studied the possibility to replace the harmful oxidation agents, such as hypochlorite or iodates and transition metal catalysts, with a more environmentally friendly oxidant, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and a special metal complex catalyst (FePcS), of which only a small amount is needed. The work comprised batch and semi-batch studies by H2O2, ultrasound studies of starch particles, determination of low-molecular by-products and determination of the decomposition kinetics of H2O2 in the presence of starch and the catalyst. This resulted in a waste-free oxidation method, which only produces water and oxygen as side products. The starch oxidation was studied in both semi-batch and batch modes in respective to the oxidant (H2O2) addition. The semi-batch mode proved to yield a sufficient degree of substitution (COOH groups) for industrial purposes. Treatment of starch granules by ultrasound was found to improve the reactivity of starch. The kinetic results were found out to have a rather complex pattern – several oxidation phases were observed, apparently due to the fact that the oxidation reaction in the beginning only took place on the surface, whereas after a prolonged reaction time, partial degradation of the solid starch granules allowed further reaction in the interior parts. Batch-mode experiments enabled a more detailed study of the mechanisms of starch in the presence of H2O2 and the catalyst, but yielded less oxidized starch due to rapid decomposition of H2O2 due to its high concentrations. The effect of the solid-liquid (S/L) ratio in the reaction system was studied in batch experiments. These studies revealed that the presence of the catalyst and the starch enhance the H2O2 decomposition.

Validation of a 3D model for oxygen combustion in a circulating fluidized bed

In this thesis, a model called CFB3D is validated for oxygen combustion in circulating fluidized bed boiler. The first part of the work consists of literature review in which circulating fluidized bed and oxygen combustion technologies are studied. In addition, the modeling of circulating fluidized bed furnaces is discussed and currently available industrial scale three-dimensional furnace models are presented. The main features of CFB3D model are presented along with the theories and equations related to the model parameters used in this work. The second part of this work consists of the actual research and modeling work including measurements, model setup, and modeling results. The objectives of this thesis is to study how well CFB3D model works with oxygen combustion compared to air combustion in circulating fluidized bed boiler and what model parameters need to be adjusted when changing from air to oxygen combustion. The study is performed by modeling two air combustion cases and two oxygen combustion cases with comparable boiler loads. The cases are measured at Ciuden 30 MWth Flexi-Burn demonstration plant in April 2012. The modeled furnace temperatures match with the measurements as well in oxygen combustion cases as in air combustion cases but the modeled gas concentrations differ from the measurements clearly more in oxygen combustion cases. However, the same model parameters are optimal for both air and oxygen combustion cases. When the boiler load is changed, some combustion and heat transfer related model parameters need to be adjusted. To improve the accuracy of modeling results, better flow dynamics model should be developed in the CFB3D model. Additionally, more measurements are needed from the lower furnace to find the best model parameters for each case. The validation work needs to be continued in order to improve the modeling results and model predictability.

Käyttöpääoman mittaaminen valmistavassa teollisuudessa

Käyttöpääoman hallinta on yrityksille tärkeä osa talouden hallintaa. Tehokkaalla käyttöpääoman hallinnalla pystytään vaikuttamaan positiivisesti yrityksen kannattavuuteen ja maksuvalmiuteen. Tämän tutkielman tavoitteena on selvittää käytetyimmät käyttöpääoman mittarit prosessinäkökulmasta, sekä analysoida mittareiden antamia tuloksia. Prosessinäkökulman mittarit kertovat käyttöpääoman tarpeen päivissä. Prosessinäkökulman mittareiden laskemiseksi tarvitaan harvemmin tietoa, joka on vain ylimmän johdon käytettävissä. Tutkielma on kirjallisuustutkimus, jonka lähteinä on käytetty kirjallisuutta ja tieteellisiä artikkeleita. Empiirisessä osassa on laskettu käyttöpääomamittareiden tulokset kolmelle valmistavan teollisuuden yritykselle, sekä analysoitu tutkimustuloksia. Tunnusluvut on koottu yritysten julkisten tilinpäätösten perusteella. Käyttöpääomalle löytyi prosessinäkökulmasta vain muutamia mittareita. Kaikki käyttöpääomalle löydetyt prosessinäkökulman mittarit olivat joko käyttöpääomasyklin osakokonaisuuksia tai sen variaatioita. Käyttöpääomasykli osoittautui käytetyimmäksi prosessinäkökulman mittariksi tutkielmassa käytettyjen artikkeleiden perusteella.

Mukaudu tai tuhoudu

Teemanumero 3/2011: Adaptaatio.

Lectio : kansanuskontutkimus, paradigmat ja koulukunnat

Lectio praecursoria Turun yliopistossa 2.6.2012.