Otimização do processo de extração do óleo essencial de priprioca (Cyperus articulatus L.) por arraste com vapor

Analisa-se experimentalmente o processo de extração do óleo essencial de rizomas de priprioca (Cyperus articulatus L.) por arraste com vapor d’água saturado, em um protótipo em escala de bancada. Por meio de experimentos estatisticamente planejados, estimam-se as condições ótimas o processo de modo a maximizar as variáveis de resposta rendimento em óleo e teor de mustacona, componente majoritário do óleo essencial de priprioca, em função de variáveis operacionais de entrada do processo. As variáveis independentes e respectivos níveis são: carga de rizomas de priprioca, em gramas (64, 200, 400, 600, 736); granulometria dos rizomas, em milímetros (0,61; 1,015; 1,6; 2,19; 2,58) e tempo de extração, em minutos (40, 60, 90, 120, 140). Utilizando um planejamento composto central, com auxílio do aplicativo Statistica® 7.0, são propostos modelos matemáticos para as respostas em função das variáveis independentes isoladas e de suas combinações. Constata-se que o rendimento em óleo essencial e os teores de mustacona podem ser estimados adequadamente por modelos polinomiais de segunda ordem. São obtidos simultaneamente maiores rendimentos em óleo e teores de mustacona, quando a carga de rizomas varia de 105 a 400 gramas para tempos de extração compreendidos entre 105 e 140 minutos.

Avaliação da ponta de diamante CVC (Chemical Vapor Deposition) associada ao aparelho de ultra-som

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Metodologia para análise exergética-econômica de plantas a vapor para geração de eletricidade consumido resíduo de biomassa amazônica

A disponibilidade de recursos energéticos em um país impacta diretamente no seu desenvolvimento sócio-econômico. Com a elevação dos preços dos energéticos no Brasil, a eficientização do uso de energia tornar-se uma atividade estratégica para o setor industrial. Com esse intuito as avaliações energéticas empregadas nesse setor objetivam otimizar a eficiência dos seus sistemas térmicos. Essas avaliações de desempenho energético são baseadas na Primeira Lei da Termodinâmica e são capazes de identificar apenas as perdas de energia, diferente da avaliação exergética que permite qualificar essa energia perdida. Devido a essa análise de qualificação da energia ser sofisticada e demorada, tornar-se necessário desenvolver um protocolo que seja executado de forma rápida e que contemple as particularidades da Amazônia, tanto o clima quanto a sua biomassa. Para isto, este trabalho propõe e aplica uma metodologia através do emprego de análises energéticas, exergética e exergo-econômica em uma planta de potência a vapor instalada no Estado Pará e operando com ciclo Rankine. Com aplicação dessas avaliações obtêm-se as taxas de energia e de perdas de energia, as taxas de exergia, as taxas de destruição de exergia, as taxas de custo de cada produto e o custo monetário da capacidade energética produzida pela planta em R$/kWh. Com esses resultados foi possível identificar as maiores perdas energéticas da planta, quantificar o custo da destruição de exergia nos principais equipamentos e a taxa de custo dos produtos principais da planta que são energia térmica e energia elétrica. Isto permite visualizar o desempenho energético, exergético e econômico em cada equipamento da planta e indicar os processos que merecem um trabalho de desenvolvimento para melhorar a sua eficiência econômica. Além disso, o custo da capacidade energética em R$/kWh produzida pela planta a vapor foi comparado com o valor cobrado pela concessionária de energia local. Essa comparação mostrou que central geradora de energia tem um custo de energia menor do que o valor confrontado.

Separation of satured and unsaturated fatty acids from palm fatty acids distillates in continuous multistage countercurrent columns with supercritical carbon dioxide as solvent: a process design methodology

In this work the separation of multicomponent mixtures in counter-current columns with supercritical carbon dioxide has been investigated using a process design methodology. First the separation task must be defined, then phase equilibria experiments are carried out, and the data obtained are correlated with thermodynamic models or empirical functions. Mutual solubilities, Ki-values, and separation factors aij are determined. Based on this data possible operating conditions for further extraction experiments can be determined. Separation analysis using graphical methods are performed to optimize the process parameters. Hydrodynamic experiments are carried out to determine the flow capacity diagram. Extraction experiments in laboratory scale are planned and carried out in order to determine HETP values, to validate the simulation results, and to provide new materials for additional phase equilibria experiments, needed to determine the dependence of separation factors on concetration. Numerical simulation of the separation process and auxiliary systems is carried out to optimize the number of stages, solvent-to-feed ratio, product purity, yield, and energy consumption. Scale-up and cost analysis close the process design. The separation of palmitic acid and (oleic+linoleic) acids from PFAD-Palm Fatty Acids Distillates was used as a case study.

Análise experimental da reforma a vapor de etanol: aspectos técnicos, econômicos e ecológicos

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Influence of solvent on the morphology and photocatalytic properties of ZnS decorated CeO2 nanoparticles

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Vegetable Oil Derived Solvent, and Catalyst Free Click Chemistry'' Thermoplastic Polytriazoles

Azide-alkyne Huisgen click chemistry provides new synthetic routes for making thermoplastic polytriazole polymers-without solvent or catalyst. This method was used to polymerize three diester dialkyne monomers with a lipid derived 18 carbon diazide to produce a series of polymers (labelled C18C18, C18C9, and C18C4 based on monomer chain lengths) free of residual solvent and catalyst. Three diester dialkyne monomers were synthesized with ester chain lengths of 4, 9, and 18 carbons from renewable sources. Significant differences in thermal and mechanical properties were observed between C18C9 and the two other polymers. C18C9 presented a lower melting temperature, higher elongation at break, and reduced Young's modulus compared to C18C4 and C18C18. This was due to the odd-even effect induced by the number of carbon atoms in the monomers which resulted in orientation of the ester linkages of C18C9 in the same direction, thereby reducing hydrogen bonding. The thermoplastic polytriazoles presented are novel polymers derived from vegetable oil with favourable mechanical and thermal properties suitable for a large range of applications where no residual solvent or catalyst can be tolerated. Their added potential biocompatibility and biodegradability make them ideal for applications in the medical and pharmaceutical industries.

Evaluation of solvent effect on the extraction of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacities from the berries: application of principal component analysis

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Projeto de recuperação da planta termelétrica do Laboratório de Vapor do Departamento de Energia da Faculdade de Engenharia de Guaratinguetá

Brazil is nowadays the greatest bet of investors for the future due to its stable economy growth. The country has grown side by side with the greatest demand for electrical energy. The international appeal for renewable sources is causing a change in the Brazilian energetic matrix, raising the amount of energy generated by thermoelectric power plants. The construction of new power plants, running on biomass, requires a crescent number of capacitated personnel to run them. The Faculdade de Engenharia de Guaratinguetá – UNESP – has a steam laboratory; witch is deactivated, which has a thermoelectric plant of small capacity. The laboratory reactivation and the return of its activities can be an important tool in order to graduate engineer able to operate on such units. This paper proposes four new experiments to be simulated on the Collage’s Energy Dep. Steam Lab when it gets back to its educational activities

Aplicação do lean six sigma na linha de produção de turbinas industriais a vapor

This work evaluates the implementation of Lean Six Sigma into the Steam Turbine’s Blades Manufacturing Process, aiming to improve productivity, quality and operational efficiency. Therefore, several tools have been applied, such as VSM, Spaghetti Diagram, Ishikawa, Pareto, DMAIC, Benchmarking and Control Charts, seeking to propose process improvements, as well as Quality Indicators creation. It was obtained a significant waste reduction throughout the process, achieving a lead time reduction of 42% and 83,41% in transport. Also, were introduced the Lean Thinking concepts, such as pull production and Continuous material flow. At the same time, it was possible to calculate the process capability and the sigma level, evaluating and proposing some improvements

Estudo de um ciclo de vapor utilizado para tratamento de superificies metálicas: estudo preliminar de caso

The use of heat in parallel with relative low temperatures and applied to several areas of the industry is essential for the main manufacturing processes, like drying, dehydrating, concentration, annealing, production of chemical reactions, and microbiological sterilization. Without neither the heat nor the coming of a great quantity of thermal heat, with high quality, there would not be the “modern society”, with its high standards of living plus its high consumption levels; from services to goods in general. Within an almost absolute way, the heat flows are obtained from vapor systems. Thus, in this work we are going into the operation of a vapor system, composed of two firetube boilers dimensioned to supply vapor for three processes. However, with the transfer of one of the processes to another plant, the system got over-dimensioned. But, taking advantage of this scenario, the two boilers were used to supply vapor to further processes, causing their intermittent usage. Moreover, the operational alternative adopted by the maintenance engineering of the plant for a creating a solution has been presented; both the positive points and negative ones were disclosed, likewise the possibility of improvement points

Produção de hidrogênio por reforma a vapor de biogás

A new approach to generating clean energy has been studied by several researchers, among which one can highlight the steam reforming of biogas. The Biogas is result of decomposition of organic matter and it hasn’t been availed in the global level, instead, the biogas has been burned in flare or discarded into the atmosphere providing damage to the environment. The generation of vector biogas energy can be realized through its steam reforming and this work examines briefly the types of digesters used for biogas generation, studying the process of steam reforming to generate hydrogen as energy vector, analyzing each step in detail, seeking to adapt its main features an ethanol reformer for a biogas reformer. Besides this it is estimated the yield of the reform process and the boiler efficiency for efficiency of the process

A todo vapor: o projeto de uma websérie cômica

Esta pesquisa apresenta as etapas da elaboração do projeto A Todo Vapor. O projeto consiste no desenvolvimento de uma websérie cômica de formato mockumentary baseada na Empresa Júnior de Rádio e TV da UNESP. O projeto conta com: a sinopse da série; perfil dos personagens; sinopses dos cinco episódios da temporada; projeto de quatro programas spin-offs que permeiam a websérie; argumento do piloto; e também roteiro completo do piloto

Quantificação de CO2 e vapor de água nas interfaces bairro-cultura de eucalipto da reserva Floresta Estadual Navarro de Andrade no município de Rio Claro - SP

Environrnental issues are in focus lately, mainly due to climate change that have been registered in recent decades. Some of these changes are attributed to the increased atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases induce, main1y due to anthropogenic emissions. These gases act by absorbing heat in the form of electromagnetic radiation emitted by the planet, and after a time interval, reissuing such radiation in various directions, including back to the surface, causing overheating of the same. Projections indicate that climate change wiIl tend to increase even more. Because of this, in recent years a number of studies are being conducted on the dynamics of inducers of greenhouse gases, especially C02, because that is primarily responsible for the development of that phenomenon. To better understand the flow of C02 are studied specific areas, as regions bordering the forests, soils that are under preparation for agriculture, urban areas, among others. Forests are an important sink for C02, because during the process of photosynthesis, this molecule is captured and used to obtain glucose. Thus, studies of the regions bordering the forests contribute enough to the understanding of the dynamics of C02. Because it requires a large amount of factors, the concentration of CO2 in a given location is very variable and this makes it much more difficult to understand their dynamics and, consequently, the action of the enhanced greenhouse effect. Being a relatively new area of study, there are many controversies about the consequences of the greenhouse effect, so that the community does not believe that climate change resulting from human action. According to them, such changes are merely natural phenomena and periodicals

Utilização do cavaco de madeira como combustível alternativo para a produção de vapor de água em uma caldeira aquatubular com grelha fixa do tipo PIN HOLE

The steady increase in the price of oil and its derivatives, carbon credits, the concern with the environment combined with the precipitation of rain water and lack of water resources that Brazil has suffered in 2014 caused a migration of participation sources of energy in the Brazilian energy matrix. The hydropower sector suffered big drop at 2013 and is suffering so far, contributing thus to the generation and cogeneration of thermal energy using renewable energy sources such as: sugarcane bagasse, wood chips, rice husks, among others. The selling price of the electricity market reached the level of R$ 807, 00 MWh in January 2014 (Source: ANEEL), heating the Brazilian thermoelectric sector. Although thermoelectric use in bulk water as vaporizing fluid to produce electricity and use in various processes, water reuse plans have become an important factor in these industries. The increased use of biomass has been the bagasse which is allied to the sugarcane sector, strong market in Brazil, and consists basically use the rest of sugar cane, sugarcane industries that would play out. The sugar and ethanol industry is very unstable and only lasts for 6-8 months a year, and the remaining time in the period known as between crop that corresponds to the planting and harvesting of sugarcane and then enter the period of vintage which is the constant cane harvesting and crushing it. This instability of the market and the thermoelectric idle period leads the thermoelectric industries to seek other sources of renewable energy, such as wood chips (pine, Eucalyptus, Orange), rice husk, sorghum among others, to not be dependent on alcohol sector. The present work aims to study the use of wood chips as an alternative biomass for burning a fuel that essentially uses bagasse, the thermoelectric in question consists of two boilers that produce together 350 t / h ... (Complete Abstract click electronic access below)