Tomorrow's cities - a framework for building resilience

Urbanisation is the great driving force of the twenty-first century. Cities are associated with both productivity and creativity, and the benefits offered by closely connected and high density living and working contribute to sustainability. At the same time, cities need extensive infrastructure – like water, power, sanitation and transportation systems – to operate effectively. Cities therefore comprise multiple components, forming both static and dynamic systems that are interconnected directly and indirectly on a number of levels, all forming the backdrop for the interaction of people and processes. Bringing together large numbers of people and complex products in rich interactions can lead to vulnerability from hazards, threats and even trends, whether natural hazards, epidemics, political upheaval, demographic changes, economic instability and/or mechanical failures; The key to countering vulnerability is the identification of critical systems and clear understanding of their interactions and dependencies. Critical systems can be assessed methodically to determine the implications of their failure and their interconnectivities with other systems to identify options. The overriding need is to support resilience – defined here as the degree to which a system or systems can continue to function effectively in a changing environment. Cities need to recognise the significance of devising adaptation strategies and processes to address a multitude of uncertainties relating to climate, economy, growth and demography. In this paper we put forward a framework to support cities in understanding the hazards, threats and trends that can make them vulnerable to unexpected changes and unpredictable shocks. The framework draws on an asset model of the city, in which components that contribute to resilience include social capital, economic assets, manufactured assets, and governance. The paper reviews the field, and draws together an overarching framework intended to help cities plan a robust trajectory towards increased resilience through flexibility, resourcefulness and responsiveness. It presents some brief case studies demonstrating the applicability of the proposed framework to a wide variety of circumstances.

黄颡鱼鳃部寄生单殖吸虫和鳋类的空间分布特点

研究了黄颡鱼Pelteobagrusfulvidraco (Richardson)鳃部的寄生单殖吸虫 (Monogeneans)和鳋类 (Copepods)的空间分布特点。寄生于黄颡鱼鳃部的单殖吸虫和鳋类在两侧鳃上的感染强度及其差异表明 ,两种寄生虫对于鳃片的左右位置没有明显的选择性 ;在黄颡鱼四鳃间的分布存在极显著的差异 (P <0 .0 5 ,P <0 .0 1) ;在鳃片的各区均存在选择性 ;对鳃丝的各分段也均有极显著的选择性。

黄颡鱼种类及其生物学特性

<正> 黄颡鱼 Pelteobagrus fulvidraco(Richardson),俗名黄腊丁、黄鳍鱼、缺丝、缺嘎呀子等,古称鲿。黄颡鱼具有分布广、产量大,且肉质嫩、少细刺、含脂肪多的特点,深受群众喜爱。鉴于目前国内有关水产刊物对黄颡鱼的报道甚少,笔者将黄颡鱼的种类及其生物学特性概述如后,以餮读者。种类:本属鱼其种类有瓦氏黄颡鱼(广东)、岔尾黄颡鱼(上海)、盎塘黄颡鱼(浙

马口鱼类分类的重新整理

<正> 马口鱼类包括马口鱼属Opsariichthys Bleeker、(鱼巤)属Zacco Jordan et Evermann、须(鱼巤)属Candidia Jordan et Richardson和异(鱼巤)属Parazacco, gen.nov.等4个属,以性成熟个体臀鳍条特别延长和具有发达的追星为共同特征,组成鲤科鱼类中的一个自然类群。这个类群分布于黑龙江以南、红河以北的东亚地区,是我国溪河中的常见鱼类。1964年杨

鳡鱼的颅骨结构及其对掠食生态的适应性

<正> 鳡鱼Elopichthys bambusa(Richardson)是我国特有的一种鲤科鱼类,生活于江河、湖泊的中上层,游泳非常迅速,经常袭击和追捕其他鱼类,是一种咬捕掠食型的凶猛鱼类。由于这种习性,使它的形态,特别是颅骨的结构产生了某些相应变化。为此,(1912)曾据其上颔骨与前上颌骨相愈合等特征,建立了一个与鲤科其他亚科并列的一个类群——Elopichthyini。但至今未见到鳡鱼颅骨结构的系统描述。作者以两尾性成熟个体(标准长分别为930毫米和890毫米)为材料,对鳡鱼的颅骨结构进行了比较观察

Tomorrow's cities: a framework to assess urban resilience

Urbanisation is one of the great driving forces of the twenty-first century. Cities generate both productivity and creativity, and the benefits offered by high-density living and working contribute to sustainability. Cities comprise multiple components, forming both static and dynamic systems that are interconnected directly and indirectly on a number of levels. Bringing together large numbers of people within a complex system can lead to vulnerability from a wide range of hazards, threats and trends. The key to reducing this vulnerability is the identification of critical systems and determination of the implications of their failure and their interconnectivities with other systems. One emerging approach to these challenges focuses on building resilience – defined here as the degree to which a system can continue to function effectively in a changing environment. This paper puts forward a framework designed to help engineers, planners and designers to support cities in understanding the hazards, threats and trends that can make them vulnerable, and identify focus areas for building resilience into the systems, which allow it to function and prosper. Four case studies of cities whose resilience was tested by recent extreme weather events are presented, seeking to demonstrate the application of the proposed framework.

梁子湖黄颡鱼的繁殖和食性的研究

<正> 黄颡魚Pseudobagrus fulvidraco(Richardson)俗名■■,在我国分布较广,是一种小型的经济鱼类。在长江中、下游的湖泊中,数量甚多,有专门的渔具(如螺螄钩)捕捞。如在湖北省梁子湖,一年四季皆可捕到这种鱼,以春、夏两季的产量较高,捕捞的个体一般体长11-19厘米,体重30-100克,最大的个体重达120克。关于黄颡鱼的生活习性,国内过去尚未进行较详细的研究,对这一种淡水鱼类资源的利用意义,未能充分了解,对这一种焦的特殊繁殖习性的观察也是很不够的。此项工作是1956年6月和1

黑龙江流域鳊鱼的种内变异及其生活习性

<正> 鳊鱼是很名贵的经济鱼类,亦称(鱼边)角,东北地区称鳊花。在我国的江河中分布很广,长江及松花江流域中最为丰盛。这种鱼最初的记载是在1844年,学名为Leuciscus bramula,是Cuvier和Valencienes两氏订立的。后来在1846及1855年中,Richardson和Basilewsky两氏又先后记述了这种鱼类;并分别订为Abramis bramula和Abramis pekinensis。到1865年,Bleeker氏才确定这种鱼的属名为Parabramis,借以和只有一行咽喉齿

Control of material transport through pulse shape manipulation-a development toward designer pulses

The variety of laser systems available to industrial laser users is growing and the choice of the correct laser for a material target application is often based on an empirical assessment. Industrial master oscillator power amplifier systems with tuneable temporal pulse shapes have now entered the market, providing enormous pulse parameter flexibility in an already crowded parameter space. In this paper, an approach is developed to design interaction parameters based on observations of material responses. Energy and material transport mechanisms are studied using pulsed digital holography, post process analysis techniques and finite-difference modelling to understand the key response mechanisms for a variety of temporal pulse envelopes incident on a silicon (1/1/1) substrate. The temporal envelope is shown to be the primary control parameter of the source term that determines the subsequent material response and the resulting surface morphology. A double peak energy-bridged temporal pulse shape designed through direct application of holographic imaging data is shown to substantially improve surface quality. © 2014 IEEE.

A genetic map of large yellow croaker Pseudosciaena crocea

Genetic linkage maps were constructed for large yellow croaker Pseudosciaena crocea (Richardson, 1846) using AFLP and microsatellite markers in an F-1 family. Five hundred and twenty-three AFLP markers and 36 microsatellites were genotyped in the parents and 94 F-1 progeny. Among these, 362 AFLP markers and 13 SSR markers followed the 1:1 Mendelian segregation ratio (P > 0.05). The female genetic map contained 181 AFLP and 7 microsatellite markers forming 24 linkage groups spanning 2959.1 cM, while the male map consisted of 153 AFLP and 8 microsatellite markers in 23 linkage groups covering 2205.7 cM. One sex linked marker was mapped to the male map and co-segregated with the AFLP marker agacta355, suggesting an XY-male determination mechanism and this may be useful in the breeding of monosex populations. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Partial compensatory growth in hybrid tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus x O-niloticus following food deprivation

The capacity of hybrid tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus x O. niloticus [23.2 +/- 0.2 g (mean +/- SE)] to show compensatory growth was assessed in an 8-week experiment. Fish were deprived of feed for 1, 2 and 4 weeks, and then fed to satiation for 4 weeks; fish fed to satiation during the experiment served as control. Water temperature gradually declined from 28.1 to 25.5 degrees C throughout the experiment. Specific growth rate (SGR) decreased with progressive food deprivation. At the end of deprivation, body weight was lower in the deprived fish than in the control. Fish deprived for 4 weeks exhibited lower contents of lipids and energy in whole body, and higher moisture content and ratio of protein to energy (P/E) than those of the control; they also consumed feed faster than the control when normal feeding was resumed. All deprived fish showed higher food intake (FI) than that of the control during re-alimentation; however, enhanced SGR was only observed in the fish deprived for 4 weeks. There were no significant differences in digestibility of protein and energy, food efficiency (FE) or energy retention efficiency between the control and deprived fish. At the end of re-alimentation, deprived fish failed to catch up in body weight with the control, while content of moisture, lipids and energy, and P/E in whole body of the deprived fish did not significantly differ from that of the control. The results of the experiment revealed that the hybrid tilapia reared in freshwater showed partial capacity for compensatory growth following food deprivation of 4 weeks, and that growth compensation was due mainly to increased FI, rather than to improved FE.

New data on the morphology and systematic status of Spinitectus petrowi and Spinitectus gigi (Nematoda : Cystidicolidae) parasitic in catfishes in central China

Two little-known nematode species of the genus Spinitectus Fourment, 1883, S. petrowi Belous, 1965 (prevalence 25%, intensity 1-8) and S. gigi Fujita, 1927 (prevalence 10%, intensity 2-3), were collected from the gastrointestinal tract of the yellow catfish, Pelteobagrus fulvidraco (Richardson), from Liangzihu Lake, Hubei Province, central China, in September of 2002. The light and scanning electron microscopical examination of this material, supplemented by a few museum specimens of S. gigi collected from the catfish Clarias fuscus (Lacepede) in southern China, made it possible to study in detail the morphology of these parasite species and to redescribe them. The first species, whose correct name is S. petrowi Belous, 1965, exhibits some morphological features (e.g., unusually short vestibule, shape of pseudolabia and of the left spicule) not found in most other congeners; a unique feature is the presence of peculiar pairs of transversely oriented peg-like cuticular spines with rounded ends on the ventral surface of the female tail. Spinitectus gigi was found to have 28-31 cuticular spines in the first ring, relatively long distances between the 2nd-7th rings of spines, and anterior rings divided into 2 sectors; the excretory pore is located at the level of the 4th ring of cuticular spines; males posses 4 pairs of preanal- and 6 pairs of postanal caudal papillae and a pair of small phasmids. Spinitectus bagri Wang, Wu et Yu, 1993 and S. wulingensis Yu et Wang, 1997 are considered junior synonyms of S. petrowi, whereas S. clariasi Ky, 1971, S. ophicephali Ky, 1971 and S. yuanjiangensis Wang, Wit et Yu, 1997 are regarded to be junior synonyms of S. gigi. Spinitectus petrowi was not previously reported from China.

Observations on two species of phyllodistomes (Trematoda : Gorgoderidae) from fishes of the Hubei Province, central China, with an erection of Neophyllodistomum gen. n.

Two rare trematode species so far reported in the genus Phyllodistomum Braun, 1899, P. pawlovskii (Zmeev, 1936) and P. serrispatula Chin, 1963, were found in the urinary system the yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco (Richardson) of Bao'an Lake (prevalence 8 %) and the swamp eel Monopterus albus (Zouiev) of Liangzi Lake (prevalence 6 9/6), respectively, from the Hubei Province, central China. In contrast to the original description, P. pawlovskii showed a considerable morphological variability particularly in the shape, size and topography of testes. A unique morphological feature of P. serrispatula is the presence of many conspicuous lateral outgrowths on the hindbody and, principally based on this character, a new genus Neophyl-lodistomum is erected (type species N. serrispatula (Chin, 1963) comb. n.)) to accommodate this species. Both trematode species are briefly redescribed. P. pawlovskii and N. serrispatula are reported for the first time from the Hubei Province and the former from the Yangtze River drainage system.

Seasonal occurrence of Dollfustrema vaneyi (Digenea : Bucephalidae) metacercariae in the bullhead catfish Pseudobagrus fulvidraco in a reservoir in China

The seasonal population dynamics of metacercariae of the bucephalid Dollfustrema vaneyi (Tseng, 1930) Echmann, 1934 in the bullhead catfish Pseudobagrus fulvidraco (Richardson) were investigated in Jiangkou reservoir, Jiangxi Province, east China, during the period from April 1990 to August 1991. In total, 523 fish were obtained, and the overall prevalence of the metacercariae was 89.87 % and mean abundance 136.25 +/- 308.09 (mean +/- SD). A pattern of seasonal changes in prevalence and mean abundance was observed, with higher levels of metacercariae infection in late spring and summer. An analysis of the distribution of D. vaneyi in different organs of P. fulvidraco suggested that the eyes might be a suitable location for the parasite. Furthermore, the possible role of metacercariae in bullhead catfish was discussed in relation to the life cycle of this parasite.