Recovery boilers - history and future

Recovery boilers are built all over the world. The roots of recovery technology are longer than the roots of recovery boilers. But it wasn’t until the invention of recovery boilers before the Second World War that the pulping technology was revolutionalized. This led to long development of essentially the same type of equipment, culminating into units that are largest biofuel boilers in the world. Early recovery technology concentrated on chemical recovery as chemicals cost money and if one could recycle these chemicals then the profitability of pulp manufacture would improve. For pulp mills the significance of electricity generation from the recovery boiler was for long secondary. The most important design criterion for the recovery boiler was a high availability. The electricity generation in recovery boiler process can be increased by elevated main steam pressure and temperature or by higher black liquor dry solids as well as improving its steam cycle. This has been done in the modern Scandinavian units.

Enzymatic Synthesis, Recovery, and Purification of Ethyl β-ᴅ-glucopyranoside

A method to synthesize ethyl β-ᴅ-glucopyranoside (BEG) was searched. Feasibility of different ion exchange resins was examined to purify the product from the synthetic binary solution of BEG and glucose. The target was to produce at least 50 grams of 99 % pure BEG with a scaled up process. Another target was to transfer the batch process into steady-state recycle chromatography process (SSR). BEG was synthesized enzymatically with reverse hydrolysis utilizing β-glucosidase as a catalyst. 65 % of glucose reacted with ethanol into BEG during the synthesis. Different ion exchanger based resins were examined to separate BEG from glucose. Based on batch chromatography experiments the best adsorbent was chosen between styrene based strong acid cation exchange resins (SAC) and acryl based weak acid cation exchange resins (WAC). CA10GC WAC resin in Na+ form was chosen for the further separation studies. To produce greater amounts of the product the batch process was scaled up. The adsorption isotherms for the components were linear. The target purity was possible to reach already in batch without recycle with flowrate and injection size small enough. 99 % pure product was produced with scaled-up batch process. Batch process was transferred to SSR process utilizing the data from design pulse chromatograms and Matlab simulations. The optimal operating conditions for the system were determined. Batch and SSR separation results were compared and by using SSR 98 % pure products were gained with 40 % higher productivity and 40 % lower eluent consumption compared to batch process producing as pure products.

Reuse of electric vehicle battery in uninterruptible power supply

Tässä diplomityössä tarkasteltiin Nissan Leaf -sähköauton käytetyn litiumakun soveltuvuutta UPS-varavirtalaitteen energialähteeksi. Kun akku on heikentynyt niin ettei sen kapasiteetti enää ole riittävä autokäyttöön, sitä voidaan kuitenkin vielä hyödyntää muissa sovelluksissa, kuten UPS-laitteessa. Työ sai alkunsa osana GreenDataNet-projektia, jossa pyritään kehittämään datakeskuksiin ympäristöä vähemmän kuormittavia ratkaisuja käyttämällä uusiutuvia energialähteitä, akkujen uusiokäytöllä, sekä energianhallinnan optimoinnilla. Työssä käytiin läpi akun ja sen ohjausjärjestelmän ominaisuuksia, kerrottiin UPS:in ohjelmistoon tehdyistä muutoksista sekä esitettiin testitulokset. Lopputuloksena todettiin akun sopivan muuten hyvin UPS-käyttöön, mutta vaadittu päivittäinen kennojännitteiden tasaus ja sen aiheuttama katkos energian saatavuuteen heikentää UPSin käyttövarmuutta kuorman suojauksessa. Lopussa esitettiin muutamia ehdotuksia tämän ongelman korjaamiseksi.

Polytypism and Silicon carbide : a solid state nuclear magnetic resonance study

A survey of predominantly industrial silicon carbide has been carried out using Magic Angle Spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS nmr); a solid state technique. Three silicon carbide polytypes were studied; 3C, 6H, and 15R. The 13C and 29 Si MAS nmr spectra of the bulk SiC sample was identified on the basis of silicon (carbon) site type in the d iff ere n t pol Y t Y pes • Out to 5.00 A fro mac en t r a lsi 1 i con (0 r carbon) atom four types of sites were characterized using symmetry based calculations. This method of polytype analysis was also considered, in the prelminary stages, for applications with other polytypic material; CdBr 2 , CdI 2 , and PbI 2 " In an attempt to understand the minor components of silicon carbide, such as its surface, some samples were hydrofluoric acid washed and heated to extreme temperatures. Basically, an HF removable species which absorbs at -110 ppm (Si0 2 ) in the 29 Si MAS nmr spectrum is found in silicon carbide after heating. Other unidentified peaks observed at short recycle delays in some 29 Si MAS nmr spectra are considered to be impurities that may be within the lattice. These components comprise less than 5% of the observable silicon. A Tl study was carried out for 29 Si nuclei in a 3C ii polytype sample, using the Driven Equilibrium Single-Pulse Observation of T1 (DESPOT) technique. It appears as though there are a number of nuclei that have the same chemical shift but different T1 relaxation times. The T1 values range from 30 seconds to 11 minutes. Caution has to be kept when interpreting these results because this is the first time that DESPOT has been used for solid samples and it is not likely in full working order. MAS nmr indicates that the 13C and 29 Si ~sotropic chemical shifts of silicon carbide appear to have a reciprocal type of relationship_ Single crystal nmr analysis of a 6H sample is accordance with this finding when only the resultant isotropic shift is considered. However, single crystal nmr also shows that the actual response of the silicon and carbon nuclear environment to the applied magnetic field at various angles is not at all reciprocal. Such results show that much more single crystal nmr work is required to determine the actual behavior of the local magnetic environment of the SiC nuclei.

Enabling and Measuring Complexity in Evolving Designs using Generative Representations for Artificial Architecture

As the complexity of evolutionary design problems grow, so too must the quality of solutions scale to that complexity. In this research, we develop a genetic programming system with individuals encoded as tree-based generative representations to address scalability. This system is capable of multi-objective evaluation using a ranked sum scoring strategy. We examine Hornby's features and measures of modularity, reuse and hierarchy in evolutionary design problems. Experiments are carried out, using the system to generate three-dimensional forms, and analyses of feature characteristics such as modularity, reuse and hierarchy were performed. This work expands on that of Hornby's, by examining a new and more difficult problem domain. The results from these experiments show that individuals encoded with those three features performed best overall. It is also seen, that the measures of complexity conform to the results of Hornby. Moving forward with only this best performing encoding, the system was applied to the generation of three-dimensional external building architecture. One objective considered was passive solar performance, in which the system was challenged with generating forms that optimize exposure to the Sun. The results from these and other experiments satisfied the requirements. The system was shown to scale well to the architectural problems studied.

Esprit du don, dispositifs et reconnaissance : de "Diaries, Notes and Sketches : Also Known as Walden" (1969) à "The First Forty" (2006) de Jonas Mekas.

Après avoir passé plus de 4 ans dans des camps de travail forcé, Jonas Mekas, lituanien, est déporté avec son frère par les Nations-Unies en 1949 aux États-Unis. Les deux rescapés de la seconde guerre mondiale dédient alors leur temps au cinéma. Dès leur arrivée, ils se procurent une caméra 16 mm bolex et se tournent vers le cinéma expérimental, grâce, entre autre, à une de ces cinéastes pionnières américaine Maya Deren. En marge de l'industrie cinématographique hollywoodienne, Jonas Mekas participe à l'édification de structures - coopératives, associations, magazines, journaux - afin de rendre accessible ce genre filmique, de lui obtenir une reconnaissance publique et de, ultimement, le préserver. En 1969, il réalise un film intitulé "Diaries, Notes and Sketches : Also Known as Walden". Mekas réalise ensuite des films qui réemploient des séquences qui se trouvent dans cette première ébauche filmique. Ce processus se retrace au sein de son « premier essai » numérique qu'il réalise à l'ère cybériste intitulé "The First Forty" (2006), composé de vidéos et de descriptions textuelles. Tout comme il l’avait fait avec Walden, Mekas présente explicitement celui-ci à un public, en l’occurrence son nouveau public d'internautes, qui en prend connaissance sur son site web officiel. La présentation numérique et la table des matières papier accompagnant "Diaries, Notes and Sketches : Also Known as Walden" rédigée par l'artiste en 1969 ont une fonction similaire au sens où, par elles, Jonas Mekas donne ces deux créations aux spectateurs. Nous avons choisi d'employer le terme de dispositif pour parler de ces « objets » qui font appel à diverses formes énonciatives afin de créer un effet spécifique chez le spectateur. En explorant la théorie sociologique moderne du don développée par Jacques T. Godbout, notre projet a été de relever « l'esprit de don » qui se retrace au sein de ces dispositifs. Cette étude nous permet de constater que les dispositifs audiovisuels / cinématographiques que développa Mekas sont des « objets » qui peuvent être reçus tel des dons suscitant le désir de donner chez les spectateurs. Ils sont le ciment symbolique personnel et collectif nécessaire à l’accomplissement du processus de « reconnaissance » qu’implique le don.

Invertase immobilised on montmorillonite: reusability enhancement and reduction in leaching

Invertase was immobilised on microporous montmorillonite K-10 via adsorption and covalent binding. The immobilised enzymes were tested for sucrose hydrolysis activity in a batch reactor. Km for immobilised systems was greater than free enzyme. The immobilised forms could be reused for 15 continuous cycles without any loss in activity. After 25 cycles, 85% initial activity was retained. A study on leaching of enzymes showed that 100% enzyme was retained even after 15 cycles of reuse. Leaching increased with reaction temperature. Covalent binding resisted leaching even at temperatures of 70 °C.

Fermentation Of Rice And Related Products By Bacillus Sp.

Recently’ recognition cnf immobilization ‘technology for the rapid conversion of several substrates into metabolites and repeated reuse of the biocatalysts have drawn the attention of the fermentation scientists and technologists to try these new technologies for the rapid production of pnxkmt and enhancement of the efficiencies of the systems Hence in the present study rice was selected,as a substrate since it is a rich source of starch, available and cultivated throughout the year almost in all part of our country. Rice although known for its use as a staple food in many forms as rice, idli, dosai etc., has not been used in industry extensively. However, it ii; a potential resource for’ the production of alcohol, high protein food anui for sugar and sugar syrups as it is evidenced by the few reports mentioned in the review of literature. Of the several microorganisms available, Bacillus sp, is a known candidate for the production of amylases. Hence in the present study Bacillus sp, was desired for its known efficiencies in starch conversion

Construction waste management in India

The management of construction waste is important today. The scarcity in the availability of aggregate for the production of concrete is one of the important problems facing by the construction industry. Appropriate use of the construction waste is a solution to the fast degradation of virgin raw materials in the construction industry. This paper enlightens the importance of reduce, reuse and recycle (3R) concept for managing the construction waste in India

Classification of recycled sands and their applications as fine aggregates for concrete and bituminous mixtures

As a result of the drive towards waste-poor world and reserving the non-renewable materials, recycling the construction and demolition materials become very essential. Now reuse of the recycled concrete aggregate more than 4 mm in producing new concrete is allowed but with natural sand a fine aggregate while. While the sand portion that represent about 30\% to 60\% of the crushed demolition materials is disposed off. To perform this research, recycled concrete sand was produced in the laboratory while nine recycled sands produced from construction and demolitions materials and two sands from natural crushed limestone were delivered from three plants. Ten concrete mix designs representing the concrete exposition classes XC1, XC2, XF3 and XF4 according to European standard EN 206 were produced with partial and full replacement of natural sand by the different recycled sands. Bituminous mixtures achieving the requirements of base courses according to Germany standards and both base and binder courses according to Egyptian standards were produced with the recycled sands as a substitution to the natural sands. The mechanical properties and durability of concrete produced with the different recycled sands were investigated and analyzed. Also the volumetric analysis and Marshall test were performed hot bituminous mixtures produced with the recycled sands. According to the effect of replacement the natural sand by the different recycled sands on the concrete compressive strength and durability, the recycled sands were classified into three groups. The maximum allowable recycled sand that can be used in the different concrete exposition class was determined for each group. For the asphalt concrete mixes all the investigated recycled sands can be used in mixes for base and binder courses up to 21\% of the total aggregate mass.

Reuse in the development process of TOSCANA systems

TOSCANA is a graphical tool that supports the human-centered interactive processes of conceptual knowledge processing. The generality of the approach makes TOSCANA a universal tool applicable to a variety of domains. Only the so-called conceptual scales have to be designed for new applications. The presentation shows how the use of abstract scales allows the reuse of formerly defined conceptual scales. Furthermore it describes how thesauri and conceptual taxonomies can be integrated in the generation of conceptual scales.

INFO 2009 Coursework 2 - Go Green - Group 7 - Green ICT

A Website on GREEN ICT by the Go Green Group as a part of the resource set made for the Info2009 2011-12 coursework

Análisis y diseño para la construcción de un plan estratégico de manejo eficiente de energía en la Universidad del Rosario

De acuerdo con el Programa de la Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente (PNUMA), la producción más limpia «es una estrategia ambiental preventiva integrada que se aplica a los procesos, productos y servicios a fin de aumentar la eficiencia y reducir los riesgos para los seres humanos y el ambiente.» (Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente (PNUMA), 2006) Esta estrategia es aplicable para cualquier proceso, producto o servicio y contiene diversas acciones que incluyen sencillos pasos que van desde pequeños cambios en los procedimientos operacionales de fácil e inmediata ejecución, hasta cambios mayores que impliquen la sustitución de materias primas, insumos o líneas de producción a unas más eficientes. De acuerdo con la investigación realizada, se formuló un plan estratégico de PML para la Universidad del Rosario que permita la conservación de las materias primas, como el agua y el manejo energético eficiente, la reducción de las materias primas toxicas, en cuanto a toxicidad y cantidad, y la reducción de emisiones y residuos que van al agua y a la atmósfera impactando el entorno a causa de los procesos que se desarrollan en la Universidad para la prestación de sus servicios. En este orden de ideas, la Producción más Limpia implementada en la Universidad requiere que se modifiquen ciertas actitudes, el desarrollo de una gestión ambiental responsable, la creación de políticas convenientes y la evaluación de nuevas opciones tecnologías que impacten de manera positiva su implementación a través de las siguientes técnicas: • Mejoras en el proceso • Buenas prácticas operativas • Mantenimiento de equipos • Reutilización y reciclaje • Cambios en la materia prima • Cambios en la tecnología De esta manera los resultados presentarán un modelo transformador para la Institución, que permita su perdurabilidad, convirtiéndola en una Universidad pionera capaz de disminuir su impacto de operaciones en la sociedad.

Food and garden waste?

Este recurso presenta a los jóvenes de una manera muy visual, la idea del proceso de reciclaje de los residuos orgánicos: los desperdicios de los alimentos y los residuos de jardinería. Conduce al lector en un viaje para la localización de los residuos, y cómo son reciclados, desde el principio hasta el acabado del nuevo producto. Incluye: fotografías del proceso del reciclaje; datos y cifras del reciclaje; consejos y actividades de diversión. Tiene glosario, bibliografía y sitios web.