DNA duplex with the potential to change handedness after every half a turn

Polymorphic forms of the DNA duplex with long stretches of structural monotony are known. Several alternating purine-pyrimidine sequences have been shown to adopt left-handed Z-conformation. We report a DNA sequence d(CGCGCGATCGAT)n exhibiting alternating right-handed B and left-handed Z helical conformation after every half a turn. Further, this unusual conformation with change in handedness after every six base pairs was induced at physiological superhelical density.

Uniparental DNA markers and forensic genetics in Finland

Over the years, a wide range of methods to verify identity have been developed. Molecular markers have been used for identification since the 1920s, commencing with blood types and culminating with the advent of DNA techniques in the 1980s. Identification is required by authorities in many occasions, e.g. in disputed paternity cases, identification of deceased, or crime investigation. To clarify maternal and paternal lineages, uniparental DNA markers in mtDNA and Y-chromosome can be utilized. These markers have several advantages: male specific Y-chromosome can be used to identify a male from a mixture of male and female cells, e.g. in rape cases. MtDNA is durable and has a high copy number, allowing analyses even from old or degraded samples. However, both markers are lineage-specific, not individualizing, and susceptible to genetic drift. Prior to the application of any DNA marker in forensic casework, it is of utmost importance to investigate its qualities and peculiarities in the target population. Earlier studies on the Finnish population have shown reduced variation in the Y-chromosome, but in mtDNA results have been ambiguous. The obtained results confirmed the low diversity in Y-chromosome in Finland. Detailed population analysis revealed large regional differences, and extremely reduced diversity especially in East Finland. Analysis of the qualities affecting Y-chromosomal short tandem repeat (Y-STR) variation and mutation frequencies, and search of new polymorphic markers resulted a set of Y-STRs with especially high diversity in Finland. Contrary to Y-chromosome, neither reduced diversity nor regional differences were found in mtDNA within Finland. In fact, mtDNA diversity was found similar to other European populations. The revealed peculiarities in the uniparental markers are a legacy of the Finnish population history. The obtained results challenge the traditional explanation which emphasizes relatively recent founder effects creating the observed east-west patterns. Uniparentally inherited markers, both mtDNA and Y-chromosome, are applicable for identification purposes in Finland. By adjusting the analysed Y marker set to meet the characteristics of Finnish population, Y-chromosomal diversity increases and the regional differentiation decreases, resulting increase in discrimination power and thus usefulness of Y-chromosomal analysis in forensic casework.

Excision of uracil from the ends of double stranded DNA by uracil DNA glycosylase and its use in high efficiency cloning of PCR products

We show that uracil DNA glycosylase from E. coli excises uracil residues from the ends of double stranded oligos. This information has allowed us to develop an efficient method of cloning PCR amplified DNA. In this report, we describe use of this method in cloning of E. coli genes for lysyl- and methionyl-tRNA synthetases. Efficiency of cloning by this method was found to be the same as that of subcloning of DNA restriction fragments from one vector to the other vector. Possibilities of using other DNA glycosylases for such applications are discussed.

Mutations in hpyAVIBM, C5 cytosine DNA methyltransferase from Helicobacter pylori result in relaxed specificity

The genome of Helicobacter pylori is rich in restrictionmodification (RM) systems. Approximately 4% of the genome codes for components of RM systems. hpyAVIBM, which codes for a phase-variable C5 cytosine methyltransferase (MTase) from H. pylori, lacks a cognate restriction enzyme. Over-expression of M.HpyAVIB in Escherichia coli enhances the rate of mutations. However, when the catalytically inactive F9N or C82W mutants of M.HpyAVIB were expressed in E. coli, mutations were not observed. The M.HpyAVIB gene itself was mutated to give rise to different variants of the MTase. M.HpyAVIB variants were purified and differences in kinetic properties and specificity were observed. Intriguingly, purified MTase variants showed relaxed substrate specificity. Homologues of hpyAVIBM homologues amplified and sequenced from different clinical isolates showed similar variations in sequence. Thus, hpyAVIBM presents an interesting example of allelic variations in H. pylori where changes in the nucleotide sequence result in proteins with new properties.

Identification of larval sea basses (Centropristis spp.) using ribosomal DNA-specific molecular assays

The identification of sea bass (Centropristis) larvae to species is difficult because of similar morphological characters, spawning times, and overlapping species ranges. Black sea bass (Centropristis striata) is an important fishery species and is currently considered to be overfished south of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. We describe methods for identifying three species of sea bass larvae using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assays based on species-specific amplification of rDNA internal transcribed spacer regions. The assays were tested against DNA of ten other co-occurring reef fish species to ensure the assay's specificity. Centropristis larvae were collected on three cruises during cross-shelf transects and were used to validate the assays. Seventy-six Centropristis larva were assayed and 69 (91%) were identified successfully. DNA was not amplified from 5% of the larvae and identification was inconclusive for 3% of the larvae. Those assays can be used to identify sea bass eggs and larvae and will help to assess spawning locations, spawning times, and larval dispersal.

Multiplexed DNA-mediated electrochemistry

The aromatic core of double helical DNA possesses the unique and remarkable ability to form a conduit for electrons to travel over exceptionally long molecular distances. This core of π-stacked nucleobases creates an efficient pathway for charge transfer to proceed that is exquisitely sensitive to even subtle perturbations. Ground state electrochemistry of DNA-modified electrodes has been one of the major techniques used both to investigate and to harness the property of DNA-mediated charge transfer. DNA-modified electrodes have been an essential tool for both gaining insights into the fundamental properties of DNA and, due to the exquisite specificity of DNA-mediated charge transfer for the integrity of the π-stack, for use in next generation diagnostic sensing. Here, multiplexed DNA-modified electrodes are used to (i) gain new insights on the electrochemical coupling of metalloproteins to the DNA π-stack with relevance to the fundaments of in vivo DNA-mediated charge transfer and (ii) enhance the overall sensitivity of DNA-mediated reduction for use in the detection of low abundance diagnostic targets.

First, Methylene Blue (MB′) was covalently attached to DNA through a flexible C12 alkyl linker to yield a new redox reporter for DNA electrochemistry measurements with enhanced sensitivity. Tethered, intercalated MB′ was reduced through DNA-mediated charge transport. The redox signal intensity for MB′-dT-C12-DNA was found to be at least 3 fold larger than that of previously used Nile Blue (NB)-dT-DNA, which is coupled to the base stack via direct conjugation. The signal attenuation, due to an intervening mismatch, and therefore the degree of DNA-mediated reduction, does, however, depend on the DNA film morphology and the backfilling agent used to passivate the surface. These results highlight two possible mechanisms for the reduction of MB′ on the DNA-modified electrode that are distinguishable by their kinetics: reduction mediated by the DNA base pair stack and direct surface reduction of MB′ at the electrode. The extent of direct reduction at the surface can be minimized by overall DNA assembly conditions.

Next, a series of intercalation-based DNA-mediated electrochemical reporters were developed, using a flexible alkane linkage to validate and explore their DNA-mediated reduction. The general mechanism for the reduction of distally bound redox active species, covalently tethered to DNA through flexible alkyl linkages, was established to be an intraduplex DNA-mediated pathway. MB, NB, and anthraquinone were covalently tethered to DNA with three different covalent linkages. The extent of electronic coupling of the reporter was shown to correlate with the DNA binding affinity of the redox active species, supporting an intercalative mechanism. These electrochemical signals were shown to be exceptionally sensitive to a single intervening π-stack perturbation, an AC mismatch, in a densely packed DNA monolayer, which further supports that the reduction is DNA-mediated. Finally, this DNA-mediated reduction of MB occurs primarily via intra- rather than inter duplex intercalation, as probed through varying the proximity and integrity of the neighboring duplex DNA. Further gains to electrochemical sensitivity of our DNA-modified devices were then achieved through the application of electrocatalytic signal amplification using these solvent accessible intercalative reporters, MB-dT-C8, and hemoglobin as a novel electron sink. Electrocatalysis offers an excellent means of electrochemical signal amplification, yet in DNA based sensors, its application has been limited due to strict assembly conditions. We describe the use of hemoglobin as a robust and effective electron sink for electrocatalysis in DNA sensing on low density DNA films. Protein shielding of the heme redox center minimizes direct reduction at the electrode surface and permits assays on low density DNA films. Electrocatalysis of MB that is covalently tethered to the DNA by a flexible alkyl linkage allows for efficient interactions with both the base stack and hemoglobin. Consistent suppression of the redox signal upon incorporation of single CA mismatch in the DNA oligomer demonstrates that both the unamplified and the electrocatalytically amplified redox signals are generated through DNA-mediated charge transport. Electrocatalysis with hemoglobin is robust: it is stable to pH and temperature variations. The utility and applicability of electrocatalysis with hemoglobin is demonstrated through restriction enzyme detection, and an enhancement in sensitivity permits femtomole DNA sampling.

Finally, we expanded the application of our multiplexed DNA-modified electrodes to the electrochemical characterization of DNA-bound proteins containing [4Fe-4S] clusters. DNA-modified electrodes have become an essential tool for the characterization of the redox chemistry of DNA repair proteins that contain redox cofactors. Multiplexed analysis of EndonucleaseIII (EndoIII), a DNA repair protein containing a [4Fe-4S] cluster known to be accessible via DNA-mediated charge transport, elucidated subtle differences in the electrochemical behavior as a function of DNA morphology. DNA-bound EndoIII is seen to have two different electron transfer pathways for reduction, either through the DNA base stack or through direct surface reduction. Closely packed DNA films, where the protein has limited surface accessibility, produce electrochemical signals reflecting electron transfer that is DNA-mediated. The electrochemical comparison of EndoIII mutants, including a new family of mutations altering the electrostatics surrounding the [4Fe-4S] cluster, was able to be quantitatively performed. While little change in the midpoint potential was found for this family of mutants, significant variations in the efficiency of DNA-mediated electron transfer were apparent. Based on the stability of these proteins, examined by circular dichroism, we propose that the electron transfer pathway can be perturbed not only by the removal of aromatic residues, but also through changes in solvation near the cluster.

On the interaction of actinomycin and DNA

Experiments have been accomplished that (a) further define the nature of the strong, G-containing DNA binding sites for actinomycin D (AMD), and (b) quantitate the in vitro inhibition of E. coli RNA polymerase activity by T7 DNA-bound AMD.

Twenty-five to forty percent of the G's of crab dAT are disallowed as strong AMD binding sites. The G's are measured to be randomly distributed, and, therefore, this datum cannot be explained on the basis of steric interference alone. Poly dAC:TG binds as much AMD and as strongly as any natural DNA, so the hypothesis that the unique strong AMD binding sites are G and a neighboring purine is incorrect. The datum can be explained on the basis of both steric interference and the fact that TGA is a disallowed sequence for strong AMD binding.

Using carefully defined in vitro conditions, there is one RNA synthesized per T7 DNA by E. coli RNA polymerase. The rate of the RNA polymerase-catalyzed reaction conforms to the equation 1/rate = 1/k_A(ATP) + 1/K_G(GTP) + 1/K_C(CTP) + 1/K_U(UTP) T7 DNA-bound AMD has only modest effects on initiation and termination of the polymerase-catalyzed reaction, but a large inhibitory effect on propagation. In the presence of bound AMD, k_G and k_C are decreased, whereas k_A and k_U are unaffected. These facts are interpreted to mean that on the microscopic level, on the average, the rates of incorporation of ATP and UTP are the same in the absence or presence of bound AMD, but that the rates of incorporation of GTP and CTP are decreased in the presence of AMD.

Análise de marcadores moleculares do DNA mitocondrial em anuros da Mata Atlântica

A Mata Atlântica brasileira concentra uma das maiores diversidades biológicas da Terra com cerca de 7% das espécies animais e vegetais do planeta. Esse bioma abriga atualmente mais de 50% das espécies de anuros do Brasil (c.a. 500 espécies), mas sofre intensa perda e fragmentação de habitat. Um dos principais fragmentos da Mata Atlântica, a Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçu (REGUA) abriga vasta anurofauna, com cerca de 71 espécies já descritas. Acredita-se, porém, que muitas ainda precisam ser identificadas e estudadas. A identificação de espécies baseada em caracteres moleculares vem se mostrando uma alternativa para dar suporte à identificação morfológica, e dentro deste contexto os genes de DNA mitocondrial, como o 16S, são utilizados para a realização de barcode. O objetivo deste estudo foi testar a metodologia de identificação molecular de espécies (DNA barcode) na comunidade de anfíbios anuros da REGUA utilizando o gene mitocondrial 16S. Para isso, foram coletados tecidos de 99 indivíduos, entre adultos e girinos de 23 espécies, agrupados em seis famílias distintas. Desses 99 indivíduos, 88 foram amplificados corretamente para o gene em referência e foram realizadas, com sucesso, a determinação de espécies de 84 anuros (95,45%) da REGUA. As espécies de Scinax albicans, Scinax flavoguttatus e Hylodes charadranaetes, cujas identificações haviam sido determinadas com base em critérios morfológicos, agruparam em clados de mesmo gênero, porém de espécies diferentes quando analisadas pelas metodologias neighbor-joining e maximum-likelihood. Além de altos valores de distância intraespecífica (2,18%, 3,49% e 3,77%, respectivamente) e distâncias interespecíficas nulas (0%) temos a indicação de possíveis equívocos em determinações de espécies feitas exclusivamente por critérios morfológicos. Nesse caso, as discordâncias morfológica e molecular são exclusivamente de girinos, demonstrando a dificuldade na identificação morfológica e a escassez de chaves de identificação dessas espécies em estágio larval. Os resultados mostram que o gene mitocondrial 16S teve seu uso na identificação de anuros da REGUA confirmada e apontam que, em casos de estudos com indivíduos em estágios larvais, como em girinos, a metodologia de barcode, quando complementada a identificação morfológica, suporta a correta identificação das espécies de anfíbios anuros.

向日葵（Helianthus annuus L.）种质资源的RAPD标记研究与应用

向日葵原产北美，通过人工培育，在不同生境上形成许多品种，具有丰富的遗传多态性，是一种集观赏植物、药用植物、油料作物于一体，经济价值很高的资源植物，产量高，具有较强的适应性。运用现代生物技术加强对向日葵种质资源的开发和保护，开展遗传多样性分析，加速新品种的选育，是当前向日葵研究工作的重点。随着现代生物技术的发展，从分子水平检测生物的遗传多态性已成为现实。本论文以向日葵生产中使用的基因型为实验材料，使用RAPD技术在向日葵种质资源遗传多态性分析以及向日葵杂交种种子纯度鉴定两方面进行了探讨。 采用RAPD 技术对我国21个向日葵基因型和11个国外的向葵基因型的遗传多态性进行分析。从80个10碱基随机引物中筛选出25个有效引物，在32个基因型中共扩增出188条DNA片段，其中164条带具有遗传多态性，约占总数的87.2%。使用NTSYS软件计算32个基因型间的Nei氏相似性系数，在此基础上通过非加权配对算术平均法（UPGMA）聚类，将32个向日葵基因型明显地聚成A、B两大类群。A类群包括21个国内向日葵基因型，并聚成了A1、A2二个亚类。B类群包括11个国外向日葵基因型，并划分为B1、B2两个亚类。根据聚类结果作出的遗传树谱图反映了所研究的向日葵基因型的亲缘关系。 在杂交种A15种子纯度鉴定中，从180个RAPD随机引物中扩增筛选出3个可将亲本和子代区分开的引物OPD09、OPD12和OPK12。OPD09产生亲本互补的特征带OPD09-1470bp、OPD09-870bp;OPD12产生母本特征带OPD12-1230bp，OPK12产生父本特征带OPK12-1540bp、OPK12-940bp，上述谱带均在子代中出现。以单引物（OPD09）和双引物（OPD12和OPK12）产生的这两组特征谱带作为分子标记分别对杂交油葵种子纯度进行鉴定得到了一致的结果，并与大田纯度检测结果基本符合。 实践表明，用RAPD对向日葵种质资源进行分析是可行的。

盐渍条件下野大豆群体的DNA变异

当前分子生物学的方法以惊人的速度渗透到生命科学研究的各个领域。植物对不断变化的环境逐步适应的过程中，积累了丰富的遗传多样性。与此同时，人类活动空间的不断扩大已经严重威胁到其他生命的生存和繁衍，越来越多的物种以越来越快的速度在我们还没有来得及认识它们时就已经永远地消失了。加快物种鉴定和保护的步伐就必须发展更多能充分揭示物种遗传多样性的实验技术，从具有丰富遗传多样性的野生资源中寻找到更多能够服务于人类可持续发展的基因资源。本文以杨树杂交后代过氧化物同工酶和RAPD分析为基础，论证了我们改进的RAPD方法用于遗传分析的可行性。在前期工作的基础上，进一步测定了野大豆自然群体的耐盐性变异，并且用微卫星和RAPD分析的方法研究分子标记与DXA变异、植株耐盐性之间的关系。对四个可能与抗盐性有关的RAPD片段进行克隆、测序，并进行序列比较。由此得出以下结论： 1、在本文的实验条件下，杨树同工酶和RAPD分析均表明，RAPD标记在亲本及其杂交后代中性状比例符合孟德尔遗传规律，尽管有时也会出现遗传负载等机制引起的基因分布扭曲现象。 2、初步研究了个体发育阶段和环境条件对植株耐盐性的影响。结果表明，植物耐盐性不仅仅与外界的盐度有关，而且受发育阶段和其它环境条件（如，温度）的影响。但也发现了某些个体在各种条件下都具有较高的耐盐性，而且，不易受到其它环境条件的影响。 3、微卫星标记的结果表明，10对引物中的8对引物共检测到时17个等位基因，平均每对引物2.125个等位基因。本文的实验条件下，双核苷酸和三核苷酸的引物对扩增产物都没有出现“ghosts"条带或“打滑”现象。 4、有4个RAPD标记可能与野大豆群体的耐盐性有关，分别是OPCO8460bp、OPCO8213bp、OPCO2690bp、以及OPCO5270bp。测序结果与GenBank中的序列作同源性比较，结果显示，OPCO2_(690bp)与小麦、松树等植物的吉普赛性的逆转录转座子的部分区域（24－－53）有很高的同源性（86－89％）。此外，OPCO2690bp与栽培大豆胞质谷氨酰胺合成酶（gs15）基因的启动子有高达95％的同源性。 5、本文实验条件下，RAPD扩增产物在限制性内切酶消化后，消化产物的多态性未见增大，也没有发现与耐盐性相关的多态位点。 6、野大豆自然群体DNA变异的研究中也可以应用SWAPP方法。

低能N+诱导拟南芥突变体DNA变异的研究

低能离子束的诱变效应首先由我国科学家发现并将其广泛应用于育种实践，但是离子注入诱导DNA变异的研究结果主要是以微生物离体质粒DNA为材料获得的，以活体高等生物为材料的研究尚未见报道。 我们以30 keV N+（注入剂量80×1015 ions/cm2）注入拟南芥后获得的稳定突变体T80II为实验材料，对突变体植株进行了RAPD标记，并将T80II和对照部分RAPD特异条带进行克隆测序和DNA序列分析。结果显示，在可分辨的总计397个RAPD条带中，T80II株系中有52个条带表现出差异，包括条带的缺失和增加，条带变异率为13.1%;克隆的T80II序列中，平均每16.8个碱基出现一个碱基变异位点，表现出较高频率的碱基突变。碱基突变的类型包括碱基的颠换、转换、缺失、插入等。在检测到的275个碱基突变中，主要是单碱基置换（97.09%），碱基缺失或者插入的比例较小（2.91%）。在碱基置换中，转换的频率（66.55%）高于颠换的频率（(30.55%)。此外，构成DNA的四种碱基均可以被离子束辐照诱发变异，而且每一种碱基都可以被其它三种碱基所替换，但是胸腺嘧啶（T）的辐射敏感性要高于其它三种碱基。通过分析突变碱基周边序列，对低能N+离子注入拟南芥突变体引发的碱基突变热点进行了讨论。 另外，低能离子注入诱变获得的突变体特异表达基因的克隆方面也没有报道。我们以突变体T80II作为实验材料，用PCR增效的减法杂交技术构建了T80II特异表达的cDNA减法文库，克隆特异表达的cDNA片段，并对其中1个与14-3-3 protein GF14 nu (GRF7) gene有部分同源性、长712 bp的cDNA片段进行了讨论。我们的研究证明通过减法杂交技术克隆低能离子诱发的突变体特异表达的cDNA是可能的，这为低能离子注入技术在分子生物学上的应用开辟了一个新思路。

冬虫夏草(Cordyceps sinensis)的随机扩增多态DNA及其遗传分化

冬虫夏草地理群体间存在着遗传分化,且地理群体间的遗传差异度与地理距离呈正相关。因此,RAPD作为有效的遗传标记,可用于研究冬虫夏草的遗传多样性、起源以及系统演化等。

云南东方蜜蜂随机扩增多态DNA研究

本文利用随机扩增多枣DN^技术研究r云南 东方童蜂t工蜂)32个个体的遗传变异。帆25个叫物中缔 选出11十引物，其中9个引物扩增出事惫谱带。共检测到 63杀扩增片段，其中46条出现变异。用Nei的片断共事度 盐式计算了，2个个体的遗传距离，用㈣M^聚盎芒构营， 系统发育蝌状图。系统寨娄图中大多数采自同～地匹的样奉 聚在一起．但也存在一宅的交叉，提示地理群体H近期可能 存在一定程度的善因流。

云南微小按蚊随机扩增多态DNA及遗传分化关系

对来自云南昭通、景洪、元阳、潞西和镇康等5个地区的25只雌按蚊,及4只雄按蚊进行随机扩增多态DNA分析。从使用的20个随机引物中,选择其中扩增谱带清晰的12个引物进行分析。结果发现,只有2个引物获得的RAPD谱带呈单型,其余均表现为不同程度的多态型。UPGMA法构建的分子系统树表明该29只微小按蚊实际上可以归并为显著不同的5个组,分别对应于它们的地理来源,说明云南微小按蚊群体间的基因流程度不高,不同地理群体间存在显著的遗传分化。

中国貉随机扩增多态DNA及其亚种分化关系

不同地理群体间的中国貉存在遗传分化;中国貉可分为4组:(1)广西貉,(2)安徽貉,(3)陕西貉,(4)云南貉和越南貉。其中安徽貉和广西貉间的关系稍近,陕西貉则与云南貉-越南貉稍近。结合中国貉的形态分类、地理分布、mtDNA多态分析以及进化遗传学的观点,认为陕西貉、广西貉和安徽貉可能与云南貉-越南貉具有等同的分类地位。