Influence of suspended particles and particle cover over the density interface

The effect of the particle cover over the density interface between two layers of fluids and of the suspended solid particles in the upper turbulcnt layer on the turbulent entrainment has been studied experimentally. The entrainment distance D is a function of the time of power: D=kt, where =0.200-0.130p. For suspended particles in the upper layer and pure 2-layer fluid is equal to 0.200, but the value of k for the suspended particles is smaller than that for the pure 2-layer fluid. The non-dimensional entrainment velocity is E=KRiln, where n=1.50+0.93 p. It is shown that the particle cover over the interface changes the power of Ril in the entrainment and hinders the turbulent entrainment. The variation rule of E for the suspended particles is the same as that for the pure 2-layer fluid, but the K value of the former is smaller than that of the latter. The turbulent mixing mechanism has been discussed.

Crack deflection at an interface between dissimilar elastic-materials

A crack intersecting an interface between two dissimilar materials may advance by either penetrating through the interface or deflecting into the interface. The competition between deflection and penetration can be assessed by comparison of two ratios: (i) the ratio of the energy release rates for interface cracking and crack penetration; and (ii) the ratio of interface to material fracture energies. Residual stresses caused by thermal expansion misfit can influence the energy release rates of both the deflected and penetrating crack. This paper analyses the role of residual stresses. The results reveal that expansion misfit can be profoundly important in systems with planar interfaces (such as layered materials, thin film structures, etc.), but generally can be expected to be of little significance in fiber composites. This paper corrects an earlier result for the ratio of the energy release rate for the doubly deflected crack to that for the penetrating crack in the absence of residual stress.

Air Flow Land-Sea-Air Interface: Monterey Bay, California - 1971. Annual Report, Part 1, July 1972

Air flow at the land-sea-air interface influences to a large extent the atmospheric conditions that determine the transport, di lution, and trapping of natural and man-made air pollutants in the coastal areas of Monterey Bay and the Salinas Valley. Analysis of the hourly air flow on a daily and monthly basis indicates patterns of stagnation from midnight to noon of the fol lowing day with moderate to strong air flow during period 1300 to 2200. Throughout the year 1971 whenever flow is greater than 5 mph, the prevailing wind direction is onshore and from a westerly direction. Suggestions for urbanization and industrialization are made on the basis of an understanding of the atmospheric conditions which lead to trapping and dispersal of atmospheric waste. (27 page document)

Avaliação de usabilidade da interface de busca do portal da Câmara dos Deputados : um estudo de caso

A questão dessa monografia é responder se existem problemas de usabilidade na interface de busca do Portal da Câmara dos Deputados, quais são eles e como podem ser identificados. O trabalho resultou em um diagnóstico útil para aprimorar a usabilidade da interface, retratando sua situação e indicando possíveis soluções para os problemas encontrados. Os objetivos traçados foram: evidenciar a importância de que uma interface de busca atenda a princípios de usabilidade; descrever a técnica selecionada para a avaliação da interface; identificar os critérios necessários para a aplicação dessa técnica; avaliar a interface utilizando a técnica e os critérios propostos; e produzir um diagnóstico da interface. As motivações da escolha do objeto de pesquisa foram: o interesse profissional do pesquisador em relação a ele; e o fato de que a interface nunca havia sido submetida a esse tipo de avaliação. Foram levantados os conceitos tanto de interface, de forma geral, quanto de interface de busca, e afirmada a importância de fazer com que especialmente essa última permita ao usuário concentrar seus esforços na realização de suas tarefas. Os conceitos de usabilidade e ergonomia foram expostos, bem como o de avaliação heurística de usabilidade. Foram detalhadas as regras de ouro de Shneiderman adaptadas ao contexto de recuperação da informação, que serviram como heurísticas para a avaliação da interface. Ela foi feita por uma equipe de três especialistas, junto a um coordenador. Utilizou-se um conjunto de documentos para dar apoio a essa tarefa, provendo orientações aos avaliadores, auxiliando na coleta das descobertas, e permitindo a compilação dos resultados em um relatório final. Ao final do procedimento de avaliação, chegou-se a uma lista de problemas relacionados à usabilidade da interface, classificados por grau de severidade, e associados às soluções para eles propostas. Com base nessa lista foi feito o diagnóstico da interface. Por fim, o estudo afirma que a técnica escolhida mostrou-se adequada para o que se esperava, e fala da importância da realização sistemática de avaliações de usabilidade.

RFID: The concept and the impact

Introduction Radio frequency identification, or RFID, has sprung into prominence in the last five years with the promise of providing a relatively low-cost means for connecting nonelectronic objects to an information network. In particular, the retail supply chain has been established as a key sector for a major deployment of RFID technology. This chapter provides a background to the technology and its position with regard to competing technologies. A range of applications is reviewed and the chapter concludes with some comments on the likely societal impact of RFID and potential barriers to deployment. The report is aimed at a nontechnical audience - namely, senior staff from a spectrum of areas including insurance, banking, telecommunications, government institutions and academia. It does not cover any technologies other than RFID, and in particular does not address technologies that may be candidates for tracking people.

A Finite Element Analysis of a Crack Penetrating or Deflecting into an Interface in a Thin Laminate

The crack tip driving force of a crack growing from a pre-crack that is perpendicular to and terminating at an interface between two materials is investigated using a linear fracture mechanics theory. The analysis is performed both for a crack penetrating the interface, growing straight ahead, and for a crack deflecting into the interface. The results from finite element calculations are compared with asymptotic solutions for infinitesimally small crack extensions. The solution is found to be accurate even for fairly large amounts of crack growth. Further, by comparing the crack tip driving force of the deflected crack with that of the penetrating crack, it is shown how to control the path of the crack by choosing the adhesion of the interface relative to the material toughness.

The Effect of the Thickness of Fe2 Al5 Phase Layer at Fe/Al Interface on the Mechanics Behavior of Hot Dip Aluminizing Coating

Hot Dip Aluminized Coatings with different thickness were prepared on Q235 steel in aluminum solutions with different temperature for certain time. Through tensile tests and in-situ SEM observations, the effect of the coating's microstructure on the tensile strength of the samples was studied. It was disclosed at certain aluminum solution temperature,transaction layers mainly composed of Fe2 Al5 phase got thicker with time prolonging, and this changed initial crack's extending direction from parallel with to vertical with stretching direction. The change in crack direction decreased tensile strength of samples, thus made the coating easy to break. It was concluded that the existence of thick Fe2 Al5 phase layer was the basic reason for the lowering of tensile strength of the coating.