Algorithmique et complexité des systèmes à compteurs

Réalisé en cotutelle avec l'École normale supérieure de Cachan – Université Paris-Saclay

Estética do apocalipse: (re) considerações acerca da (des) arborização urbana de Natal e seu contributo à saúde pública

This study intends to establish a relation between environmental degradation, particularly the devastation of the green canopy, and public health. Utilizing a mapping of the trees included in the researched area, each individual tree was analyzed according to its age, taxonomic listing, architecture, shape and size (determined by aesthetic/convenience reasons or deformed by pruning). Initially investigated were the covert reasons lying underneath the constant aggression against trees (which many times seem to contain elements of hatred and contempt) within the urban environment. In addition to that, the aspects concerning environmental modifications and the consequent impact on public health were also assessed. Two main problems promptly emerged as a result of the removal of trees: a) without a canopy to protect the areas, they became subject to winds directly blown from SW Africa and impregnated with aerosol partic les, which are common causes for respiratory disorders and, b) direct UV solar radiation, which causes some types of skin cancers and eye disorders. To reach such results, we studied the origins and formation of UV radiation induced cancers and searched for the UV radiation spectra of action, e.g., usual intensity and quantity reaching clear and shadowed spaces in a certain area and its consequences. In a second instance, we also searched for pertinent data resources in order to confirm the increase of skin cancer cases due to exposure to UV radiation and the relation between the destruction of the green canopy and the above mentioned problems. We believe that a few significant results have been achieved by this study, namely: the relation between a culture based on medieval beliefs and its consequences on the environment; how this culture exploits and deforms nature in pursuit of financial and psychological interests to a point of transforming the landscape into a copy of something devoid of any relation to latitude and altitude; and above all, the indifference concerning the alarming results carried by these modifications

Avaliação do efeito do corte horizontal da copa, com máquina de podar de discos, em pomares de pera “Rocha

Current pear pruning making use of pneumatic shears still is a very labour intensive operation. The Proder project “Avaliação da poda mecânica em pomares de pera” was designed to contribute to solutions that would reduce the present dependence in labour and therefore to promote a reduction in pruning costs. This paper shows the results of a trial made to evaluate the influence of mechanical topping in manual pruning complement field work and pear yield. Topping was performed using a Reynolds 6DT 3.0m cutting bar with six hydraulic-driven circular disc-saws mounted in the three point tractor linkage system. The field trial was performed in a commercial orchard with 20 years, planted in an array of 4m x 2m with tree lines oriented in North-South direction. Trees were trained as the central leader system. In this trial, in a randomised complete block design with four replications, two treatments are being compared leading to 8 plots with one line of 14 trees per plot. The treatments tests were: T1 - manual pruning performed by workers using pneumatic shears, in each year; T2 - Topping the canopy parallel to the ground, using a discs-saw pruning machine mounted in a front loader of an agricultural tractor, followed by manual pruning complement performed by workers with pneumatic shears. Tree height and width was measured, before and after pruning. Work was timed and pear yields evaluated. Mechanical topping seems to be effective in the control of tree height, which can contribute to increase 14% of work rates on manual pruning complement. No significant differences in pear yield were found between treatments.

Cork oak transplant: A new reality? A Physiological Approach to maximize sucess rate.

Cork oak tree (Quercus suber L.), in Portugal, is considered the national tree and have special demands and legal protection when dealing with silviculture management (pruning, debarking, thinning). Being a species of slow growth, cork oak transplanting procedures can be a valuable asset either from the economic or ecological rationales to relocate trees, re-populate areas affected by high tree mortality, increase tree density to control erosion on montado ecosystems or landscape design. This study focuses the impacts and physiological responses of ten juvenile rain fed cork oak trees (with diameter at breast height between 6 and 16cm), when subjected to transplant operations. The work was conducted in a cork oak woodland experimental plot at the campus of the University of Évora (SW Portugal), during the year of 2015. Tree’s transplants were performed with a truck-mounted hydraulic spade transplanter coupled with a proposed methodology to maximize tree survival rates, addressing techniques to limit canopy transpiration and to improve root systems prior to transplant. Tree ecophysiological indicators (sap flow, leaf water potentials and stomatal conductance) were monitored comprising the periods before and after transplant operations, and water stress avoidance practices were established to promote post-transplant tree status recovery, including irrigation to match average daily accumulated sap flow. Transplant operations were considered successful when the tree's water uptake inferred from sap flow exhibited a high correlation with solar radiation and returned to its undisturbed or pre-transplant water potential gradients in the following 2 to 3 weeks. The post-transplant tree nourishment follow up included permanent sap flow measurements and identified the time elapsed after transplantation from which the tree recovers its normal transpiration thresholds and response. Our results suggest that by following the proposed methodology the sampled cork oak trees exhibited a transplant success rate of 90%.

Intervenções de poda e manejo de cacho de uvas de mesa em regiões tropicais.

A viticultura tropical brasileira caracteriza-se por temperaturas elevadas o ano inteiro, alta insolação e baixa umidade relativa (UR), aliadas à disponibilidade de água para irrigação. Tais características favorecem o desenvolvimento vegetativo das videiras e a colheita em qualquer época do ano, em, pelo menos, duas safras anuais. As principais cultivares são da espécie Vitis vinifera L., para a produção de uvas finas para consumo in natura e elaboração de vinhos e espumantes, e uvas de Vitis labrusca e híbridas, para elaboração de suco. O sistema de produção de uvas de mesa, especialmente em condições tropicais, é complexo e dinâmico e inclui a poda de formação e de frutificação, as operações de poda verde realizadas durante a fase de crescimento vegetativo da planta, bem como as práticas voltadas para a melhoria de qualidade dos cachos. Os principais tipos de poda são: poda de formação, poda de produção e poda de rejuvenescimento. Podem ser realizadas em qualquer época do ano, mas recomenda-se um intervalo mínimo de 30 a 60 dias entre a colheita e a poda do ciclo seguinte, que é denominado período de repouso. As práticas de poda verde, realizadas durante o ciclo de crescimento vegetativo, reúnem um conjunto de operações feitas na copa da videira para eliminar órgãos, como brotos, sarmentos, ramos, netos, gavinhas e inflorescências.

Recuperação de cultivares de café submetidas ao esqueletamento aos quatro anos e meio de idade.

Diante das adversidades climáticas ocorridas nos últimos anos, bem como a intensificação das podas em lavouras novas, foi avaliada a capacidade de recuperação vegetativa e reprodutiva após a poda do tipo esqueletamento em 24 cultivares comerciais de C. arabica, em lavoura com quatro anos e meio de idade. Aos 24 meses após a realização da poda, foram avaliadas as características agronômicas: produtividade, percentagem de grãos chochos, classificação por peneira alta dos grãos, percentual de grãos do tipo moca e vigor vegetativo das plantas. Os dados de produtividade foram avaliados por meio da análise de deviance, em fatorial duplo 24x2, sendo 24 cultivares comerciais e dois tipos de condução (submetidas ou não à poda). Utilizando-se a média dos três anos, as demais características agronômicas, citadas acima, foram avaliadas em fatorial triplo 24x2x2, sendo 24 cultivares comerciais, dois tipos de condução (com ou sem poda) e dois anos de avaliação (safras 2012/2013 e 2013/2014). Em todas as características estudadas, não houve sobreposição dos intervalos de confiança, indicando que as cultivares tiveram desempenho diferentes entre si. As cultivares estudadas apresentam capacidade de recuperação após a poda tipo esqueletamento em fase jovem, com destaque para a Catiguá MG3, Topázio MG1190 e Sabiá 398, que apresentaram produtividades altas aliadas a um elevado vigor vegetativo, baixo percentual de frutos chochos e alto percentual de peneira alta dos grãos no primeiro biênio após a poda.