Drastic variation in the surface boundary layer parameters over Cochin during the annular solar eclipse: Analysis using sonic anemometer data

Atmospheric surface boundary layer parameters vary anomalously in response to the occurrence of annular solar eclipse on 15th January 2010 over Cochin. It was the longest annular solar eclipse occurred over South India with high intensity. As it occurred during the noon hours, it is considered to be much more significant because of its effects in all the regions of atmosphere including ionosphere. Since the insolation is the main driving factor responsible for the anomalous changes occurred in the surface layer due to annular solar eclipse, occurred on 15th January 2010, that played very important role in understanding dynamics of the atmosphere during the eclipse period because of its coincidence with the noon time. The Sonic anemometer is able to give data of zonal, meridional and vertical wind as well as the air temperature at a temporal resolution of 1 s. Different surface boundary layer parameters and turbulent fluxes were computed by the application of eddy correlation technique using the high resolution station data. The surface boundary layer parameters that are computed using the sonic anemometer data during the period are momentum flux, sensible heat flux, turbulent kinetic energy, frictional velocity (u*), variance of temperature, variances of u, v and w wind. In order to compare the results, a control run has been done using the data of previous day as well as next day. It is noted that over the specified time period of annular solar eclipse, all the above stated surface boundary layer parameters vary anomalously when compared with the control run. From the observations we could note that momentum flux was 0.1 Nm 2 instead of the mean value 0.2 Nm-2 when there was eclipse. Sensible heat flux anomalously decreases to 50 Nm 2 instead of the mean value 200 Nm 2 at the time of solar eclipse. The turbulent kinetic energy decreases to 0.2 m2s 2 from the mean value 1 m2s 2. The frictional velocity value decreases to 0.05 ms 1 instead of the mean value 0.2 ms 1. The present study aimed at understanding the dynamics of surface layer in response to the annular solar eclipse over a tropical coastal station, occurred during the noon hours. Key words: annular solar eclipse, surface boundary layer, sonic anemometer

Dimensionierung und Gestaltung von Laufställen für behornte Milchkühe unter Berücksichtigung des Herdenmanagements

Die Haltung von Milchkühen in einem Laufstall hat sich aus arbeitswirtschaftlichen und Kostengründen stark verbreitet. Im Biolandbau wird diese Entwicklung vor allem aufgrund der höheren Tiergerechtheit dieser Haltungsform forciert. Gleichzeitig werden die allermeisten Kühe für die Laufstallhaltung jedoch enthornt, unter anderem weil sich in den üblichen Ställen mit Normmassen und –konzepten Probleme mit Verletzungen unter den Tieren ergaben. Dabei sprechen die Richtlinien und Verordnungen für biologisch wirtschaftende Betriebe deutlich gegen zootechnische Eingriffe. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war deshalb, zu prüfen, welche stallbaulichen Voraussetzungen eine Haltung horntragender Kühe im Laufstall gelingen lassen und mit welchen Managementmassnahmen diese optimiert werden kann. Dazu wurde zum einen in einer experimentellen Untersuchung an vier Kuhgruppen im cross-over-Design geprüft, wie sich ein gegenüber der Norm erhöhtes Platzangebot in verschiedenen Stallbereichen (Wartebereich: Crowding vs. unbeengt, Tier:Fressplatz-Verhältnis: 1:1 vs. 1:1,25, Liegefläche: 4,5 vs. 8,0 m2/Kuh, Laufhofffläche: 0 vs. 4,5 vs. 9,0 m2/Kuh) auf das (Sozial-)Verhalten behornter Kühe auswirkt, insbesondere auf das Ausmass an agonistischen Interaktionen und auf die Anzahl der Läsionen am Integument der Kühe. Zum anderen wurde in einer Praxiserhebung in 62 zumindest teilweise behornten Milchviehherden untersucht, welche Beziehungen zwischen dem Auftreten von Verletzungen und den Dimensionen und der Gestaltung der Laufställe sowie dem Herdenmanagement, der Mensch-Tier-Beziehung und den Charakteristika der Herde bestehen. Zudem wurden durch Interviews die in der Praxis vorrangig bestehenden Probleme eruiert und die Erfahrungen der Landwirte zusammengetragen. Im Experiment traten im Wartebereich beim grösseren Platzangebot statistisch auffällig (p=0,068) weniger agonistische Interaktionen unter den Kühen auf, die Zahl der Verletzungen zeigte keinen Unterschied. Im Fressbereich hatte eine Erhöhung der Anzahl Fressplätze keinen Einfluss. Eine grössere Liegefläche/Kuh auf der Tiefstreu hatte jedoch statistisch auffällig weniger agonistische Interaktionen, eine Abnahme der Läsionszahlen sowie längere Liegezeiten und kürzere Stehzeiten (im Stall) pro Tag und damit gleichzeitig eine erhöhte Herdensynchronität zur Folge (p=0,068). Ebenso bewirkte ein erhöhtes Laufhofflächenangebot/Kuh eine geringere Häufigkeit an agonistischen Interaktionen, eine Abnahme der Läsionszahlen sowie erhöhte Aufenthaltsdauern im Laufhof (jeweils p=0,068). In der Praxiserhebung konnten aus 113 Faktoren über Vorselektionen mittels univariaten Analysen (ANOVA) und multivariaten Regressionsanalysen in zwei Modellen multivariate Regressionsanalysen gerechnet werden, um die erklärenden Faktoren für die Variation der Verletzungen durch Hörner zu finden. Modell I (alle Betriebe, ohne Faktoren des Liegebereiches (Liegeboxenfaktoren)) wies einen Erklärungswert R2 von 0,825 und eine Signifikanz von p < 0,001 auf, Modell II (Liegeboxenbetriebe, alle Faktoren) einen Erklärungswert R2 von 0,882 und eine Signifikanz von p < 0,001. Als signifikante erklärende Faktoren für wenige Verletzungen verblieben in diesen Modellen der Stalltyp inkl. der Gliederung der Funktionsbereiche (unverbaut und übersichtlich mit klar getrennten Bereichen), eine hohe Anzahl Viehbürsten, breite Laufflächen, keine Hindernisse im Laufbereich, wenige Mitarbeiter, ein hoher Anteil eigener in die Herde eingegliederter Tiere, wenige Eingliederungen in den letzten sechs Wochen, die Rasse Fleckvieh, keine einzelnen unbehornten Kühe in der Herde und ein geringes Verletzungspotential der Hörner. Aus der Erfahrung der Landwirte ist der Fressbereich der Hauptproblembereich. Aus den Ergebnissen lässt sich schlussfolgernd sagen, dass ein Laufstall mit grosszügiger, deutlich über der Norm liegender Dimensionierung der flächigen Stallbereiche (Wartebereich, Liegefläche und Laufhoffläche/Kuh) für behornte Kühe günstige Haltungsbedingungen bietet. Engstellen hingegen bergen Konfliktpotential. Bei der Stallkonzeption muss eine klare Gliederung der Funktionsbereiche angestrebt werden, wenn Auseinandersetzungen vermieden werden sollen. Ein Tier:Fressplatz-Verhältnis von 1:1 mit ein paar Reserveplätzen scheint ausreichend, allerdings muss auf ein wirklich horngeeignetes Fressgitter mit sicherer Fixierung besonderen Wert gelegt werden. Im Management der Herde muss das Augenmerk vor allem auf das Vorgehen bei der Eingliederung von Tieren in die Herde gelegt werden. Da Eingliederungen das soziale Gefüge der Herde ändern, lassen sich mit möglichst wenig Eingliederungen von möglichst bekannten, also eigenen Tieren Auseinandersetzungen mit Verletzungen vermeiden. Günstig ist zudem, wenn nur eine Person die Herde betreut. Eine nur symptomatische, aber sehr effektive Massnahme zur Verringerung der Verletzungszahlen ist das Senken der Verletzungsgefahr der Hörner durch Entfernen spitzer Hornspitzen.

Factores asociados al desarrollo de eventos adversos con transfusión de plasma fresco congelado en la Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología

Objetivo: Determinar los factores asociados con reacciones adversas transfusionales al Plasma Fresco Congelado en la FCI-IC durante los años 2008-2010. Metodología: Estudio de Casos y Controles, en relación 1:3. Pacientes mayores de 18 años transfundidos con plasma fresco congelado en la FCI-IC durante los años 2008-2010. Se definieron como casos pacientes identificados a partir del registro de eventos adversos transfusionales de la FCI que presentaron una reacción adversa transfusional a Plasma Fresco Congelado de los siguientes tipos: alérgica, febril, edema pulmonar no cardiogénico, sobrecarga volumen, CID o PTT. Los controles se definieron como personas que recibieron transfusión de plasma fresco congelado y cumpliendo los criterios de selección, no presentaron reacción adversa transfusional. Resultados: La edad de los casos fue significativamente menor (52,4 vs. 60,5 p=0,001). Para las reacciones alérgicas, el número de unidades de plasma provenientes de una unidad externa (0,7 vs. 0,0 p=0,003), de una donante de sexo femenino (2,5 vs. 1,4 p=0,11) y la paridad de dichas donantes (4,0 vs. 2,6 p=0,04), fueron en promedio mayor que para los controles. La presencia de sépsis (OR:0.01, IC95%:0,01-0,87, p=0,015) y de diabetes (OR:0.9, IC95%:0,01-0,54, p=0,003) se comportaron como factores protectores para el desarrollo de una reacción alérgica. Discusión y Conclusiones: Los resultados de este trabajo son compatibles con el hecho de que las reacciones adversas transfusionales están relacionadas con plasma provenientes de un banco de sangre externo, de donantes mujeres y de mujeres con un mayor número de gestaciones.

Nuevos factores de riesgo para enfermedad cardiovascular en artritis reumatoide

Introducción: Dado que la enfermedad cardiovascular (ECV) es la causa más común de mortalidad en pacientes con artritis reumatoide (AR), el objetivo fue determinar los factores asociados a esta complicación en una serie amplia de pacientes colombianos. Adicionalmente, se efectuó una revisión sistemática de la literatura para abordar el estado del arte sobre los factores de riesgo no tradicionales para la ECV en AR. Métodos: Estudio analítico, de tipo corte transversal en el que 800 pacientes colombianos con AR se evaluaron teniendo en cuenta variables asociadas a ECV. Se siguieron las pautas de los elementos de Información Preferidos para Revisiones Sistemáticas y Meta-análisis (PRISMA). Resultados: Colesterol ≥200 mg/dL (OR 3.44; IC 95% 2.21-5.38; p<0.0001), índice de masa corporal anormal (OR 1.70; IC 95% 1.12-2.58; p=0.011), fueron factores de riesgo tradicionales significativamente asociados con ECV en estos pacientes. Como factores no tradicionales de riesgo, autoinmunidad familiar (OR 2.03; IC 95% 1.13-3.65; p=0.017), más de 10 años de enfermedad (OR 2.12; IC 95% 1.36-3.29; p=0.001), trabajadores en las tareas del hogar (OR 2.29; IC 95% 1.45-3.61; p<0.0001), uso de esteroides sistémicos (OR 2.51; IC 95% 1.18-5.37; p=0.017) se asociaron con ECV en nuestra población. A través de la revisión sistemática varios factores y resultados relacionados con las ECV fueron confirmados e identificados. Conclusiones: Los factores de riesgo tradicionales no explican completamente las altas tasas de ECV en los pacientes con AR. Así, factores de riesgo no tradicionales, relacionados con autoinmunidad se reconocen ahora y actúan sinérgicamente, como predictores de esta comorbilidad.

Aurora Díaz-Plaja : una bibliotecària destacada. 'Aurora Díaz-Plaja : una bibliotecaria destacada'.

Resumen en catalán del autor

Estudio para la implantación de una red de ludotecas para Cataluña.

Constatar la existencia de una necesidad social no satisfecha en el campo del juguete infantil. Enunciar y estudiar el sistema homologado internacionalmente para cubrir esta necesidad: la ludoteca. Estructurar dentro del actual contexto socio-político los elementos necesarios para la puesta en marcha de una red de ludotecas para Cataluña. 3868 niños-as españoles-as entre 0 y más de 16 años. Los 18 primeros fabricantes de juguetes que más invirtieron en publicidad de TVE durante los años 1978-77-76. 250 juguetes. 48 padres y madres. Estudio cuantitativo: preferencia de los niños respecto del juguete e influencia de la publicidad en TVE. Estudio cualitativo: sistematización de un proceso de clasificación y evaluación pedagógica de los juguetes elaborando el material correspondiente. Elaboración de un esquema para la formación de educadores especializados en Animación infantil mediante el juego y proyecto de implantación de la red. Recopilación de documentación oral y escrita sobre el juego y el juguete infantil en Cataluña durante el primer tercio del siglo XX. Estudio cuantitativo: encuesta directa totalmente abierta. Estudio realizado por la empresa Repress acerca de la publicidad de juguetes en TVE. Estudio cualitativo: ficha pedagógica, modificación de la evaluación de juguetes que realiza la ludoteca alemana de Quickborn (fichas JEP y PJ). Estudio para la implantación de la red: encuesta destinada a los padres para averiguar la aceptación de la ludoteca. Cuestionario destinado a los niños. Estudio estadístico: tabulación de los datos manual y mecánica por ordenador, distribución porcentual, pruebas de normalidad, correlación simple de Pearson, histogramas, recta de regresión, etc. Con la implantación de una red de ludotecas en Cataluña se pretende solucionar la necesidad de espacios de juego y de buenos juguetes, despilfarro y desorientación en la compra de juguetes y frustación consumista que sufren padres y niños de nuestra sociedad.

Notas sobre las poblaciones económicas de grupos de alumnos en las universidades.

En las Universidades pueden lograrse importantes economías cuidando de que las poblaciones de alumnos tengan un límite mínimo tanto desde el punto de vista de los programas de estudio, como de los departamentos. Basándonos en costes aproximados de alumnos por año un departamento de Tecnología con 500 alumnos costaría 67.000 libras menos que cinco departamentos de los alumnos. Y esa cifra equivale a 114 alumnos. El límite de población de grupos de alumnos no es sensible a la naturaleza de las disciplinas, ni a las pérdidas de alumnos. Pero a nivel internacional varía considerablemente, debido a la distinta importancia dada a las tareas de clase y a las de tutoría. El límite mínimo de alumnos de los departamentos universitarios de Gran Bretaña varía de 140 a 200 alumnos. Las poblaciones correspondientes de Europa occidental y Estados Unidos son, respectivamente, un 100 por 100 y un 50 por 100 más altos. El límite mínimo de la relación entre las poblaciones de graduado /no graduados por programas de estudio es en Gran Bretaña de 0,11 a 0,18 más o menos. La cifra de 0,11 para Arte y Humanidades y la de 0,18 a Ciencias y Tecnología. En Estados Unidos estas relaciones son un 20 por 100 más altas. Por último, suponiendo unas poblaciones de alumnos económicamente la dimensión de la universidad vendría determinada más por factores organizativos y sociales, que por factores económicos. El promedio normal de facultades por universidad y de departamentos por facultad, el tamaño económico de la universidad en Gran Bretaña deberá ser de unos 7.200 alumnos; en Europa occidental y Estados Unidos son de 10.000 y 13.000 alumnos respectivamente.

Effects of dietary vitamin A concentration of roasted soybean inclusion on marbling, adipose cellularity, and fatty acid composition of beef

A feedlot trial was conducted to determine the effect of dietary vitamin A concentration and roasted soybean (SB) inclusion on carcass characteristics, adipose tissue cellularity, and muscle fatty acid composition. Angus-crossbred steers (n = 168; 295 +/- 1.8 kg) were allotted to 24 pens (7 steers each). Four treatments, in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement, were investigated: no supplemental vitamin A, no roasted soybeans (NANS); no vitamin A, roasted SB (20% of the diet on a DM basis; NASB); with supplemental (2,700 IU/kg) vitamin A, no roasted SB (WANS); and with supplemental vitamin A, roasted SB (WASB). Diets included high moisture corn, 5% corn silage, 10 to 20% supplement, and 20% roasted SB in the SB treatments on a DM basis. The calculated vitamin A concentration in the basal diet was < 1,300 IU/kg of DM. Blood samples (2 steers/pen) were collected for serum vitamin A determination. Steers were slaughtered after 168 d on feed. Carcass characteristics and LM composition were determined. Fatty acid composition of LM was analyzed, and adipose cellularity in the i.m. and s.c. depots was determined. No vitamin A x SB interactions were detected (P > 0.10) for cattle performance, carcass composition, or muscle fatty acid composition. Low vitamin A diets (NA) did not affect (P > 0.05) ADG, DMI, or G:F. Quality grade tended (P = 0.07) to be greater in NA steers. Marbling scores and the percentage of carcasses grading > or = Choice(-) were 10% greater for NA steers, although these trends were not significant (P = 0.11 and 0.13, respectively). Backfat thickness and yield grade were not affected (P > 0.26) by vitamin A supplementation. Composition of the LM was not affected (P > 0.15) by vitamin A or SB supplementation. Serum retinol at slaughter was 44% lower (P < 0.01) for steers fed NA than for steers supplemented with vitamin A (23.0 vs. 41.1 microg/dL). A vitamin A x SB interaction occurred (P < 0.05) for adipose cellularity in the i.m. depot; when no SB was fed, vitamin A supplementation decreased cell density and increased cell size. However, when SB was fed, vitamin A supplementation did not affect adipose cellularity. Adipose cellularity at the s.c. depot was not affected (P > 0.18) by vitamin A or SB treatments. Fatty acid profile of the LM was not affected by vitamin A (P > 0.05), but SB increased (P < 0.05) PUFA (7.88 vs. 4.30 g/100 g). It was concluded that feeding NA tended to increase marbling without affecting back-fat and yield grade. It appeared that NA induced hyperplasia in the i.m. but not in the s.c. fat depot.

Short Communication: effects of 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio) butanoic acid isopropyl ester on milk production and composition of lactating Holstein dairy cows

Sixteen multiparous Holstein cows were used to determine the effects of 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio) butanoic acid isopropyl ester (HMBi: 0 vs. 1.26 g/kg of total ration dry matter (DM) and dietary crude protein (CP) concentration [14.7% (low) vs. 16.9% (standard), DM basis] on milk yield and composition using a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square design experiment with 4-wk periods. Cows were fed ad libitum a total mixed ration with a 1: 1 forage-to-concentrate ratio (DM basis), and diets provided an estimated 6.71 and 1.86% lysine and methionine, respectively, in metabolizable protein for the low-protein diet and 6.74 and 1.82% in the standard protein diet. Dry matter intake, milk yield, and composition were measured during wk 4 of each period. There were no effects on DM intake, which averaged 24.7 kg/d. There was an interaction between dietary CP and HMBi for milk yield and 3.5% fat-corrected milk (FCM). Feeding HMBi decreased milk and FCM yield when fed with the low-CP diet but did not affect milk or FCM yield when fed with the standard CP diet. Feeding HMBi increased milk protein concentration regardless of diet CP concentration and increased milk protein yield when added to the standard CP diet but not the low-CP diet. The positive effect of HMBi on milk protein yield was only observed at the standard level of dietary CP, suggesting other factors limited the response to HMBi when dietary protein supply was restricted.

Lanthanide complexes of 2-hydroxynicotinic acid: synthesis, luminescence properties and the crystal structures of [Ln(HnicO)(2)(mu-HnicO)(H2O)] center dot nH(2)O (Ln = Tb, Eu)

New lanthanide complexes of 2-hydroxynicotinic acid (H(2)nicO) [Ln(HnicO)(2)(mu-HnicO)(H2O)] (.) nH(2)O (Ln = Eu, Gd, Tb, Er, Tm) were prepared. The crystal structures of the [Tb(HnicO)(2)(g-HnicO)(H2O)] (.) 1.75H(2)O(1) and [Eu(HniCO)(2)(mu-HnicO)(H2O)] (.) 1.25H(2)O (2) complexes were determined by X-ray diffraction. The 2-hydroxynicotinate ligand coordinates through O,O-chelation to the lanthanide(III) ions as shown by X-ray diffraction and the infrared, Raman and NMR spectroscopy results. Photoluminescence measurements were performed for the Eu(III) and Tb(III) complexes. Lifetimes of 0.592 +/- 0.007 and 0.113 +/- 0.002 ms were determined for the Eu3+ and Tb3+ emitting states D-5(0) and D-5(4), respectively. A value around 30% was found for the D-5(0) quantum efficiency. The energy transfer mechanisms between the lanthanide ions and the ligands are discussed and compared with those observed in similar complexes involving the 3-hydroxypicolinate ligand based on the luminescence of the respective Gd3+-based complexes. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

ENABLE: a wrist worn device with integrated accessible services to support old people living independently and safely at home

This RTD project, 2007-2009, is partly funded by the European Commission, in Framework Programme 6. It aims to assist elderly people for living well, independently and at case. ENABLE will provide a number of services for elderly people based on the new technology provided by mobile phones. The project is developing a Wrist unit with both integrated and external sensors, and with a radio frequency link to a mobile phone. Dedicated ENABLE software running on the wrist unit and mobile phone makes these services fully accessible for the elderly users. This paper outlines the fundamental motivation and the approach which currently is undertaken in order to collect the more detailed user needs and requirements. The general architecture and the design of the ENABLE system are outlined.

Use of Megasphaera elsdenii NCIMB41125 as a probiotic for early-lactation dairy cows: effects on rumen pH and fermentation patterns

Multiparous rumen-fistulated Holstein cows were fed, from d 1 to 28 post-calving, an ad libitum TMR containing (g/kg DM) grass silage (196), corn silage (196), wheat (277), soybean meal (100), and other feeds (231) with CP, NDF, starch and water soluble carbohydrate concentrations of 176, 260, 299 and 39 g/kg DM respectively and ME of 12.2 MJ/kg DM. Treatments consisting of a minimum of 1010 cfu Megasphaera elsdenii NCIMB 41125 in 250 ml solution (MEGA) or 250 ml of autoclaved M. elsdenii (CONT) were administered via the rumen cannula on d 3 and 12 of lactation (n=7 per treatment). Mid-rumen pH was measured every 15 minutes and eating and ruminating behavior was recorded for 24 h on d 2, 4, 6, 8, 11, 13, 15, 17, 22 and 28. Rumen fluid for VFA and lactic acid (LA) analysis was collected at 11 timepoints on each of d 2, 4, 6, 13 and 15. Data were analysed as repeated measures using the Glimmix (LA data) or Mixed (all other data) procedures of SAS with previous 305 d milk yield and d 2 measurements as covariates where appropriate. Milk yield was higher (CONT 43.0 vs MEGA 45.4 ±0.75 kg/d, P=0.051) and fat concentration was lower (CONT 45.6 vs MEGA 40.4 ±1.05 g/kg, P=0.005) in cows that received MEGA. Time spent eating (263 ±15 min/d) and ruminating (571 ±13 min/d), DM intake (18.4 ±0.74 kg/d), proportion of each 24 h period with rumen pH below 5.6 (3.69 ±0.94 h) and LA concentrations (2.00 mM) were similar (P>0.327) across treatments. Ruminal total VFA concentration (104 ±3 mM) was similar (P=0.404) across treatments, but a shift from acetate (CONT 551 vs MEGA 524 ±14 mmol/mol VFA, P=0.161) to propionate production (CONT 249 vs MEGA 275 ±11 mmol/mol VFA, P=0.099) meant that the acetate:propionate ratio (CONT 2.33 vs MEGA 1.94 ±0.15) was reduced (P=0.072) in cows that received MEGA. This study provides evidence that supplementation of early lactation dairy cows with MEGA alters rumen fermentation patterns in favour of propionate, with potential benefits for animal health and productivity.

Assessment of inter-examiner agreement and variability in the manual classification of auditory brainstem response

Abstract Background: The analysis of the Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) is of fundamental importance to the investigation of the auditory system behaviour, though its interpretation has a subjective nature because of the manual process employed in its study and the clinical experience required for its analysis. When analysing the ABR, clinicians are often interested in the identification of ABR signal components referred to as Jewett waves. In particular, the detection and study of the time when these waves occur (i.e., the wave latency) is a practical tool for the diagnosis of disorders affecting the auditory system. Significant differences in inter-examiner results may lead to completely distinct clinical interpretations of the state of the auditory system. In this context, the aim of this research was to evaluate the inter-examiner agreement and variability in the manual classification of ABR. Methods: A total of 160 ABR data samples were collected, for four different stimulus intensity (80dBHL, 60dBHL, 40dBHL and 20dBHL), from 10 normal-hearing subjects (5 men and 5 women, from 20 to 52 years). Four examiners with expertise in the manual classification of ABR components participated in the study. The Bland-Altman statistical method was employed for the assessment of inter-examiner agreement and variability. The mean, standard deviation and error for the bias, which is the difference between examiners’ annotations, were estimated for each pair of examiners. Scatter plots and histograms were employed for data visualization and analysis. Results: In most comparisons the differences between examiner’s annotations were below 0.1 ms, which is clinically acceptable. In four cases, it was found a large error and standard deviation (>0.1 ms) that indicate the presence of outliers and thus, discrepancies between examiners. Conclusions: Our results quantify the inter-examiner agreement and variability of the manual analysis of ABR data, and they also allows for the determination of different patterns of manual ABR analysis.

Long duration stimuli and nonlinearities in the neural–haemodynamic coupling

Recent studies have shown that the haemodynamic responses to brief (<2 secs) stimuli can be well characterised as a linear convolution of neural activity with a suitable haemodynamic impulse response. In this paper, we show that the linear convolution model cannot predict measurements of blood flow responses to stimuli of longer duration (>2 secs), regardless of the impulse response function chosen. Modifying the linear convolution scheme to a nonlinear convolution scheme was found to provide a good prediction of the observed data. Whereas several studies have found a nonlinear coupling between stimulus input and blood flow responses, the current modelling scheme uses neural activity as an input, and thus implies nonlinearity in the coupling between neural activity and blood flow responses. Neural activity was assessed by current source density analysis of depth-resolved evoked field potentials, while blood flow responses were measured using laser Doppler flowmetry. All measurements were made in rat whisker barrel cortex after electrical stimulation of the whisker pad for 1 to 16 secs at 5 Hz and 1.2 mA (individual pulse width 0.3 ms).

Effect of polymorphisms in the PPARGC1A gene on body fat in Asian Indians

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether polymorphisms in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PPARGC1A) gene were related to body fat in Asian Indians. METHODS: Three polymorphisms of PPARGC1A gene, the Thr394Thr, Gly482Ser and +A2962G, were genotyped on 82 type 2 diabetic and 82 normal glucose tolerant (NGT) subjects randomly chosen from the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study using PCR-RFLP, and the nature of the variants were confirmed using direct sequencing. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) was estimated from the estimates of haplotypic frequencies using an expectation-maximization algorithm. Visceral, subcutaneous and total abdominal fat were measured using computed tomography, whereas dual X-ray absorptiometry was used to measure central abdominal and total body fat. RESULTS: None of the three polymorphisms studied were in LD. The genotype (0.59 vs 0.32, P=0.001) and allele (0.30 vs 0.17, P=0.007) frequencies of Thr394Thr polymorphism were significantly higher in type 2 diabetic subjects compared to those in NGT subjects. The odds ratio for diabetes (adjusted for age, sex and body mass index) for the susceptible genotype, XA (GA+AA) of Thr394Thr polymorphism, was 2.53 (95% confidence intervals: 1.30-5.04, P=0.009). Visceral and subcutaneous fat were significantly higher in NGT subjects with XA genotype of the Thr394Thr polymorphism compared to those with GG genotype (visceral fat: XA 148.2+/-46.9 vs GG 106.5+/-51.9 cm(2), P=0.001; subcutaneous fat: XA 271.8+/-167.1 vs GG 181.5+/-78.5 cm(2), P=0.001). Abdominal (XA 4521.9+/-1749.6 vs GG 3445.2+/-1443.4 g, P=0.004), central abdominal (XA 1689.0+/-524.0 vs GG 1228.5+/-438.7 g, P<0.0001) and non-abdominal fat (XA 18763.8+/-8789.4 vs GG 13160.4+/-4255.3 g, P<0.0001) were also significantly higher in the NGT subjects with XA genotype compared to those with GG genotype. The Gly482Ser and +A2962G polymorphisms were not associated with any of the body fat measures. CONCLUSION: Among Asian Indians, the Thr394Thr (G --> A) polymorphism is associated with increased total, visceral and subcutaneous body fat.