A Convex Optimization Framework for Almost Budget Balanced Allocation of a Divisible Good

We address the problem of allocating a single divisible good to a number of agents. The agents have concave valuation functions parameterized by a scalar type. The agents report only the type. The goal is to find allocatively efficient, strategy proof, nearly budget balanced mechanisms within the Groves class. Near budget balance is attained by returning as much of the received payments as rebates to agents. Two performance criteria are of interest: the maximum ratio of budget surplus to efficient surplus, and the expected budget surplus, within the class of linear rebate functions. The goal is to minimize them. Assuming that the valuation functions are known, we show that both problems reduce to convex optimization problems, where the convex constraint sets are characterized by a continuum of half-plane constraints parameterized by the vector of reported types. We then propose a randomized relaxation of these problems by sampling constraints. The relaxed problem is a linear programming problem (LP). We then identify the number of samples needed for ``near-feasibility'' of the relaxed constraint set. Under some conditions on the valuation function, we show that value of the approximate LP is close to the optimal value. Simulation results show significant improvements of our proposed method over the Vickrey-Clarke-Groves (VCG) mechanism without rebates. In the special case of indivisible goods, the mechanisms in this paper fall back to those proposed by Moulin, by Guo and Conitzer, and by Gujar and Narahari, without any need for randomization. Extension of the proposed mechanisms to situations when the valuation functions are not known to the central planner are also discussed. Note to Practitioners-Our results will be useful in all resource allocation problems that involve gathering of information privately held by strategic users, where the utilities are any concave function of the allocations, and where the resource planner is not interested in maximizing revenue, but in efficient sharing of the resource. Such situations arise quite often in fair sharing of internet resources, fair sharing of funds across departments within the same parent organization, auctioning of public goods, etc. We study methods to achieve near budget balance by first collecting payments according to the celebrated VCG mechanism, and then returning as much of the collected money as rebates. Our focus on linear rebate functions allows for easy implementation. The resulting convex optimization problem is solved via relaxation to a randomized linear programming problem, for which several efficient solvers exist. This relaxation is enabled by constraint sampling. Keeping practitioners in mind, we identify the number of samples that assures a desired level of ``near-feasibility'' with the desired confidence level. Our methodology will occasionally require subsidy from outside the system. We however demonstrate via simulation that, if the mechanism is repeated several times over independent instances, then past surplus can support the subsidy requirements. We also extend our results to situations where the strategic users' utility functions are not known to the allocating entity, a common situation in the context of internet users and other problems.

Incentive compatible mechanisms for group ticket allocation in software maintenance services

A customer reported problem (or Trouble Ticket) in software maintenance is typically solved by one or more maintenance engineers. The decision of allocating the ticket to one or more engineers is generally taken by the lead, based on customer delivery deadlines and a guided complexity assessment from each maintenance engineer. The key challenge in such a scenario is two folds, un-truthful (hiked up) elicitation of ticket complexity by each engineer to the lead and the decision of allocating the ticket to a group of engineers who will solve the ticket with in customer deadline. The decision of allocation should ensure Individual and Coalitional Rationality along with Coalitional Stability. In this paper we use game theory to examine the issue of truthful elicitation of ticket complexities by engineers for solving ticket as a group given a specific customer delivery deadline. We formulate this problem as strategic form game and propose two mechanisms, (1) Division of Labor (DOL) and (2) Extended Second Price (ESP). In the proposed mechanisms we show that truth telling by each engineer constitutes a Dominant Strategy Nash Equilibrium of the underlying game. Also we analyze the existence of Individual Rationality (IR) and Coalitional Rationality (CR) properties to motivate voluntary and group participation. We use Core, solution concept from co-operative game theory to analyze the stability of the proposed group based on the allocation and payments.

Regulation of Off-Network Pricing in a Nonneutral Network

Representatives of several Internet service providers (ISPs) have expressed their wish to see a substantial change in the pricing policies of the Internet. In particular, they would like to see content providers (CPs) pay for use of the network, given the large amount of resources they use. This would be in clear violation of the ``network neutrality'' principle that had characterized the development of the wireline Internet. Our first goal in this article is to propose and study possible ways of implementing such payments and of regulating their amount. We introduce a model that includes the users' behavior, the utilities of the ISP and of the CPs, and, the monetary flow that involves the content users, the ISP and CP, and, in pUrticular, the CP's revenues from advertisements. We consider various game models and study the resulting equilibria; they are all combinations of a noncooperative game (in which the ISPs and CPs determine how much they will charge the users) with a ``cooperative'' one on how the CP and the ISP share the payments. We include in our model a possible asymmetric weighting parameter (that varies between zero to one). We also study equilibria that arise when one of the CPs colludes with the TSP. We also study two dynamic game models as well as the convergence of prices to the equilibrium values.

Informe de Economía e Instituciones

Resumen: El Informe de Economía e Instituciones cuenta con tres columnas que abordan cuestiones teóricas y de política económica relacionadas con la temática de la economía y las instituciones. En la primera columna, Desafíos macroeconómicos y nuestro sistema político, el autor estudia al sistema político como plataforma desde la que decide la política económica. En primer lugar plantea la pregunta de porqué se aplican políticas económicas más allá de su validez parcial para una circunstancia y una coyuntura determinada. El autor argumenta que tanto la convertibilidad como el esquema actual resultaron positivos en una cierta coyuntura pero a medida que esta cambia la política económica no se ajusta en concordancia y se acumulan desequilibrios. En segundo lugar, admite dos causas de la volatilidad macro: una exógena, derivada de los cambios de los precios de los productos exportables, y una segunda endógena, en la cual las políticas económicas son generadas a partir del sistema político. Luego argumenta que para establecer un sistema político adecuado deben optimizarse simultáneamente la gobernabilidad y el cumplimiento de las normas. Concluye con una evaluación de las posibilidades de evolución del sistema político actual. En la segunda columna, Impacto de la desintegración Vertical de Papel Prensa, el autor analiza el debate sobre la situación de la empresa Papel Prensa enfocándose en la óptica de la Organización Industrial que permite comparar estructuras de mercado y predecir el impacto de políticas. En primer lugar distingue entre el mercado de diarios, como el mercado del producto final, y el mercado de papel, como el mercado del insumo. Luego plantea que existe integración vertical entre los dos principales competidores en el mercado del bien final y el monopolista fabricante del insumo. A continuación se define un modelo imperfecto para analizar el riesgo de monopolización del mercado de diarios. El modelo sugiere que si se produce desintegración, la cantidad de diarios vendida por competidores pequeños aumentará pero el precio de los diarios será mayor. Asimismo, sugiere que si se impulsa una mayor competencia en el mercado de papel, a través de las importaciones, el precio de los diarios sería menor al actual y la cantidad vendida por pequeños competidores sería mayor que el caso actual de integración y que el caso de desintegración vertical. En la tercera columna, La sutil pero sustancial diferencia entre sobornos y negociar votos, el autor desarrolla la distinción entre sobornos y negociación por votos, resaltando los daños y las ineficiencias que producen los primeros. Dentro de la negociación por votos incluye los “intercambios de votos” y “pagos por votos”. Para exponer la importancia de la negociación de votos, plantea un juego de tres personas donde hay un subsidio a distribuir. Luego analiza los resultados de éste en dos casos, cuando no son permitidos los side payments y cuando sí lo son, siendo los resultados muy distintos entre un caso y el otro. En el caso de logrolling plantea que el resultado sería similar al caso de la prohibición de los side payments. A modo de conclusión, el autor argumenta que la presencia de reglas que posibiliten la existencia de negociaciones por votos puede conducir a una mayor eficiencia en la toma de decisiones. Por ende, plantea que debe trabajarse sobre distintos planos, metodos y tiempos para lograr un mayor bienestar de la sociedad, y que existe un potencial en el plano institucional para un mayor desempeño económico y desarrollo de la sociedad.

The Ohlin-Keynes Debate on the German Interwar Reparations Revisited

This paper analyzes the debate between Ohlin and Keynes on the question as to whether Germany was able to make the payments specified in the Dawes Plan. Keynes argued that Germany was able to collect the money but unable to transfer it to the victors because there existed an insurmountable “transfer problem”. Ohlin replied that such a “transfer problem” did not exist and, therefore, that Germany was able to make the payments stipulated by the Dawes Committee. This paper analyzes the positions of the two contenders and argues that the problems are not correctly delimited and that the theoretical bases of the contenders show serious deficiencies. It also brings to light some interesting theoretical and practical paradoxes that neither Keynes nor Ohlin dealt with.

The Weekend-Dividend Effect in the Spanish Market

Revised: 2006-05

The Optimality of the Common Fisheries Policy: the Northern Stock of Hake

We evaluate the management of the Northern Stock of Hake during 1986-2001. A stochastic bioeconomic model is calibrated to match the main features of this fishing ground. We show how catches, biomass stock and profits would have been if the optimal Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) consistent with the target biomass implied by the Fischler’s Recovery Plan had been implemented. The main finding are: i) an optimal CFP would have generated profits of more than 667 millions euros, ii) if side-payments are allowed (implemented by ITQ’s, for example) these profits increase 26%.

Las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación en la gestión de tesorería: modelo explicativo

[ES] En el presente trabajo se analiza el uso de las TIC (Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación) en las responsabilidades de la gestión de la tesorería, tomando como referencia para su estudio las empresas de la CAPV (Comunidad Autónoma del País Vasco). Los resultados indican que las TIC más utilizadas por las empresas en operaciones financieras son el software financiero, Internet y la banca electrónica. Además, estos resultados han permitido desarrollar un modelo explicativo del uso de las TIC en las principales funciones del tesorero, como son la gestión de cobros y pagos, gestión de la liquidez, previsiones de tesorería a corto plazo, gestión de saldos bancarios en fecha valor, negociación con entidades financieras, gestión de la financiación del déficit de tesorería, gestión de la colocación de puntas de tesorería y gestión de riesgos de tipo de interés y tipo de cambio.

The Annual Economic Survey of Federal Gulf Shrimp Permit Holders: Report on the Design, Implementation, and Descriptive Results for 2006

This technical memorandum documents the design, implementation, data preparation, and descriptive results for the 2006 Annual Economic Survey of Federal Gulf Shrimp Permit Holders. The data collection was designed by the NOAA Fisheries Southeast Fisheries Science Center Social Science Research Group to track the financial and economic status and performance by vessels holding a federal moratorium permit for harvesting shrimp in the Gulf of Mexico. A two page, self-administered mail survey collected total annual costs broken out into seven categories and auxiliary economic data. In May 2007, 580 vessels were randomly selected, stratified by state, from a preliminary population of 1,709 vessels with federal permits to shrimp in offshore waters of the Gulf of Mexico. The survey was implemented during the rest of 2007. After many reminder and verification phone calls, 509 surveys were deemed complete, for an ineligibility-adjusted response rate of 90.7%. The linking of each individual vessel’s cost data to its revenue data from a different data collection was imperfect, and hence the final number of observations used in the analyses is 484. Based on various measures and tests of validity throughout the technical memorandum, the quality of the data is high. The results are presented in a standardized table format, linking vessel characteristics and operations to simple balance sheet, cash flow, and income statements. In the text, results are discussed for the total fleet, the Gulf shrimp fleet, the active Gulf shrimp fleet, and the inactive Gulf shrimp fleet. Additional results for shrimp vessels grouped by state, by vessel characteristics, by landings volume, and by ownership structure are available in the appendices. The general conclusion of this report is that the financial and economic situation is bleak for the average vessels in most of the categories that were evaluated. With few exceptions, cash flow for the average vessel is positive while the net revenue from operations and the “profit” are negative. With negative net revenue from operations, the economic return for average shrimp vessels is less than zero. Only with the help of government payments does the average owner just about break even. In the short-term, this will discourage any new investments in the industry. The financial situation in 2006, especially if it endures over multiple years, also is economically unsustainable for the average established business. Vessels in the active and inactive Gulf shrimp fleet are, on average, 69 feet long, weigh 105 gross tons, are powered by 505 hp motor(s), and are 23 years old. Three-quarters of the vessels have steel hulls and 59% use a freezer for refrigeration. The average market value of these vessels was $175,149 in 2006, about a hundred-thousand dollars less than the average original purchase price. The outstanding loans averaged $91,955, leading to an average owner equity of $83,194. Based on the sample, 85% of the federally permitted Gulf shrimp fleet was actively shrimping in 2006. Of these 386 active Gulf shrimp vessels, just under half (46%) were owner-operated. On average, these vessels burned 52,931 gallons of fuel, landed 101,268 pounds of shrimp, and received $2.47 per pound of shrimp. Non-shrimp landings added less than 1% to cash flow, indicating that the federal Gulf shrimp fishery is very specialized. The average total cash outflow was $243,415 of which $108,775 was due to fuel expenses alone. The expenses for hired crew and captains were on average $54,866 which indicates the importance of the industry as a source of wage income. The resulting average net cash flow is $16,225 but has a large standard deviation. For the population of active Gulf shrimp vessels we can state with 95% certainty that the average net cash flow was between $9,500 and $23,000 in 2006. The median net cash flow was $11,843. Based on the income statement for active Gulf shrimp vessels, the average fixed costs accounted for just under a quarter of operating expenses (23.1%), labor costs for just over a quarter (25.3%), and the non-labor variable costs for just over half (51.6%). The fuel costs alone accounted for 42.9% of total operating expenses in 2006. It should be noted that the labor cost category in the income statement includes both the actual cash payments to hired labor and an estimate of the opportunity cost of owner-operators’ time spent as captain. The average labor contribution (as captain) of an owner-operator is estimated at about $19,800. The average net revenue from operations is negative $7,429, and is statistically different and less than zero in spite of a large standard deviation. The economic return to Gulf shrimping is negative 4%. Including non-operating activities, foremost an average government payment of $13,662, leads to an average loss before taxes of $907 for the vessel owners. The confidence interval of this value straddles zero, so we cannot reject, with 95% certainty, that the population average is zero. The average inactive Gulf shrimp vessel is generally of a smaller scale than the average active vessel. Inactive vessels are physically smaller, are valued much lower, and are less dependent on loans. Fixed costs account for nearly three quarters of the total operating expenses of $11,926, and only 6% of these vessels have hull insurance. With an average net cash flow of negative $7,537, the inactive Gulf shrimp fleet has a major liquidity problem. On average, net revenue from operations is negative $11,396, which amounts to a negative 15% economic return, and owners lose $9,381 on their vessels before taxes. To sustain such losses and especially to survive the negative cash flow, many of the owners must be subsidizing their shrimp vessels with the help of other income or wealth sources or are drawing down their equity. Active Gulf shrimp vessels in all states but Texas exhibited negative returns. The Alabama and Mississippi fleets have the highest assets (vessel values), on average, yet they generate zero cash flow and negative $32,224 net revenue from operations. Due to their high (loan) leverage ratio the negative 11% economic return is amplified into a negative 21% return on equity. In contrast, for Texas vessels, which actually have the highest leverage ratio among the states, a 1% economic return is amplified into a 13% return on equity. From a financial perspective, the average Florida and Louisiana vessels conform roughly to the overall average of the active Gulf shrimp fleet. It should be noted that these results are averages and hence hide the variation that clearly exists within all fleets and all categories. Although the financial situation for the average vessel is bleak, some vessels are profitable. (PDF contains 101 pages)

The Private Provision of International Impure Public Goods: the Case of Climate Policy

33 p.

Fundamentos da exploração de petróleo e gás natural e análise geoeconômica da matriz energética brasileira atual e projeções futuras

A análise da matriz energética mundial, assim como a brasileira, nos mostra que o gás natural representará em breve um importante insumo energético favorecendo a balança de pagamentos nacional, visto que o gás poderá ser usado tanto para consumo interno, quanto para exportação. O aumento das reservas nacionais de hidrocarbonetos se deve ao desenvolvimento de tecnologias, que favoreceram o conhecimento das bacias brasileiras quanto ao seu potencial produtor de combustíveis fósseis, permitindo a descoberta de novas jazidas. O amadurecimento do mercado nacional quanto ao consumo de gás natural passa pela construção de uma infraestrutura robusta, eficiente e que possibilite a captação, o armazenamento e distribuição do mesmo. O Brasil tem todos os requisitos necessários para adentrar ao seleto grupo de países exportadores de hidrocarbonetos, a descoberta do Pré-sal tende a incrementar a importância do gás natural para o país. Ao final do trabalho são descritos cenários futuros (quanto o consumo de energéticos), onde se vê que o consumo de energia para os próximos anos crescerá a taxas superiores as das duas últimas décadas. Análise destes cenários permite antecipar o interesse de futuros investimentos no desenvolvimento do conhecimento geológico para áreas promissoras.

Le système monétaire international comme facteur d'instabilité: une ébauche de réforme

371 p.

A relação entre indústria farmacêutica e a assistência farmacêutica no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS): a compra estadual e municipal de medicamentos no Rio de Janeiro

Esta dissertação tem como objeto o estudo da relação estabelecida entre a indústria farmacêutica e a assistência farmacêutica no âmbito do SUS. O objetivo é avaliar como estão sendo feitas as compras de medicamentos para os programas de assistência farmacêutica básica para hipertensão, diabetes e asma e rinite. A captura de dados foi realizada nas Secretarias de Saúde do estado e do município do Rio de Janeiro. Realizou-se comparação dos preços unitários dos medicamentos adquiridos no estado, no município do Rio de Janeiro e no Banco de Preços em Saúde (BPS), no período de janeiro de 2000 a dezembro de 2006. Em alguns momentos foram utilizados dados da Revista ABCFARMA, sobre preços unitários do mercado varejista. A pesquisa tornou possível registrar que o Estado do Rio de Janeiro compra medicamentos a um preço unitário mais alto do que aqueles praticados pela prefeitura e pelo Banco de Preços em Saúde. A hipótese apresentada é que o preço unitário mais alto se deve às inúmeras compras emergenciais realizadas, que estimulam os fornecedores a compensar o risco com preços maiores. Como a maioria dos fornecedores é distribuidora de medicamentos, elas estariam onerando os preços unitários, pois tiveram problemas no passado com o cumprimento da dívida pelo estado. Segundo autoridades estaduais da Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, esta situação indesejável está sendo superada através de uma nova forma de aquisição de medicamentos. A prefeitura do Rio de Janeiro, por outro lado, tem realizado as compras de medicamentos por licitações na modalidade concorrência. Esta forma possibilitou a aquisição de medicamentos a preços inferiores aos outros entes pesquisados. A maioria dos fornecedores da prefeitura é a própria indústria de medicamentos, o que, em princípio, torna o preço mais baixo. Conclui-se, então: que o Estado do Rio de Janeiro passou por crises de desabastecimento ou abastecimento irregular dos programa de assistência farmacêutica básica, o que contribuiu para a elevação dos preços praticados; e que a prefeitura do Rio de Janeiro tem conseguido comprar medicamentos em condições mais favoráveis que o governo de estado.

Direito do investimento e inovação tecnológica: o histórico regulatório da transferência de tecnologia no Brasil em face das cláusulas de proteção dos acordos bilaterais de investimentos (BITs)

A regulação direta ou indireta da transferência de tecnologia pelo Brasil desde o final da década de 50 do século XX nem sempre foi devidamente compreendida. O uso da tributação, com efeitos fiscais e extrafiscais, teve reflexos sobre a atuação do INPI e do Banco Centra do Brasil (BACEN) que permanecem até os dias de hoje, mas tinham como fundamento uma política industrial específica e a limitação dos seus efeitos no balanço de pagamentos do país. O Brasil nunca se fechou totalmente aos investidores estrangeiros, mas sempre utilizou limitações setoriais, posteriormente o registro do ingresso do capital estrangeiro e, por muito tempo, o desincentivo à sua saída por medidas limitadoras ou proibitivas de remessas de dividendos e royalties, até mesmo com o uso da extrafiscalidade. Como o país apenas recentemente realmente prioriza de forma geral a pesquisa e desenvolvimento (P&D) tecnológico, o que resulta em pouca tecnologia gerada internamente, os royalties devidos pelo uso da tecnologia das empresas transnacionais sempre foram objeto de crítica e, consequentemente, medidas limitadoras. Essa atuação regulatória representa um risco político aos investidores, com os acordos bilaterais de investimentos (BITs) sendo os tratados internacionais mais utilizados para afastá-lo. O Brasil, porém, apesar de ter assinado diversos deles, não possui nenhum em vigor. O confronto entre as cláusulas de proteção dos BITs e a política regulatória sobre a transferência de tecnologia e investimento estrangeiro que durante muito tempo vigorou no país representa um caso concreto extremamente interessante para avaliar a aplicação desses tratados e eventuais medidas que os violam, auxiliando, ainda, a compreensão de algumas das medidas regulatórias que permanecem em vigor.

A evidenciação das contingências tributárias pelas empresas mais representativas do IBOVESPA após a deliberação cvm n 489 de 2005

Com o crescimento do mundo corporativo, cresceram também as dificuldades de representar de forma fidedigna as diversas faces da entidade. Neste ponto também estão inclusas as obrigações, que não estão restritas a pagamentos de obrigações predeterminadas em contratos, regidas por leis ou outros instrumentos. Assim, a dinâmica empresarial cria diversas exigibilidades para a entidade, que muitas vezes não possui instrumentos apropriados para seu reconhecimento, mensuração e divulgação. Neste contexto, diversos agentes buscam criar normas que uniformizem as informações divulgadas e garantam padrões mínimos às informações divulgadas. Assim, o fez a Comissão de Valores Mobiliários ao publicar a Deliberação CVM n 489 de 2005 versando sobre provisões, passivos, contingências passivas e contingências ativas. Com isso, além de uniformizar internamente este tema, a CVM procurou alinhamento com as Normas Internacionais de Contabilidade, pois inspirou sua deliberação na norma emitida pelo IASB em 1998, a IAS 37. A alta carga tributária e a volatilidade do nosso sistema tributário contribuem para um ambiente de incertezas e litígios entre os sujeitos ativos e passivos das obrigações tributárias, levando a disputas sobre valores relevantes e que podem comprometer a saúde financeira da entidade. Por isso, a publicação da norma emitida pela CVM é ferramenta útil e indispensável a uma divulgação uniforme e transparente pelas empresas. Desta forma, este estudo busca contribuir para a solução do problema da divulgação das contingências ao rever a literatura pertinente, analisar as demonstrações contábeis das quatro empresas significativas e sugerir pontos de melhoria nas demonstrações contábeis.