Mémoire sur la culture de l'olivier et la manière d'extraire l'huile des olives. Pour servir de réponse à la question proposée par l'Académie des belles-lettres, sciences & arts de Marseille, pour le sujet du prix de 1782.

Goldsmiths'-Kress no. 12400.5-1, suppl.

An adaptogenic role for omega-3 fatty acids in stress; a randomised placebo controlled double blind intervention study (pilot) [ISRCTN22569553]

Background There is evidence for an adaptive role of the omega -3 fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) during stress. Mechanisms of action may involve regulation of stress mediators, such as the catecholamines and proinflammatory cytokines. Prevention of stress-induced aggression and hostility were demonstrated in a series of clinical trials. This study investigates whether perceived stress is ameliorated by DHA in stressed university staff. Methods Subjects that scored ≥ 17 on the Perceived Stress Scale were randomised into a 6-week pilot intervention study. The diet reactive group was supplemented with 6 g of fish oil containing 1.5 g per day DHA, while the placebo group was supplemented with 6 g a day of olive oil. The groups were compared with each other and a wider cross sectional study population that did not receive either active or placebo intervention. Results There was a significant reduction in perceived stress in both the fish oil and the placebo group from baseline. There was also a significant between-group difference between the fish oil group and the no-treatment controls in the rate of stress reduction (p < 0.05). However, there was not a significant between-group difference between the fish oil and the placebo group, nor the placebo group and the control group. These results are discussed in the context of several methodological limitations. The significant stress reductions in both the fish oil and the placebo group are considered in view of statistical regression, an effect likely to have been exaggerated by the time course of the study, a large placebo effect and the possibility of an active effect from the placebo. Conclusion There were significant differences (p < 0.05) in the fish oil group compared with no-treatment controls. This effect was not demonstrated in the placebo group. As a pilot study, it was not sufficiently powered to find the difference between the fish oil group and the placebo group significant. Further work needs to be undertaken to conclusively demonstrate these data trends. However, the findings from this research support the literature in finding a protective or 'adaptogenic' role for omega-3 fatty acids in stress.

Downregulation of ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis by eicosapentaenoic acid in acute starvation

A number of acute wasting conditions are associated with an upregulation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in skeletal muscle. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is effective in attenuating the increased protein catabolism in muscle in cancer cachexia, possibly due to inhibition of 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE) formation. To determine if a similar pathway is involved in other catabolic conditions, the effect of EPA on muscle protein degradation and activation of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway has been determined during acute fasting in mice. When compared with a vehicle control group (olive oil) there was a significant decrease in proteolysis of the soleus muscles of mice treated with EPA after starvation for 24 h, together with an attenuation of the proteasome 'chymotryptic-like' enzyme activity and the induction of the expression of the 20S proteasome α-subunits, the 19S regulator and p42, an ATPase subunit of the 19S regulator in gastrocnemius muscle, and the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E214k. The effect was not shown with the related (n-3) fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or with linoleic acid. However, 2,3,5trimethyl-6-(3-pyridylmethyl)1,4-benzoquinone (CV-6504), an inhibitor of 5-, 12- and 15-lipoxygenases also attenuated muscle protein catabolism, proteasome 'chymotryptic-like' enzyme activity and expression of proteasome 20S α-subunits in soleus muscles from acute fasted mice. These results suggest that protein catabolism in starvation and cancer cachexia is mediated through a common pathway, which is inhibited by EPA and is likely to involve a lipoxygenase metabolite as a signal transducer. © 2001 Academic Press.

Perceived risks in cross-border transactions in agri-food chains

Nowadays, agri-food chains are more global than ever and are characterized by increased imports and exports and global sourcing of products, resulting in increased cross-border transaction risks. The objective of this paper is to identify the typical risks regarding agri-food supply chains involved in cross-border transactions and to assess their importance as perceived by agri-food managers. The analysis takes into consideration four different agrifood value chains (meat, grain, olive oil, fresh vegetables and fruits). Following an explorative approach and a qualitative technique, a series of face to face in-depth interviews was conducted. Results indicate that risk perception may be quite different across countries, value chains, tiers of the supply chain, as well as across respondents. The prevalence of Market dynamics risks was pointed out in most of the interviews, yielding the impression that many operators identify the market as the most difficult environment. Differences in risk perception between fresh produce (fruit/vegetables and meat) and processed food chains (grain and olive oil) are probably interrelated to the different degree of integration within these supply chains, the different level of standardization achieved and the different causes of risks that are inherent to the nature of the product.

Identifying the active phase in Cs-promoted MgO nanocatalysts for triglyceride transesterification

Background: Biodiesel is a clean-burning, renewable and biodegradable diesel fuel substitute derived from animal fats and plant oils, which may play an important role in replacing diminishing fossil fuel reserves and combating climate change. Conventional biodiesel production uses soluble base catalysts, such as Na or K alkoxides, to convert oils into fuel, and as a result requires energy intensive aqueous quench cycles to isolate the biodiesel product. Results: Cs-doping nanoparticulate MgO, prepared via a novel, supercritical sol-gel method, yields a solid base catalyst with improved activity for the transesterification of pure triacylglycerides (TAGs) and olive oil. Conclusion: Here, X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is used to probe the local chemical environment of Cs atoms in order to identify the nature of the catalytically active species as CsMg(CO)(HO). © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry.

The application of calcined natural dolomitic rock as a solid base catalyst in triglyceride transesterification for biodiesel synthesis

Natural dolomitic rock has been investigated in the transesterification of C and C triglycerides and olive oil with a view to determining its viability as a solid base catalyst for use in biodiesel synthesis. XRD reveals that the dolomitic rock comprised 77% dolomite and 23% magnesian calcite. The generation of basic sites requires calcination at 900 °C, which increases the surface area and transforms the mineral into MgO nanocrystallites dispersed over CaO particles. Calcined dolomitic rock exhibits high activity towards the liquid phase transesterification of glyceryl tributyrate and trioctanoate, and even olive oil, with methanol for biodiesel production. © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2008.

Production of Polyhydroxyalkanoates by Pseudomonas mendocina using vegetable oils and their characterisation

Synthesis of Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) by Pseudomonas mendocina, using different vegetable oils such as, coconut oil, groundnut oil, corn oil and olive oil, as the sole carbon source was investigated for the first time. The PHA yield obtained was compared with that obtained during the production of PHAs using sodium octanoate as the sole carbon source. The fermentation profiles at shaken flask and bioreactor levels revealed that vegetable oils supported the growth of Pseudomonas mendocina and PHA accumulation in this organism. Moreover, when vegetable oil (coconut oil) was used as the sole carbon source, fermentation profiles showed better growth and polymer production as compared to conditions when sodium octanoate was used as the carbon source. In addition, comparison of PHA accumulation at shaken flask and fermenter level confirmed the higher PHA yield at shaken flask level production. The highest cell mass found using sodium octanoate was 1.8 g/L, whereas cell mass as high as 5.1 g/L was observed when coconut oil was used as the feedstock at flask level production. Moreover, the maximum PHA yield of 60.5% dry cell weight (dcw) was achieved at shaken flask level using coconut oil as compared to the PHA yield of 35.1% dcw obtained using sodium octanoate as the sole carbon source. Characterisations of the chemical, physical, mechanical, surface and biocompatibility properties of the polymers produced have been carried out by performing different analyses as described in the second chapter of this study. Chemical analysis using GC and FTIR investigations showed medium chain length (MCL) PHA production in all conditions. GC-MS analysis revealed a unique terpolymer production, containing 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid, 3-hydroxydecanoic acid and 3-hydroxydodecanoic acid when coconut oil, groundnut oil, olive oil, and corn oil were used as the carbon source. Whereas production of the homopolymer containing 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid was observed when sodium octanoate was used as the carbon source. MCL-PHAs produced in this study using sodium octanoate, coconut oil, and olive oil exhibited melting transitions, indicating that each of the PHA was crystalline or semi-crystalline polymer. In contrast, the thermal properties of PHAs produced from groundnut and corn oils showed no melting transition, indicating that they were completely amorphous or semi-crystalline, which was also confirmed by the X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) results obtained in this study. Mechanical analysis of the polymers produced showed higher stiffness of the polymer produced from coconut oil than the polymer from sodium octanoate. Surface characterisation of the polymers using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) revealed a rough surface topography and surface contact angle measurement revealed their hydrophobic nature. Moreover, to investigate the potential applicability of the produced polymers as the scaffold materials for dental pulp regeneration, multipotent human Mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) were cultured onto the polymer films. Results indicated that these polymers are not cytotoxic towards the hMSCs and could support their attachment and proliferation. Highest cell growth was observed on the polymer samples produced from corn oil, followed by the polymer produced using coconut oil. In conclusion, this work established, for the first time, that vegetable oils are a good economical source of carbon for production of MCL-PHA copolymers effectively by Pseudomonas mendocina. Moreover, biocompatibility studies suggest that the produced polymers may have potential for dental tissue engineering application.

Ernest Mercier, le pétrole et la France

Ernest Mercier est l’un des patrons les plus influents de l'entre-deux-guerres en France. Ses différentes activités industrielles l'ont conduit à siéger sur de vastes pans de l’économie française, notamment du secteur énergétique. La thèse retrace la carrière pétrolière d'un homme qui a joué un rôle central pour le développement d'une industrie devenue stratégique, mais qui est embryonnaire lorsqu'il rejoint ce secteur après la Première Guerre mondiale. Mercier assiste et assure la création d'une industrie pétrolière nationale. Les obstacles se font légion contre les ambitions pétrolières de la France. Elle se présente bien tard sur un marché étroitement contrôlé par de puissants trusts. La recherche et l'exploitation pétrolière demandent d'importantes ressources, et aucune société française n'a les moyens d'une politique indépendante. Certaines banques se lancent alors dans les affaires de pétrole en s'alliant aux grands trusts internationaux. C'est le cas de Paribas; la gestion de ses avoirs roumains représente la première expérience de Mercier dans ce secteur. L'État s'intéresse aussi au pétrole, il devient un acteur incontournable. Le gouvernement français n'a pourtant pas les moyens de ses ambitions dans le domaine pétrolier. La politique nationale mise en place durant l'entre-deux-guerres doit faire appel à l'épargne privée française. La création d'une compagnie nationale, la Compagnie française des pétroles, en 1924 regroupe ainsi les différentes banques et sociétés intéressées au pétrole. Mercier est personnellement choisi par le président Raymond Poincaré pour mener à bien cette mission. Cette carrière s'articule donc autour d'un fragile équilibre entre milieux privés et gouvernement. Mercier devient rapidement l'intermédiaire incontournable qui régit ces relations. La thèse s'appuie sur les archives bancaires et industrielles, mais aussi sur celles du gouvernement français et de ses différents ministères. Cette analyse de la carrière d'Ernest Mercier permet de retracer les origines du secteur pétrolier français et l'action déterminante d'un homme. Elle expose les mécanismes d'influence d'une puissante banque d'affaires et les conflits d'intérêts qu'engendre l'exploitation pétrolière.

Otimização da produção biotecnológica de lipases e correlação com a produção de biossurfactantes

As lipases e os biossurfactantes são compostos produzidos por microrganismos através de fermentações em estado sólido (FES) ou sumberso (FSm), os quais são aplicáveis nas indústrias alimentícia e farmacêutica, na bioenergia e na biorremediação, entre outras. O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi otimizar a produção de lipases através de fermentação em estado sólido e fermentação submersa. Os fungos foram selecionados quanto à habilidade de produção de lipases através de FES e FSm e aqueles que apresentaram as maiores atividades lipolíticas foram utilizados na seleção de variáveis significativas e na otimização da produção de lipases nos dois modos de cultivo. Foram empregadas técnicas seqüenciais de planejamento experimental, incluindo planejamentos fracionários, completos e a metodologia de superfície de resposta para a otimização da produção de lipases. As variáveis estudadas na FES foram o pH, o tipo de farelo como fonte de carbono, a fonte de nitrogênio, o indutor, a concentração da fonte de nitrogênio, a concentração do indutor e a cepa do fungo. Na FSm, além das variáveis estudadas na FES, estudaram-se as variáveis concentração inicial de inóculo e agitação. As enzimas produzidas foram caracterizadas quanto à temperatura e pH ótimos e quanto à estabilidade a temperatura e pH. Nas condições otimizadas de produção de lipases, foi avaliada a correlação entre a produção de lipases e bioemulsificantes. Inicialmente foram isolados 28 fungos. Os fungos Aspergillus O- 4 e Aspergillus E-6 foram selecionados como bons produtores de lipases no processo de fermentação em estado sólido e os fungos Penicillium E-3, Trichoderma E-19 e Aspergillus O-8 como bons produtores de lipases através da fermentação submersa. As condições otimizadas para a produção de lipases através de fermentação em estado sólido foram obtidas utilizando-se o fungo Aspergillus O-4, farelo de soja, 2% de nitrato de sódio, 2% de azeite de oliva e pHs inferiores a 5, obtendo-se atividades lipolíticas máximas de 57 U. As condições otimizadas para a produção de lipases na fermentação submersa foram obtidas utilizando-se o fungo Aspergillus O-8, farelo de trigo, 4,5% de extrato de levedura, 2% de óleo de soja e pH 7,15. A máxima atividade obtida durante a etapa de otimização foi 6 U. As lipases obtidas por FES apresentaram atividades máximas a 35ºC e pH 6,0, enquanto que as obtidas por FSm apresentaram ótimos a 37ºC e pH 7,2. A estabilidade térmica das lipases produzidas via FSm foi superior a das lipases obtidas via FES, com atividades residuais de 72% e 26,8% após 1h de exposição a 90ºC e 60ºC, respectivamente. As lipases obtidas via FES foram mais estáveis em pH´s alcalinos, com atividades residuais superiores a 60% após 24 h de exposição, enquanto as lipases produzidas via FSm foram mais estáveis em pH´s ácidos, com 80% de atividade residual na faixa de pH entre 3,5 e 6,5. Na fermentação submersa a correlação entre a produção de lipases e a atividade emulsificante óleo em água (O/A) e água em óleo (A/O) dos extratos foi 95,4% e 86,8%, respectivamente, obtendo-se atividades emulsificantes máximas O/A e A/O de 2,95 UE e 42,7 UE. Embora a maior produção de lipases tenha sido obtida na fermentação em estado sólido, não houve produção concomitante de biossurfactantes. Os extratos da fermentação submersa apresentaram redução da tensão superficial de 50 mN m -1 para 28 mN m -1 e atividade antimicrobiana frente ao microrganismo S. aureus ATCC 25923, com potenciais antimicrobianos de 36 a 43% nos três primeiros dias de fermentação. A fermentação submersa foi a técnica que apresentou os melhores resultados de otimização da produção de lipases, bem como de produção simultânea de biossurfactantes.

Potencial antifúngico, antioxidante e inibidor da produção de aflatoxina por extratos fenólicos de Chlorella sp. e Spirulina platensis

A contaminação fúngica acarreta alterações na qualidade nutricional e no valor econômico de produtos alimentícios podendo causar danos patológicos em plantas, animais e humanos. A identificação da atividade antioxidante, antifúngica e antimicotoxinas, em extratos de microalgas com propriedade de inibir a multiplicação de fungos e subseqüente produção de micotoxinas abre a perspectiva de empregar substâncias mais eficientes e com maior ação específica contra estes microorganismos. Entre os compostos com propriedades inibidoras de radicais livres, de crescimento fúngico e produção de micotoxinas, destacam-se os compostos fenólicos, que podem inibir a atividade metabólica microbiana, dificultando a atividade de enzimas. Neste estudo foram avaliados o poder de inibição de multiplicação fúngica de Rhizopus oryzae e Aspergillus flavus pelos extratos fenólicos de Chlorella sp. e Spirulina platensis, bem como sua atividade antioxidante, e a atividade antimicotoxinas da última microalga contra Aspergillus flavus. O conteúdo de fenóis totais foi em média 1000 µgfenóis/g Spirulina platensis e 600 µgfenóis/g Chlorella sp., sendo que o acido gálico e o cafeíco foram identificados como compostos majoritários na Spirulina platensis. As determinações de glicosamina (parede celular) e ergosterol (membrana celular) mostraram-se bons indicativos do desenvolvimento microbiano permitindo uma boa estimativa da inibição dele. O extrato fenólico de Spirulina platensis apresentou capacidade de inibir cerca de 50% a formação da parede e da membrana celular para ambos os fungos estudados e de 100% a produção de aflatoxina B1 até o 10º dia de cultivo do Aspergillus flavus. Além disso, o extrato metanólico de Spirulina platensis inativou 53,5% o DPPH reativo, limitou o escurecimento enzimático ocasionado pela peroxidase em 55% e inibiu a peroxidação lipídica em 46% após 14 dias de armazenamento sob luz. Estes resultados mostram que a ação antifúngica, antimicotoxinas e antioxidante está naturalmente presente em alguns tecidos microbianos e que encontrar a forma de extraí-los e aplicá-los como conservantes alimentícios é muito promissor para substituição aos antifúngicos e outros conservantes químicos.

Ernest Mercier, le pétrole et la France

Ernest Mercier est l’un des patrons les plus influents de l'entre-deux-guerres en France. Ses différentes activités industrielles l'ont conduit à siéger sur de vastes pans de l’économie française, notamment du secteur énergétique. La thèse retrace la carrière pétrolière d'un homme qui a joué un rôle central pour le développement d'une industrie devenue stratégique, mais qui est embryonnaire lorsqu'il rejoint ce secteur après la Première Guerre mondiale. Mercier assiste et assure la création d'une industrie pétrolière nationale. Les obstacles se font légion contre les ambitions pétrolières de la France. Elle se présente bien tard sur un marché étroitement contrôlé par de puissants trusts. La recherche et l'exploitation pétrolière demandent d'importantes ressources, et aucune société française n'a les moyens d'une politique indépendante. Certaines banques se lancent alors dans les affaires de pétrole en s'alliant aux grands trusts internationaux. C'est le cas de Paribas; la gestion de ses avoirs roumains représente la première expérience de Mercier dans ce secteur. L'État s'intéresse aussi au pétrole, il devient un acteur incontournable. Le gouvernement français n'a pourtant pas les moyens de ses ambitions dans le domaine pétrolier. La politique nationale mise en place durant l'entre-deux-guerres doit faire appel à l'épargne privée française. La création d'une compagnie nationale, la Compagnie française des pétroles, en 1924 regroupe ainsi les différentes banques et sociétés intéressées au pétrole. Mercier est personnellement choisi par le président Raymond Poincaré pour mener à bien cette mission. Cette carrière s'articule donc autour d'un fragile équilibre entre milieux privés et gouvernement. Mercier devient rapidement l'intermédiaire incontournable qui régit ces relations. La thèse s'appuie sur les archives bancaires et industrielles, mais aussi sur celles du gouvernement français et de ses différents ministères. Cette analyse de la carrière d'Ernest Mercier permet de retracer les origines du secteur pétrolier français et l'action déterminante d'un homme. Elle expose les mécanismes d'influence d'une puissante banque d'affaires et les conflits d'intérêts qu'engendre l'exploitation pétrolière.

Desarrollo de cosechadoras de olivar tradicional basadas en sacudidores de copa

El olivar español es el primer productor mundial de aceite (40%) y de aceituna de mesa (25%). La mayor parte del olivar no es rentable y es clave reducir sus costes. Dado que la recolección supone del orden del 50% de su valor, en ella se deben centrar los esfuerzos. No existe una solución única válida para la recolección de todos los tipos de olivar, aunque, en olivares modernos de media y de alta densidad existe un alto grado de mecanización. Sin embargo, el olivar tradicional, que representa casi el 70% del total, no dispone de una cosechadora. Su introducción supondría un cambio tecnológico y una innovación clave para este tipo de olivar. La presente memoria expone los resultados obtenidos en I+D+i con el objetivo principal de desarrollar la primera cosechadora para la recolección integral de olivar tradicional. En una primera fase, se realizó un estudio de un sistema sacudidor de copa procedente de cítricos para su aplicación a olivar, determinando las características de la sacudida y del funcionamiento de la máquina en campo. Posteriormente, se completaron estos estudios, determinado la forma y zona de caída de los frutos. Por último, se desarrolló un sistema de recepción, logística, limpieza y almacenaje del fruto para incorporación de, alcanzándose resultados muy prometedores en la recolección integral del árbol. En fases posteriores, se realizó una caracterización de árboles y plantaciones tradicionales para poder realizar un diseño específico de sistema de derribo adaptado a esta tipología. Tras un proceso de investigación sobre los principios de la sacudida de la copa y el desprendimiento de los frutos, se avanzó en el diseño y fabricación de nuevos sistemas de sacudida de copa, así como en el desarrollo de tecnología para el copiado automático del contorno del árbol. Los nuevos sistemas para derribar las aceitunas alcanzaron resultados prometedores para su aplicación al olivar tradicional, adaptándose a su morfología y a las características singulares de sus árboles. Finalmente, fruto del trabajo realizado en la línea 1 del convenio Mecaolivar, toda la investigación desarrollada se materializó en la fabricación de un prototipo de cosechadora con sistema sacudidor de copa para el olivar tradicional. Estas máquinas demuestran la viabilidad de la cosecha integral de los olivos tradicionales.

Valorização integrada de resíduos e subprodutos da extração do azeite: extração e caraterização de compostos bioativos do bagaço de azeitona

Dissertação de Mestrado, Tecnologia de Alimentos, Instituto Superior de Engenharia, Universidade do Algarve, 2016

Food consumption and risk of malnutrition in community-dwelling very old Spanish adults (≥ 80 years)

Introduction: There are few studies assessing overall diet and food patterns of the oldest population. Objectives: To examine food groups consumption (grams and servings) and their compliance with the dietary guidelines in community-dwelling very old Spanish adults. The relationship with the risk of malnutrition was also studied. Methods: Within the cross-sectional health study of elderly people of Villanueva de la Cañada (Madrid, Spain), in 98 non-institutionalized elders aged ≥ 80 years (66% women) food consumption was calculated from a 24-hour dietary recall and nutritional risk was assessed by Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA). Statistical significance was evaluated at 95% confidence level (p < 0.05). Results: Men consumed significantly higher amounts of snacks/pickles and alcoholic beverages. The consumption of cereals/grain products (2 servings/day), vegetables (1.5 servings/day) and meat, fish, eggs (1.4 servings/day), was below desirable levels. As nutritional status got worse, fruit consumption was significantly smaller (p = 0.039). Relatively weak but highly significant correlations were found between MNA and oils/fats, fruits and alcoholic beverages. After adjustment for energy intake, oils and fats and fruits associations disappeared whereas a negative association between milk/dairy products and MNA was found. Conclusions: Dietary patterns of the elderly population of Villanueva are departing from the traditional Mediterranean diet and though adequate consumption of fruits, milk/dairy products, oils/fats and sugar/confectionery has been achieved, cereals/grain products, vegetables and the meat,fish,eggs group consumption was below the desirable levels. Deterioration of the nutritional status coincided with a reduction in the consumption of all food groups except for ready meals and milk/dairy products whose consumption increased. Further research on the influence of fruit, milk/dairy products, wine and olive oil consumption on nutritional status is required.

Implementação do algoritmo (RTM) para processamento sísmico em arquiteturas não convencionais

With the growth of energy consumption worldwide, conventional reservoirs, the reservoirs called "easy exploration and production" are not meeting the global energy demand. This has led many researchers to develop projects that will address these needs, companies in the oil sector has invested in techniques that helping in locating and drilling wells. One of the techniques employed in oil exploration process is the reverse time migration (RTM), in English, Reverse Time Migration, which is a method of seismic imaging that produces excellent image of the subsurface. It is algorithm based in calculation on the wave equation. RTM is considered one of the most advanced seismic imaging techniques. The economic value of the oil reserves that require RTM to be localized is very high, this means that the development of these algorithms becomes a competitive differentiator for companies seismic processing. But, it requires great computational power, that it still somehow harms its practical success. The objective of this work is to explore the implementation of this algorithm in unconventional architectures, specifically GPUs using the CUDA by making an analysis of the difficulties in developing the same, as well as the performance of the algorithm in the sequential and parallel version