Patologia e tratamento de sementes: noções gerais.

A importância da patologia de sementes reside no fato de que aproximadamente 90% das culturas utilizadas para a alimentação são propagadas por semente. Dentre essas, nove são consideradas de importância primordial: soja, trigo, arroz, milho, feijão, amendoim, sorgo, cevada e beterraba açucareira.Todas essas culturas podem ser afetadas por patógenos muito agressivos transmitidos através da semente. Assim, o teste de sanidade de semente pode ser considerado como "medicina preventiva", tanto nos programas de quarentena quanto no sistema de produção de semente certificada. Nesta publicação, em sua primeira parte, são abordados os principais aspectos da patologia de sementes, como os seus históricos no mundo e no Brasil, os diferentes métodos utilizados e os fatores que podem causar variação nos resultados dos testes. Em sua segunda parte, são discutidos, em detalhe, os principais patógenos causadores de doenças na cultura da soja que são transmitidos pela semente. Dentre esses, destacam-se, Phomopsis sp. e Fusarium semitectum, causadores de problemas de germinação no laboratório quando ocorrem chuvas durante as fases de maturação e colheita da semente (podridão de semente); Diaporthe phaseolorum f.sp. meridionalis (Phomopsis meridionalis) (cancro da haste); Colletotrichum truncatum (antracnose); Cercospora kikuchii (mancha púrpura); Cercospora sojina (mancha olho-de-rã); Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (podridão branca); Sclerotium rolfsii (tombamento e morte de plantas); Macrophomina phaseolina (podridão de carvão); Rhizoctonia solani (tombamento) e Aspergillus spp. (A. flavus) que, além de ser considerado fungo de armazenagem, é responsável pela podridão da semente no solo, quando a semeadura é feita em solos com baixa disponibilidade de água, sem o tratamento da semente com fungicida. Finalmente é discutida a importância do tratamento de semente de soja com fungicidas, cuja tecnologia, desde a safra 2001/02, vem sendo utilizada em mais de 93% da área semeada com soja no Brasil.

Mal do Panamá ou fusariose da bananeira.

Informacoes sobre a fusariose da bananeira, ocorrencia, sintomas, controle e medidas preventivas, para o Estado do Amazonas.

Contribuição para o reconhecimento de doenças vasculares da bananeira (Musa spp).

Mal-do-panamá. Moko ou murcha bacteriana. Murcha de Erwinia ou podridão mole do rizoma. Murcha abiótica. Características diferenciadoras das murchas bióticas e abióticas em bananeiras. Sintomas externos. Sintomas internos.

Doenças da bananeira no Estado do Amazonas.

Doenças foliares. Sigatoka-negra. Sintomas. Controle. Controle genético. Controle químico. Reação de cultivares da bananeira às principais doenças. Fungicidas recomendadas para o controle das sigatokas negra e amarela. Sigatoka-amarela ou mal-de-sigatoka. Mosaico-da-bananeira. Estrias-da-bananeira. Mancha-de-cordana. Doenças vasculares. Moko. Mal-do-panamá. Murcha-abiótica da bananeira.

Doenças da berinjela no Brasil.

2011

Diagnose e controle alternativo de doenças em alface, alho, cebola e brássicas.

Esse trabalho pretende-se apresentar uma breve descrição dos sintomas das principais doenças em alface, alho, cebola e bássicas que facilitarão sua diagnose e a determinação de métodos alternativos de controle a serem empregados, semelhante ao que se pratica na agricultura orgânica.

Identificação dos principais fungos das sementes de trigo.

Procedimento para identificação dos fungos das sementes de trigo; Descrição diagnostica dos principais fungos das sementes de trigo; Sclerotium Tode; Rhizoctonia DC; Chaetomium Kunze; Pleospora Rabenh; Sporobolomyces Kluy. & Niel; Rhodotorula Harrison; Phoma Sacc.; Septoria tritici Rob; Stagonospora nodorum (Berk.) Cas. & Germ.; Stagonospora avenae (Frank) Bisset f. sp. triticae; Colletotrichum graminicola (Ces.) Wilson; Fusarium tricinctum (Corda) Sacc; Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon; Fusarium avenaceum (Fr.) Sacc; Fusarium acuminatum Ell. & Kellerm; Fusarium equiseti (Corda) Sacc.; Fusarium graminearum Schw.; Mucor Micheli; Rhizopus Ehrenb; Aspergillus Link.; Penicillium Link.; Alternaria Nees; Epicoccum Link; Cladosporium Link; Nigrospora Zimm; Curvularia Boedijn; Drechslera tritici-repentis (Died.) Drech; Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc. in Sorok.) Shoem; Chave sistemática dos principais fungos de sementes de trigo; Ilustrações dos principais fungos encontrados em sementes de trigo.

Diagnóstico de Ralstonia solanacearum em tomateiro.

Pretende-se, com esta publicação, fornecer informações sobre os processos envolvidos na identificação da doença, coleta e envio de material para análise laboratorial, técnicas de identificação e armazenamento de cepas do patógeno.

Identificação dos principais fungos das sementes de trigo.

Procedimento para identificação dos fungos das sementes de trigo; Descrição diagnostica dos principais fungos das sementes de trigo; Sclerotium Tode; Rhizoctonia DC; Chaetomium Kunze; Pleospora Rabenh; Sporobolomyces Kluy. & Niel; Rhodotorula Harrison; Phoma Sacc.; Septoria tritici Rob; Stagonospora nodorum (Berk.) Cas. & Germ.; Stagonospora avenae (Frank) Bisset f. sp. triticae; Colletotrichum graminicola (Ces.) Wilson; Fusarium tricinctum (Corda) Sacc; Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon; Fusarium avenaceum (Fr.) Sacc; Fusarium acuminatum Ell. & Kellerm; Fusarium equiseti (Corda) Sacc.; Fusarium graminearum Schw.; Mucor Micheli; Rhizopus Ehrenb; Aspergillus Link.; Penicillium Link.; Alternaria Nees; Epicoccum Link; Cladosporium Link; Nigrospora Zimm; Curvularia Boedijn; Drechslera tritici-repentis (Died.) Drech; Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc. in Sorok.) Shoem; Chave sistemática dos principais fungos de sementes de trigo; Ilustrações dos principais fungos encontrados em sementes de trigo.

Biological wastes as plant growth substrate amendments

Globally, agriculture is being intensified with mechanization and increased use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. There has been a scaling up of production to satisfy the demands of supermarket distribution. Problems associated with intensification of production, trade globalisation and a larger market demand for greater volumes of fresh produce, include consumers' concern about pesticide residues and leaching of nutrients and pesticides into the environment, as well as increases in the transmission of human food-poisoning pathogens on raw vegetables and in fruit juices. The first part of this research was concerned with the evaluation of a biological control strategy for soil-borne pathogens, these are difficult to eliminate and the chemicals of which the most effective fumigants e.g. methyl bromide, are being withdrawn form use. Chitin-containing crustaceans shellfish waste was investigated as a selective growth substrate amendment in the field, in glasshouse and in storage trials against Sclerotinia disease of Helianthus tuberosus, Phytophthora fragariae disease of Fragaria vesca and Fusarium disease of Dianthus. Results showed that addition to shellfish waste stimulated substrate microbial populations and lytic activity and induced plant defense proteins, namely chitinases and cellulases. Protective effects were seen in all crop models but the results indicate that further trials are required to confirm long-term efficacy. The second part of the research investigated the persistence of enteric bacteria in raw salad vegetables using model food poisoning isolates. In clinical investigations plants are sampled for bacterial contamination but no attempt is made to differentiate between epiphytes and endophytes. Results here indicate that the mode isolates persist endophytically thereby escaping conventional chlorine washes and they may also induce host defenses, which results in their suppression and in negative results in conventional plate count screening. Finally a discussion of criteria that should be considered for a HACCP plan for safe raw salad vegetable production is presented.

Antimicrobial activities and diversity of sponge derived microbes

In this study, marine sponges collected in Irish waters were analysed for their associated microbiota. Of the approximately 240 bacterial isolates obtained from two sponges several showed antimicrobial activity; among them members of genera which have rarely been shown to produce antimicrobial compounds. Differences observed from the sponge-derived groups of isolates in terms of bioactivity suggests that S. carnosus isolates may be a better source of antibacterial compounds, while Leucosolenia sp. isolates appear to be a better source of antifungal compounds. More than 60% of fungal isolates obtained from 12 sponge samples proved to be bioactive. One of the isolates, which was closely related to Fusarium oxysporum and showed activity against bacteria and fungi, was investigated for its secondary metabolite genes. At least 5 different NRPS genes, with a sequence similarity as low as 50 % to known genes, were identified highlighting the likelihood that this isolate may be capable of producing novel secondary metabolites. A Micromonospora sp. was isolated from a Haliclona simulans sample collected in Irish waters. The isolate inhibited the growth of Gram positive bacterial test strains in three different antimicrobial assays. Employing preparative layer chromatography the compound responsible for the bioactivity could be isolated. According to LC-MS andNMR data the bioactive compound could indeed be novel. Finally, two deep water sponges were shown to host a remarkably different bacterial and archaeal diversity by application of 454 Pyrosequencing. The L. diversichela –proteobacterial community was dominated by a single ƴ-proteobacterial bacterium whereas the S. normani sample hosted a largely sponge specific microbial community, even more diverse than has been previously reported for shallow water sponges. Organisms potentially involved in nitrification, sulphate reduction and secondary metabolite production were found to be spatially distributed in the sponge. Furthermore, a deep sea specific population was implied.

“Green preservatives” – combating fungi in the food industry by applying antifungal lactic acid bacteria

Fungal spoilage is the most common type of microbial spoilage in food leading to significant economical and health problems throughout the world. Fermentation by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) is one of the oldest and most economical methods of producing and preserving food. Thus, LAB can be seen as an interesting tool in the development of novel bio-preservatives for food industry. The overall objective of this study was to demonstrate, that LAB can be used as a natural way to improve the shelf-life and safety of a wide range of food products. In the first part of the thesis, 116 LAB isolates were screened for their antifungal activity against four Aspergillus and Penicillium spp. commonly found in food. Approximately 83% of them showed antifungal activity, but only 1% showed a broad range antifungal activity against all tested fungi. The second approach was to apply LAB antifungal strains in production of food products with extended shelf-life. L. reuteri R29 strain was identified as having strong antifungal activity in vitro, as well as in sourdough bread against Aspergillus niger, Fusarium culmorum and Penicillium expansum. The ability of the strain to produce bread of good quality was also determined using standard baking tests. Another strain, L. amylovorus DSM19280, was also identified as having strong antifungal activity in vitro and in vivo. The strain was used as an adjunct culture in a Cheddar cheese model system and demonstrated the inhibition of P. expansum. Significantly, its presence had no detectable negative impact on cheese quality as determined by analysis of moisture, salt, pH, and primary and secondary proteolysis. L. brevis PS1 a further strain identified during the screening as very antifungal, showed activity in vitro against common Fusarium spp. and was used in the production of a novel functional wortbased alcohol-free beverage. Challenge tests performed with F. culmorum confirmed the effectiveness of the antifungal strain in vivo. The shelf-life of the beverage was extended significantly when compared to not inoculated wort sample. A range of antifungal compounds were identified for the 4 LAB strains, namely L. reuteri ee1p, L. reuteri R29, L. brevis PS1 and L. amylovorous DSM20531. The identification of the compounds was based on liquid chromatography interfaced to the mass spectrometer and PDA detector

Investigation of lactic acid bacteria mediated bioprotection with applications in cereal industry. Case-study: malting process

Antifungal compounds produced by Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) metabolites can be natural and reliable alternative for reducing fungal infections pre- and post-harvest with a multitude of additional advantages for cereal-base products. Toxigenic and spoilage fungi are responsible for numerous diseases and economic losses. This thesis includes an overview of the impact fungi have on aspects of the cereal food chain. The applicability of LAB in plant protection and cereal industry is discussed in detail. Specific case studies include Fusarium head blight, and the impact of fungi in the malting and baking industry. The impact of Fusarium culmorum infected raw barley on the final malt quality was part of the investigation. In vitro infected barley grains were fully characterized. The study showed that the germinative energy of infected barley grains decreased by 45% and grains accumulated 199 μg.kg-1 of deoxynivalenol (DON). Barley grains were subsequently malted and fully characterized. Fungal biomass increased during all stages of malting. Infected malt accumulated 8-times its DON concentration during malting. Infected malt grains revealed extreme structural changes due to proteolytic, (hemi)-cellulolytic and starch degrading activity of the fungi, this led to increased friability and fragmentation. Infected grains also had higher protease and β-glucanase activities, lower amylase activity, a greater proportion of free amino and soluble nitrogen, and a lower β-glucan content. Malt loss was over 27% higher in infected malt when compared to the control. The protein compositional changes and respective enzymatic activity of infected barley and respective malt were characterized using a wide range of methods. F. culmorum infected barley grains showed an increase in proteolytic activity and protein extractability. Several metabolic proteins decreased and increased at different rates during infection and malting, showing a complex F. culmorum infection interdependence. In vitro F. culmorum infected malt was used to produce lager beer to investigate changes caused by the fungi during the brewing processes and their effect on beer quality attributes. It was found, that the wort containing infected malt had a lower pH, a higher FAN, higher β-glucan and a 45% increase in the purging rate, and led to premature yeast flocculation. The beer produced with infected malt (IB) had also a significantly different amino acid profile. IB flavour characterization revealed a higher concentration of esters, fusel alcohols, fatty acids, ketones, and dimethylsulfide, and in particular, acetaldehyde, when compared to the control. IB had a greater proportion of Strecker aldehydes and Maillard products contributing to an increased beer staling character. IB resulted in a 67% darker colour with a trend to better foam stability. It was also found that 78% of the accumulated mycotoxin deoxynivalenol in the malt was transferred into beer. A LAB cell-freesupernatant (cfs), produced in wort-base substrate, was investigated for its ability to inhibit Fusarium growth during malting. Wort was a suitable substrate for LAB exhibiting antifungal activity. Lactobacillus amylovorus DSM19280 inhibited 104 spores.mL-1 for 7 days, after 120 h of fermentation, while Lactobacillus reuteri R29 inhibited 105 spores.mL-1 for 7 days, after 48 h of fermentation. Both LAB cfs had significant different organic acid profiles. Acid-base antifungal compounds were identified and, phenyllactic, hydroxy-phenyllactic, and benzoic acids were present in higher concentrations when compared to the control. A 3 °P wort substrate inoculated With L. reuteri R29 (cfs) was applied in malting and successfully inhibited Fusarium growth by 23%, and mycotoxin DON by 80%. Malt attributes resulted in highly modified grains, lower pH, higher colouration, and higher extract yield. The implementation of selected LAB producing antifungal compounds can be used successfully in the malting process to reduce mould growth and mycotoxin production.

Evaluación de parámetros de calidad en dos cultivares de melón aplicando distintos niveles de potasio mediante fertirrigación en cultivo bajo cubierta

El estudio sobre las condiciones de fertilidad y variables de calidad del melón resultan de suma importancia para el mejoramiento de la aptitud y competitividad del producto. El objetivo de esta tesis fue determinar la influencia del contenido de potasio y su efecto sobre relaciones nitrógeno/potasio de la solución de fertilizante sobre la producción, calidad y sanidad de los frutos en dos cultivares de melén (tipo Honey Dew y Cantaloupe) bajo invernáculo y sobre propiedades físico químicas del suelo. Se determinaron propiedades de calidad, sanitarias y se analizaron propiedades relacionadas a la fertilidad de los suelos. El rendimiento y las variables de calidad como: diámetro ecuatorial y polar, sólidos totales y azúcares presentaron en ambos cultivares mayor valor en el tratamiento con mayor contenido de potasio. El grosor de la cáscara no mostró diferencias significativas, al igual que en la resistencia a la presión, como tampoco el color superficial, la longitud de la cavidad central ni el contenido de nitratos en los frutos. Ambos cultivares fueron susceptibles a la inoculación con el Fusarium semitectum, aunque Honey Dew presentó una mayor resistencia a la infección, pero sin diferencias significativas. La mayoría de las variables relacionadas al suelo no se modificaron con los tratamientos de fertilización con excepción del contenido de potasio en cosecha y poscosecha. Este hecho sumado a las relaciones significativas y positivas entre los contenidos de potasio del suelo y variables relacionadas a la calidad y producción del cultivo de melón, sugiere que el efecto de la fertilización se dio fundamentalmente a través de cambios en la disponibilidad de potasio.

Alternativas técnicas para el almacenamiento de calabacitas Butternut o coreanas (Cucurbita moschata Duch.)

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