Subsídio para a Monitorização da Flora Autóctone da Ilha de S. Vicente

De acordo com a literatura, a flora vascular de S. Vicente é relativamente pobre em termos de diversidade biológica (número de espécies e grau de cobertura). Factores naturais adversos, aliados à acção antrópica, têm provocado, ao longo dos anos, uma crescente degradação das populações de espécies. Algumas espécies da vegetação natural, muito importantes sob o ponto de vista socio-económico e científico, encontram-se ameaçadas de extinção. A realização deste trabalho justificou-se pela necessidade de se colmatar a ausência de conhecimentos sobre a vegetação autóctone da ilha, em termos quantitativos. Reconhece-se que a abordagem quantitativa é de extrema importância, sendo um dos subsídios para a monitorização da vegetação em geral, e autóctone em particular. Além disso, o estudo da vegetação requer uma actualização constante pois, existe uma forte dinâmica em termos quantitativos da vegetação tanto para níveis de densidade maiores como para menores. Actualmente as ameaças naturais às espécies autóctones são bem visíveis. Elas devem-se a uma forte acção do homem, com reflexos devastadores sobre a vegetação, evidenciando ainda mais a necessidade de actualização constante dos inventários. Procurou-se assim, clarificar a situação actual da flora autóctone da ilha, focalizando as áreas acima referidas e principalmente o Parque Natural do Monte Verde. Realizaram-se ainda, a quantificação e o esboço cartográfico das espécies endémicas e indígenas em risco de extinção.

Anti-60kDa heat shock protein antibodies in fetal serum : a biomarker for unexplained small for gestational age fetuses

Rapport de synthèseObjectifsLe retard de croissance intrautérin (RCIU) est un problème affectant 10% des grossesses et est associé à une morbidité périnatale importante. Dans environ 80% des cas, une étiologie ou un facteur de risque majeur peuvent être identifiés. Mais près de 20% des cas sont considérés comme inexpliqués. La heat shock protéine 60kDa (HSP60) est une protéine fortement immunogène dont la synthèse est considérablement augmentée lors de conditions non- physiologiques. Les HSP60 humaines et bactériennes partagent un haut degré d'homologie de séquence ce qui peut engendrer une maladie auto-immune à la suite d'une infection bactérienne. Nous avons supposé que les RCIU inexpliqués pourraient être la conséquence d'une sensibilisation à l'HSP60 humaine.MéthodesLes RCIU inexpliqués ont été identifiés par mesure échographique avec un doppler normal, sans anomalies décelables chez la mère ou le foetus. Les sera foetaux ont été obtenus par cordocentèse, effectuée lors d'analyse du caryotype en cas de RCIU inexpliqué (groupe d'étude) ou pour le dépistage d'une incompatibilité Rhésus (groupe témoin). Ils ont été testés pour l'antigène HSP60 et les IgG et IgM anti-HSP60 par ELISA ainsi que pour d'autres paramètres immunitaires et hématologiques.RésultatsLes paramètres maternels sont similaires entre les 12 cas du groupe d'étude et les 23 cas du groupe contrôle. L'âge gestationnel moyen lors de la cordocentèse est de 29 semaines. Les IgM anti-HSP60 sont détectés dans 12 cas d'étude (100%) mais dans aucun cas contrôle (p <0,00017), les IgG anti-HSP60 dans 7 cas d'étude (58%) et un seul dans le groupe contrôle (p <0,001). Trois des quatre cas avec les taux d'IgM les plus élevés sont décédés. Il n'y a pas de différences entre les deux groupes quant aux taux d'antigène HSP60 ou d'autres marqueurs immunologiques ou hématologiques.ConclusionLes foetus avec un RCIU inexpliqué expriment un taux élevé d'anticorps IgM et IgG contre l'HSP60 humaine et le taux d'IgM est un facteur prédictif de la mortalité foetale. La détection de ces anticorps indique qu'une perturbation placentaire et une réaction auto-immune foetale liée à l'HSP60 sont associées à ce retard de développement chez le foetus.

Identificação da Rede de Monitorização da Quantidade de Agua da Bacia Hidrográfica da Ribeira Seca – Cabo Verde - Princípios e Monitorização

Cabo Verde é um País insular, situado à 500kms da costa Ocidental Africana. Composto por 10 ilhas de origem vulcânicas, pertencentes a zona climática Saheliana árida, onde a precipitação anual é muito limitada e a estação das chuvas vai de Agosto a Outubro. A área do estudo é a bacia hidrográfica de Ribeira Seca, situada na parte nordeste da ilha de Santiago. De acordo com o Censo 2000, a população da bacia é estimada em 14.343 habitantes. Apesar de ser uma das bacias mais exploradas de Santiago, do ponto de vista da extracção da água, não existe um único piezométro. A obtenção de valores do volume explorado na bacia é uma tarefa bastante difícil, uma vez que a grande maioria dos poços e nascentes não é licenciado. Um conjunto de pontos de observação, onde periodicamente se efectua as medições do nível da água e o caudal das nascentes, constitui a rede de quantidade de água que compreende a rede piezométrica e a de caudais das nascentes. Este trabalho pretende elaborar uma rede de referência de quantidade de água que visa essencialmente a caracterização do recurso e o acompanhamento da sua evolução espaço-temporal para uma adequada gestão do mesmo.

Long-term expansion of transplantable human fetal liver hematopoietic stem cells

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), with their dual ability for self-renewal and multilineage differentiation, constitute an essential component of hematopoietic transplantations. Human fetal liver (FL) represents a promising alternative HSC source, and we previously reported simple culture conditions allowing long-term expansion of FL hematopoietic progenitors. In the present study, we used the nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD/SCID) mouse xenotransplantation assay to confirm that human FL is rich in NOD/SCID-repopulating cells (SRCs) and to show that these culture conditions repeatedly maintained short- and long-term SRCs from various FL samples for at least 28 days. Quantitative limited dilution analysis in NOD/SCID mice demonstrated for the first time that a 10- to over a 100-fold net expansion of FL SRCs could be achieved after 28 days of culture. The efficiency of this culture system may lead to an increase in the use of FL as a source of HSCs for transplantation in adult patients, as previously demonstrated with umbilical cord blood under different culture conditions.

Development and use of a high-fidelity simulator for fetal endotracheal balloon occlusion (FETO) insertion and removal.

Objectives The objective of this article is to describe the development of an anatomically accurate simulator in order to aid the training of a perinatal team in the insertion and removal of a fetal endoscopic tracheal occlusion (FETO) balloon in the management of prenatally diagnosed congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Methods An experienced perinatal team collaborated with a medical sculptor to design a fetal model for the FETO procedure. Measurements derived from 28-week fetal magnetic resonance imaging were used in the development of an anatomically precise simulated airway within a silicone rubber preterm fetal model. Clinician feedback was then used to guide multiple iterations of the model with serial improvements in the anatomic accuracy of the simulator airway. Results An appropriately sized preterm fetal mannequin with a high-fidelity airway was developed. The team used this model to develop surgical skills with balloon insertion, and removal, and to prepare the team for an integrated response to unanticipated delivery with the FETO balloon still in situ. Conclusions This fetal mannequin aided in the ability of a fetal therapy unit to offer the FETO procedure at their center for the first time. This model may be of benefit to other perinatal centers planning to offer this procedure.

Chronic wound healing by fetal cell therapy may be explained by differential gene profiling observed in fetal versus old skin cells.

Engineering of fetal tissue has a high potential for the treatment of acute and chronic wounds of the skin in humans as these cells have high expansion capacity under simple culture conditions and one organ donation can produce Master Cell Banks which can fabricate over 900 million biological bandages (9 x 12cm). In a Phase 1 clinical safety study, cases are presented for the treatment of therapy resistant leg ulcers. All eight patients, representing 13 ulcers, tolerated multiple treatments with fetal biological bandages showing no negative secondary effects and repair processes similar to that seen in 3rd degree burns. Differential gene profiling using Affymetrix gene chips (analyzing 12,500 genes) were accomplished on these banked fetal dermal skin cells compared to banked dermal skin cells of an aged donor in order to point to potential indicators of wound healing. Families of genes involved in cell adhesion and extracellular matrix, cell cycle, cellular signaling, development and immune response show significant differences in regulation between banked fetal and those from banked old skin cells: with approximately 47.0% of genes over-expressed in fetal fibroblasts. It is perhaps these differences which contribute to efficient tissue repair seen in the clinic with fetal cell therapy.

A Enfermagem e a Assistência Materno-Fetal na Diabetes Gestacional

Actualmente verifica-se que as doenças não transmissíveis (hipertensão arterial, diabetes mellitus e cancro) são as principais causas de morte no mundo, superando, em frequência e gravidade as doenças infecto-contagiosas. E Cabo Verde não constitui uma excepção acompanha a tendência mundial, caracterizada pelo aumento da esperança média de vida e consequentemente o envelhecimento da população. Este aumento das doenças crónicas também é influenciado pela adopção de estilos de vida não saudáveis. Tendo em conta o aumento das doenças crónicas, nomeadamente a diabetes mellitus, em associação com os hábitos não saudáveis e com as alterações fisiológicas da gestação surge a problemática da diabetes gestacional. Partindo desses pressupostos surge o presente trabalho, cujo tema é: ―A Enfermagem e a Assistência materno-fetal na Diabetes Gestacional”, suscitando a compreensão da importância da assistência de enfermagem na diminuição das complicações nas gestantes diabéticas. Assim sendo, para dar resposta a esse objectivo optou-se pela metodologia qualitativa e método de revisão da literatura. Desta pesquisa constatou-se que essas gestantes devem ser acompanhadas por uma equipa multidisciplinar, na qual o enfermeiro desempenha papel primordial, pois é o único profissional com formação na área de educação para a saúde visando o autocuidado/autocontrolo por parte da gestante, que constitui aspecto chave para o tratamento da diabetes gestacional. Também porque o enfermeiro constitui o elo de ligação entre a gestante, a família e a equipa de saúde. A assistência de enfermagem objectiva capacitar a gestante com os conhecimentos, a competência e a motivação necessária para atingir e manter um óptimo controlo da glicemia. Intervindo nesse aspecto o enfermeiro capacita as gestantes para o autocontrolo da diabetes obtendo, deste modo, um melhor controlo da glicemia capilar, diminuindo o risco de complicações. Mas para isso o enfermeiro deverá desenvolver capacidades intelectuais, afectivas, físicas, sociais, deverá possuir conhecimentos, habilidades e atitudes por forma a estabelecer uma relação de ajuda com a gestante e família, e assim prestar cuidados com qualidade e eficiência.

Fetal Diagnosis of Cardiac Rhabdomyoma, its Management and Outcome : P71

Objectives: This study analyses the long term cardiac and neurological outcome of patients with cardiac rhabdomyoma (CR) in order to allow comprehensive prenatal counselling. Because of the relative rarity of the disease, there is paucity of data concerning the outcome of patients with CR. Methods: A retrospective study including all cases with echocardiographic diagnosis of CR encountered between April 1986 and August 2006. Results: Of 24 CR patients identified, 7 were diagnosed in-utero at a gestational age (GA) between 28-35 weeks and 17 postnatally between 10 days and 5 years. 14 had multiple CR and 10 had one/two CR. The CRs were situated predominantly in the LV (70%), RV (52%) and IVS (48%) and to a lesser extent in the atria (13%) and pericardium (4%). Follow-up echocardiography in. 18'show\'ld complete postnatal regression of CR in 3, partial regression in 13 and no change in 2. Cardiac complications were encountered in 5 patients, 1 with WPW syndrome and SVT requiring anti-arrhythmic therapy, 1 with sub-aortic obstruction needing surgical intervention and 3 with occasional bouts of paroxysmal SVT. Long-term follow-up revealed tuberous sclerosis of Bourneville (TSB) as definite diagnosIs in 22 (92%), complicated by epilepsy in 16 (67%) and developmental delay in 14 (64%). Conclusions: CR generally regresses after birth and after the high risk perinatal period cardiac related problems are rare. The relatively poor neurodevelopmental outcome of the almost always associated TSB however should form a dominating aspect of the prenatal counselling of parents whose fetuses are diagnosed with this rare disease.

Fetal dose reduction in head and neck radiotherapy of a pregnant woman.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: A pregnant woman was referred for post-operative radiotherapy of a malignant schwannoma in the head and neck region. A best-treatment plan was devised in order to minimize the fetal dose. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The fetal dose resulting from radiological examinations was determined according to international protocols, that resulting from radiotherapy was calculated according to Recommendation 36 of the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) Task Group. Pre-treatment dosimetry was performed with an anthropomorphic phantom. Several alternative treatment plans were evaluated. The use of a multileaf collimator (MLC) and a virtual wedge (VW) was compared to cerrobend blocks (CB) and physical wedge (PW). In-vivo dosimetry was performed using a vaginal probe containing thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD). RESULTS: The total fetal dose resulting from diagnostic and radiotherapy procedures was estimated to be 36 mGy. The technique based on MLC and VW was elected for patient treatment. Measurements for this configuration resulted in afetal dose reduction of 82%. The shielding of the patient's abdomen further reduced the fetal dose by 42%. CONCLUSION: The use of VW and MLC for the treatment of a pregnant woman is highly recommended. Each case should be individually studied with pre-treatment and in-vivo dosimetry.

Expression of the proto-oncogene c-fos in three-dimensional fetal brain cell cultures and the lack of correlation with maturation-inducing stimuli.

Previous work has shown that aggregating fetal brain cell cultures are able to attain a highly differentiated state, and that their development is greatly enhanced by growth and/or differentiation factors such as epidermal growth factor (EGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and the protein kinase C-activating tumor promoter mezerein. The present study shows that in these 3-dimensional cultures the peptide growth factors EGF and bFGF as well as mezerein are able to induce the expression of the proto-oncogene c-fos. This induction was rapid and transient, in good agreement with observations reported from a wide variety of cell types in vitro. The maximal levels of c-fos mRNA found after stimulation were low in immature cultures and increased greatly as maturation progressed. Of the three factors tested, mezerein was the most potent inducer of c-fos. In contrast to the peptide growth factors EGF and bFGF which were found to induce c-fos only in glial cells, mezerein was stimulatory in glial cells as well as in neurons. A similar cell type specificity has been observed previously for the maturation-enhancing response in immature aggregate cultures. However, in the present study no correlation was found between the degree of c-fos induction and the extent of the maturation-enhancing stimulation. Immature cultures known to be most sensitive and responsive to these maturation-enhancing agents required relatively high doses of peptide growth factors for the induction of c-fos, and the maximal levels of c-fos mRNA elicited were much lower than those in differentiated cultures which did not show any long-term response to these stimuli.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Fetal MRI as complement to US in the diagnosis and characterization of anomalies of the genito-urinary tract.

The purpose of this study is to compare the accuracy of prenatal ultrasound (US) and prenatal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the diagnosis and characterization of congenital abnormalities of the genito-urinary tract and to determine if the additional information obtained by MRI may influence the management of the fetus. We retrospectively evaluate 15 cases of congenital genito-urinary tract anomalies detected by prenatal US and with echographic inconclusive diagnosis. We compare the MRI findings with the US findings and the final diagnosis, obtained from neonatal outcomes, imaging studies and pathology records. Fetal US diagnosis was correct in 9 cases (60%) and MRI in 13 cases (86.7%). Prenatal MRI revealed additional information to US in 9 cases (60%), which modified the initial US diagnosis in 5 cases (33.3%) and changed the therapeutic approach in 5 fetuses (33.3%). Fetal MRI was better than US in cases of oligoamnios and in fetuses with genito-urinary pathology concerning the pelvic and perineum region. We believe that MRI should be considered as a complementary diagnostic method in cases of echographic suspicion of congenital pathology of the genito-urinary tract and inconclusive prenatal US.

Monitorização e gestão dos Recursos Geológicos e seus impactes ambientais no concelho de São Domingos, ilha de Santiago - Cabo Verde, com ênfase na qualidade da Água

A água é um recurso natural essencial à vida fortemente suscetível de degradação, pelo que é fundamental a sua gestão e o controlo da sua qualidade. Os usos da água dependem das suas propriedades e composição. Estas, por sua vez, resultam de processos de interação água-rocha e da introdução antrópica de substâncias que podem afetar a sua qualidade e, assim, condicionar os usos. A presente investigação tem como objetivo a avaliação do estado de qualidade da água e potencialidades de uso no concelho de S. Domingos, Ilha de Santiago, Cabo Verde. Foram colhidas 22 amostras de água, sujeitas as medições in situ de parâmetros expeditos: pH, condutividade elétrica (CE), sólidos dissolvidos totais (TDS) e temperatura. A caracterização foi completada com a análise da componente aniónica (cloreto, brometo, fluoreto, nitrato, nitrito, fosfato e sulfato), de alcalinidade, oxidabilidade, sólidos suspensos totais e metais. Os resultados obtidos mostram, de uma maneira geral, o carácter mineralizado destas águas, com valor médio de condutividade de 1361µS/cm. A classificação hidroquímica, de acordo com diagrama de Piper, conduziu à discriminação dos seguintes tipos: águas mistas bicarbonatadas, equivalendo a 50% das amostras, mistas cloretadas (22,7%) e mistas sódicas (cloretadas e bicarbonatadas), correspondendo a 27% das amostras. Considerando o que está estabelecido no Decreto-Lei n.º 236/98, de 1 de agosto de Portugal e no Decreto-Lei nº8/2004 de Cabo Verde, que definem os valores paramétricos de qualidade da água, verificou-se que apenas 36% das amostras têm qualidade suficiente para consumo humano, cumprindo na íntegra os padrões de potabilidade estabelecidos. No que respeita à utilização da água para rega, segundo o Diagrama U. S. Salinity Laboratory, 68% das amostras mostram evidências de perigo salinização alto a muito alto e 32% apresentam risco médio. Quanto à alcalinização apenas 9% das amostras apresentam perigo médio, enquanto as restantes não indicam qualquer restrição de uso na agricultura. A análise estatística dos resultados pôs em evidência processos naturais de evolução hidroquímica, particularmente a salinização de amostras situadas em aluviões e praias fósseis. De maneira similar, o estudo efetuado revelou a existência de processos de degradação desencadeados por contaminação fecal. Visando a proteção da saúde da população do concelho, recomenda-se a implementação de medidas que proporcionem o aproveitamento sustentado e seguro dos recursos hídricos que passam, desde logo, pela elaboração de um plano de monitorização da qualidade de água para todo o concelho.

Pharmacovigilance in pregnancy: adverse drug reactions associated with fetal disorders.

Abstract Objective: To provide the first update on drug safety profiles and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) associated with fetal disorders from the Swiss national ADR database. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study using data from 202 pharmacovigilance reports on drug-associated fetal disorders from the Swiss national ADR database from 1990 to 2009. Evaluated aspects included administrative information on the report, drug exposure, and disorders. Results: The ADR reporting frequency on the topic of fetal disorders has increased during the last 20 years, from only 1 report in 1991 to a maximum of 31 reports in 2008. Nervous system drugs were the most frequently reported drug group (40.2%) above all antidepressants and antiepileptics. The highest level of overall drug intake could be observed for the 1st trimester (85.4%), especially for the first 6 weeks of pregnancy. The most frequently reported types of fetal disorders were malformations (68.8%), especially those of the musculoskeletal and circulatory systems. A positive association was discovered between antiepileptics and malformations in general and in particular of the circulatory system and the eye, ear, face, and neck. Conclusions: The results suggest that the nervous system drug group bears an especially high risk for malformations. The most commonly identified drug exposures can help focus pharmacoepidemiologic efforts in drug-induced birth defects.

Regulation of proliferation and differentiation of human fetal bone cells.

During the last decade, extensive research has been performed in the field of orthopedic medicine to develop cell-based therapies for the restoration of injured bone tissue. We previously demonstrated that human primary fetal bone cells (HFBCs) associated with porous scaffolds induced a bone formation in critical calvaria defect; however, the environmental factors regulating their behavior in culture have not been identified. HFBCs (human fetal femur,12 week development) were compared to marrow-derived human mesenchymal stem cells (HMSCs) for their capacity to proliferate and differentiate into osteoblasts under various culture conditions. When cultured in standard alphaMEM medium, PDGF and FGF-2 increased cell proliferation of both cell types. Investigation of the differentiating capacity of HFBCs and HMSCs in a normal culture medium indicated that HFBCs expressed higher expression levels of RUNX2, OSX, and osteogenic markers compared with HMSCs, while SOX9 was expressed at very low levels in both cells types. However, HMSCs, but not HFBCs enhanced osteoblastic markers in response to osteogenic factors. Surprisingly, BMP-2 with osteogenic factors increased cell numbers and reduced osteoblastic differentiation in HFBCs with the opposite effect seen in HMSCs. Associated with a higher expression of osteoblastic markers, HFBCs produced a higher calcified extra cellular matrix compared with HMSCs. Taken together, data presented in this study suggest that HFBCs have characteristics of osteoprecursor cells that are more advanced in their osteogenesis development compared with mesenchymal stem cells, making fetal cells an interesting biological tool for treatment of skeletal defects and diseases.

Developmental change in isoproterenol-mediated relaxation of pulmonary veins of fetal and newborn lambs.

beta-Adrenergic agonists are important regulators of perinatal pulmonary circulation. They cause vasodilation primarily via the adenyl cyclase-adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) pathway. We examined the responses of isolated fourth-generation pulmonary veins of term fetal (145 +/- 2 days gestation) and newborn (10 +/- 1 days) lambs to isoproterenol, a beta-adrenergic agonist. In vessels preconstricted with U-46619 (a thromboxane A2 analog), isoproterenol induced greater relaxation in pulmonary veins of newborn lambs than in those of fetal lambs. The relaxation was eliminated by propranolol, a beta-adrenergic antagonist. Forskolin, an activator of adenyl cyclase, also caused greater relaxation of veins of newborn than those of fetal lambs. 8-Bromoadenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate, a cell membrane-permeable analog of cAMP, induced a similar relaxation of all vessels. Biochemical studies show that isoproterenol and forskolin induced a greater increase in cAMP content and in adenyl cyclase activity of pulmonary veins in the newborn than in the fetal lamb. These results demonstrate that beta-adrenergic-agonist-mediated relaxation of pulmonary veins increases with maturation. An increase in the activity of adenyl cyclase may contribute to the change.