Cork industry wastewater characterization assessment of the biodegradability, reuse and of the relationship between BOD, COD and tannins with TOC

Cork processing involves a boiling step to make the cork softer, which consumes a high volume of water and generates a wastewater with a high organic content, rich in tannins. An assessment of the final wastewater characteristics and of the boiling water composition along the boiling process was performed. The parameters studied were pH, color, total organic carbon (TOC), chemical and biochemical oxygen demands (COD, BOD5, BOD20), total suspended solids (TSS), total phenols and tannins (TP, TT). It was observed that the water solutes extraction power is significantly reduced for higher quantities of cork processed. Valid relationships between parameters were established not only envisaging wastewater characterization but also to provide an important tool for wastewater monitoring and for process control/optimization. Boiling water biodegradability presented decreasing values with the increase of cork processed and for the final wastewater its value is always lower than 0.5, indicating that these wastewaters are very difficult to treat by biological processes. The biodegradability was associated with the increase of tannin content that can rise up to 0.7 g/L. These compounds can be used by other industries when concentrated and the clarified wastewater can be reused, which is a potential asset in this wastewater treatment.

Adam Smith on power and maritime trade

Copyright © 2014 The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA.

Gestão do risco em mercados de energia eléctrica recorrendo ao VaR por simulação de Monte Carlo

Mestrado em Engenharia Electrotécnica – Sistemas Eléctricos de Energia.

The Czech Republic and NATO

Dissertação de Mestrado em Relações Internacionais.

Sistema pericial para o estudo de composição de betões

O betão é o material de construção feito pelo Homem mais utilizado no mundo. A sua composição é um processo complexo que exige um conhecimento teórico sólido e muita experiência prática, pelo que poucas pessoas estão habilitadas para o fazer e são muito requisitadas. No entanto não existe muita oferta actual de software que contemple alguns dos aspectos importantes da composição do betão, nomeadamente para o contexto europeu. Nesse sentido, foi desenvolvido um sistema de apoio à decisão chamado Betacomp, baseado num sistema pericial, para realizar estudos de composição de betão. Este contempla as normas legais portuguesas e europeias, e a partir da especificação do betão apresenta toda a informação necessária para se produzir um ensaio de betão. A aquisição do conhecimento necessário ao sistema contou com a colaboração de um especialista com longa e comprovada experiência na área da formulação e produção do betão, tendo sido construída uma base de conhecimento baseada em regras de produção no formato drl (Drools Rule Language). O desenvolvimento foi realizado na plataforma Drools.net, em C# e VB.net. O Betacomp suporta os tipos de betão mais comuns, assim como adições e adjuvantes, sendo aplicável numa grande parte dos cenários de obra. Tem a funcionalidade de fornecer explicações sobre as suas decisões ao utilizador, auxiliando a perceber as conclusões atingidas e simultaneamente pode funcionar como uma ferramenta pedagógica. A sua abordagem é bastante pragmática e de certo modo inovadora, tendo em conta parâmetros novos, que habitualmente não são considerados neste tipo de software. Um deles é o nível do controlo de qualidade do produtor de betão, sendo feito um ajuste de compensação à resistência do betão a cumprir, proporcional à qualidade do produtor. No caso dos produtores de betão, permite que indiquem os constituintes que já possuem para os poderem aproveitar (caso não haja impedimentos técnicos) , uma prática muito comum e que permitirá eventualmente uma aceitação maior da aplicação, dado que reflecte a forma habitual de agir nos produtores.

Public health and the knowledge industry

Knowledge plays an important role in health care. The production and diffusion of health-related knowledge are increasingly under the control of private commercial interests, which are characterized by conflicts of interests that result in abuses of power. Considerable research has been done on the medical-industrial complex and its role in the production of power imbalances and the consequent abuses, but little attention has been dedicated to the role played by the publishing industry, which can be subject to the same problems. The widely diffused idea that "frequent and major changes" occur in medicine, albeit unsupported by clearcut evidence, is an effective marketing tool for both the pharmaceutical and publishing industries, who feed and thrive on physicians' insecurities. The production and distribution of knowledge should be addressed as a strategic component of public health.

Referenciais de segurança alimentar: estudo comparativo

Perante a crescente preocupação dos consumidores, cada vez mais exigentes com os produtos e serviços que lhes são fornecidos, têm-se evidenciado esforços no sentido da aplicação prática e coordenada de uma abordagem global e integrada da segurança alimentar com o objectivo de melhorar as normas da qualidade e reforçar os sistemas de controlo em toda a cadeia alimentar, desde a exploração agrícola até ao consumidor final. Os referenciais normativos de segurança alimentar especificam os requisitos de um Sistema de Gestão da Segurança Alimentar, para organizações da cadeia de fornecimento de produtos alimentares, que pretendam demonstrar a sua aptidão para fornecer produtos seguros e o cumprimento de requisitos legais, regulamentares e de qualidade exigidos. Ao longo dos anos, diversos referenciais normativos, baseados na metodologia HACCP, foram desenvolvidos e publicados, por vários países e determinados sectores da cadeia alimentar. Perante a diversidade de referenciais existentes, cada vez mais, as organizações se questionam sobre qual o referencial de segurança alimentar a implementar. Nesta dissertação, dá-se uma contribuição no sentido da sistematização dos requisitos dos referenciais de segurança alimentar com o objectivo de suportar a respectiva comparação nomeadamente o IFS – Food, o BRC – Food, a FSSC 22000 e, de forma indirecta, a ISO 22000. Tal deve-se à necessidade de identificar o(s) referenciais de segurança alimentar a implementar numa dada organização pertencente a um dado sector de actividade. Finalmente, procede-se à realização de um estudo sobre a representatividade, número de empresas certificadas, dos referenciais em análise no mercado Nacional, Europeu e Internacional. Como conclusão genérica, é possível afirmar que, embora ao nível dos requisitos existam diferenças entre os referenciais em análise, também se verificam muitas semelhanças. Prova disso é o reconhecimento por parte da GFSI de vários destes referenciais Quanto à representatividade, verifica-se uma tendência de predomínio de determinados referenciais nos países onde foram desenvolvidos, e nos países com os quais mantêm relações comerciais mais fortes. Refere-se o Reino Unido para a BRC, e a Alemanha e França para a IFS. De salientar a importante contribuição da GFSI que, através do reconhecimento aos diversos referenciais de segurança alimentar, realizado por uma painel de especialistas e representantes de diversos sectores (industria, distribuição e serviços) está a contribuir para a respectiva harmonização e reconhecimento mundial.

Exposure to fungi in cork: potential occupational hazard

Cork is a light, porous and impermeable material extracted from the bark of some trees. It is in manufacture of stoppers for wine bottles the main application of cork. It is estimated that the area occupied by cork oaks in the Iberian Peninsula is around 33% in Portugal and 23% in Spain. The world production of cork is focused in the south Europe, with Portugal being the most important producer followed by Spain. According to Companies Directory more than 100 manufactories from Portugal has their branch associated with the preparation and fabrication of cork. Cork workers are at risk for developing diseases of the respiratory tract such as occupational asthma and Suberosis, a form of pulmonary hypersensitivity due to repeated exposure to mouldy cork dust. In this review study papers from 2000 were analyzed to better understand which fungi species are associated with occupational disease in cork workers. The most prevalent fungi species in these workers that are associated with those occupational diseases are Penicilliumglabrum, Chrysoniliasitophila and Trichodermalongibrachiatum. Therefore, a specific knowledge about occupational exposure to fungi in the cork industry is the key to better understand the related diseases and to define preventive measures. Given the importance of this occupational setting in Portugal is essential to evaluate the combined exposure of fungi and particles and their metabolites. Further studies concerning exposure assessment to fungi and particles in the cork industry must be developed.

Fast growing fungi: a problem to be solved to achieve characterization of occupational exposure to fungi in cork industry

Chrysonilia sitophila is a common mould in cork industry and has been identified as a cause of IgE sensitization and occupational asthma. This fungal species have a fast growth rate that may inhibit others species’ growth causing underestimated data from characterization of occupational fungal exposure. Aiming to ascertain occupational exposure to fungi in cork industry, were analyzed papers from 2000 about the best air sampling method, to obtain quantification and identification of all airborne culturable fungi, besides the ones that have fast-growing rates. Impaction method don’t allows the collection of a representative air volume, because even with some media that restricts the growth of the colonies, in environments with higher fungal load, such as cork industry, the counting of the colonies is very difficult. Otherwise, impinger method permits the collection of a representative air volume, since we can make dilution of the collected volume. Besides culture methods that allows fungal identification trough macro- and micro-morphology, growth features, thermotolerance and ecological data, we can apply molecular biology with the impinger method, to detect the presence of non-viable particles and potential mycotoxin producers’ strains, and also to detect mycotoxins presence with ELISA or HPLC. Selection of the best air sampling method in each setting is crucial to achieve characterization of occupational exposure to fungi. Information about the prevalent fungal species in each setting and also the eventual fungal load it’s needed for a criterious selection.

Assessment of workers’ exposure to Aflatoxin B1 in a Portuguese waste industry

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is considered by different International Agencies as a genotoxic and potent hepatocarcinogen. However, despite the fact that the fungi producing this compound are detected in some work environments, AFB1 is rarely monitored in occupational settings. The aim of the present investigation was to assess exposure to AFB1 of workers from one Portuguese waste company located in the outskirt of Lisbon. Occupational exposure assessment to AFB1 was done with a biomarker of internal dose that measures AFB1 in the serum by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Forty-one workers from the waste company were enrolled in this study (26 from sorting; 9 from composting; 6 from incineration). A control group (n = 30) was also considered in order to know the AFB1 background levels for the Portuguese population. All the workers showed detectable levels of AFB1 with values ranging from 2.5ng ml−1 to 25.9ng ml−1 with a median value of 9.9±5.4ng ml−1. All of the controls showed values below the method’s detection limit. Results obtained showed much higher (8-fold higher) values when compared with other Portuguese settings already studied, such as poultry and swine production. Besides this mycotoxin, other mycotoxins are probably present in this occupational setting and this aspect should be taken into consideration for the risk assessment process due to possible synergistic reactions. The data obtained suggests that exposure to AFB1 occurs in a waste management setting and claims attention for the need of appliance of preventive and protective safety measures.

Cleanup of industrial effluents containing heavy metals: a new opportunity of valorising the biomass produced by brewing industry

Heavy metal pollution is a matter of concern in industrialised countries. Contrary to organic pollutants, heavy metals are not metabolically degraded. This fact has two main consequences: its bioremediation requires another strategy and heavy metals can be indefinitely recycled. Yeast cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are produced at high amounts as a by-product of brewing industry constituting a cheap raw material. In the present work, the possibility of valorising this type of biomass in the bioremediation of real industrial effluents containing heavy metals is reviewed. Given the autoaggregation capacity (flocculation) of brewing yeast cells, a fast and off-cost yeast separation is achieved after the treatment of metal-laden effluent, which reduces the costs associated with the process. This is a critical issue when we are looking for an effective, eco-friendly, and low-cost technology. The possibility of the bioremediation of industrial effluents linked with the selective recovery of metals, in a strategy of simultaneous minimisation of environmental hazard of industrial wastes with financial benefits from reselling or recycling the metals, is discussed.

Potential pathogenic fungi assessment through molecular biology in cork industry

Portugal has been the world leader in the cork sector in terms of exports, employing ten thousands of workers. In this working activity, the permanent contact with cork may lead to the exposure to fungi, raising concerns as potential occupational hazards in cork industry. The application of molecular tools is crucial in this setting, since fungal species with faster growth rates may hide other species with clinical relevance, such as species belonging to P. glabrum and A. fumigatus complexes. A study was developed aiming at assessing fungal contamination due to Aspergillus fumigatus complex and Penicillium glabrum complex by molecular methods in three cork industries in the outskirt of Lisbon city.

Sustainable waste recycling solution for the glass fibre reinforced polymer composite materials industry

In this paper the adequacy and the benefit of incorporating glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) waste materials into polyester based mortars, as sand aggregates and filler replacements, are assessed. Different weight contents of mechanically recycled GFRP wastes with two particle size grades are included in the formulation of new materials. In all formulations, a polyester resin matrix was modified with a silane coupling agent in order to improve binder-aggregates interfaces. The added value of the recycling solution was assessed by means of both flexural and compressive strengths of GFRP admixed mortars with regard to those of the unmodified polymer mortars. Planning of experiments and data treatment were performed by means of full factorial design and through appropriate statistical tools based on analyses of variance (ANOVA). Results show that the partial replacement of sand aggregates by either type of GFRP recyclates improves the mechanical performance of resultant polymer mortars. In the case of trial formulations modified with the coarser waste mix, the best results are achieved with 8% waste weight content, while for fine waste based polymer mortars, 4% in weight of waste content leads to the higher increases on mechanical strengths. This study clearly identifies a promising waste management solution for GFRP waste materials by developing a cost-effective end-use application for the recyclates, thus contributing to a more sustainable fibre-reinforced polymer composites industry.

A criação de valor no sector da pasta, papel e cartão : caso Portucel Soporcel

Mestrado em Gestão e Empreendedorismo