Feedback circuitry within a song-learning pathway.

The song system of birds consists of several neural pathways. One of these, the anterior forebrain pathway, is necessary for the acquisition but not for the production of learned song in zebra finches. It has been shown that the anterior forebrain pathway sequentially connects the following nuclei: the high vocal center, area X of lobus parolfactorius, the medial portion of the dorsolateral thalamic nucleus, the lateral magnocellular nucleus of anterior neostriatum (IMAN), and the robust nucleus of the archistriatum (RA). We now show in zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) that IMAN cells that project to RA also project to area X, forming a feedback loop within the anterior forebrain pathway. The axonal endings of the IMAN projection into area X form cohesive and distinct domains. Small injections of tracer in subregions of area X backfill a spatially restricted subset of cells in IMAN, that, in turn, send projections to RA that are arranged in horizontal layers, which may correspond to the functional representation of vocal tract muscles demonstrated by others. We infer from our data that there is a myotopic representation throughout the anterior forebrain pathway. In addition, we suggest that the parcellation of area X into smaller domains by the projection from IMAN highlights a functional architecture within X, which might correspond to units of motor control, to the representation of acoustic features of song, or both.

Paper wrapper formerly used to bundle records related to Nathan Prince, undated

Recto of wrapper reads: "Oct. 31, 1740 to June 24, 1742. Papers relative to the charges against & defence made by Nathan Prince in 1741. Examined & done with." Verso reads "Hon. President [Josiah] Quincy." These annotations suggest that the records in this collection were consulted by Quincy, who served as Harvard's President from 1829 to 1845. It is likely that he used them when writing his two-volume History of Harvard University, which includes a lengthy passage about Prince and his trials at Harvard.

BUM--bundle processing machine.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Illinois.

BURP : a bundle repeater and restorer /

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

ERGODIC : computing with a combination of stochastic and bundle processing /

"UIUCDCS-R-74-630"

Sabuma - safe bundle machine.

"Supported in part by contract number NOOO 14-67-A-0305-0007."

The book of good cheer : "a little bundle of cheery thoughts" /

Illustrated t.p. and lining papers in colors.

A bundle o' fents from a Lancashire loom.

Mode of access: Internet.

Many celebrities and a few others : a bundle of reminiscences /

A boy's ambitions.--First lessons in journalism.--Midnight oil and beach combing.--A handy man of literature.--A corner of Bohemia.--The lure of the play.--Thomas Bailey Aldrich.--Edgar Fawcett.--Mark Twain and E.C. Stedman.--Some Boston memories.--Henry M. Stanley and Paul du Chaillu.--A royal academician [George H. Boughton] and his friends.--Glimpses of London society.--Charles Reade and Mrs. Oliphant.--James Payn.--Wilkie Collins, Sir Walter Besant and "Ian Maclaren."--Field Marshal Lord Wolseley.--Two famous war correspondents [Archibald Forbes and Sir William Howard Russell]--Lady St. Helier and Thomas Hardy.--"Toby, M.P." and his circle.--The author of "Lorna Doone."--My acquaintance with Mr. Gladstone.

A bundle of memories,

Mode of access: Internet.

Abstract Title: Ultrasound Guided Trans-sartorial Continuous Saphenous Nerve Blockade - A technique for Relief of Postoperative Medial Incisional Foot and Ankle Pain

The saphenous nerve (SaN) innervates the region from the upper medial thigh to the medial aspect of the foot and ankle. A femoral nerve block (FNB) is effective for blockade of the SaN but this causes quadriceps weekness and reduced patient mobility that is unsuitable in an ambulatory surgical setting.

External perturbation of the trunk in standing humans differentially activates components of the medial back muscles

During voluntary arm movements, the medial back muscles are differentially active. It is not known whether differential activity also occurs when the trunk is perturbed unpredictably, when the earliest responses are initiated by short-latency spinal mechanisms rather than voluntary commands. To assess this, in unpredictable and self-initiated conditions, a weight was dropped into a bucket that was held by the standing subject (n = 7). EMG activity was recorded from the deep (Deep MF), superficial (Sup MF) and lateral (Lat MF) lumbar multifidus, the thoracic erector spinae (ES) and the biceps brachii. With unpredictable perturbations, EMG activity was first noted in the biceps brachii, then the thoracic ES, followed synchronously in the components of the multifidus. During self-initiated perturbations, background EMG in the Deep MF increased two- to threefold, and the latency of the loading response decreased in six out of the seven subjects. In Sup MF and Lat MF, this increase in background EMG was not observed, and the latency of the loading response was increased. Short-latency reflex mechanisms do not cause differential action of the medial back muscles when the trunk is loaded. However, during voluntary tasks the central nervous system exerts a 'tuned response', which involves discrete activity in the deep and superficial components of the medial lumbar muscles in a way that varies according to the biomechanical action of the muscle component.