Co-stressors chilling and high light increase photooxidative stress in diuron-treated red alga Kappaphycus alvarezii but with lower involvement of H(2)O(2)

Diuron is one of the most commonly found N-phenylurea herbicides in marine/estuarine waters that promotes toxic effects by inhibiting photosynthesis and affecting the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in autotrophs. Since photo- and thermoacclimation are also ROS-mediated processes, this work evaluates a hypothetical additive effect of high light (HL) and chilling (12 degrees C) on 50 nM diuron toxicity to the highly-photosynthetically active apices of the red alga Kappaphycus alvarezii. Additive inhibition of photosynthesis was mainly evidenced by significant decreases of quantum yield of photosystem II and electron transfer rates upon co-stressors exposure to diuron-treated algae. Under extreme 12 degrees C/HL/diuron conditions, unexpected lower correlations between H(2)O(2) concentrations in seawater and radical-sensitive protein thiols were concomitantly measured with the highest indexes of photoinhibition (parameter beta). Altogether, these data support the hypothesis that co-stressors chilling/HL additively inhibit photosynthesis in diuron-exposed K. alvarezii but with less involvement of H(2)O(2) in injury effects than with only chilling or HL. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Determination of Thermal and Blue Light Photochemical Hazard Protection needed by Automatic Welding filters

Recent developments in biological research, has shown that the initial maximum permissible exposure (MPE) limits for protection of workers from risks associated with artificial optical radiations were more stringent than needed. Using the most recent MPE limits for artificial optical radiation this piece of work was focused on the investigation of the level of visible light attenuation needed by automatic welding filters in case of switching failure. Results from the comparison of different exposure standards were employed in investigating the need of Vis/IR and blue light transmittance requirement for automatic welding filters. Real and arbitrary spectra were taken into consideration for the worst and best case scenarios of artificial optical radiations. An excel worksheet developed during the execution of this project took into consideration the exposure from different light sources and the precision of the spectrometer used in measuring the transmittances of a welding filter. The worksheet was developed and tested with known product properties to investigate the validity of its formulation. The conclusion drawn from this project was that attenuation in the light state will be needed for products with the darkest state shade 11 or higher. Also shown is that current welding filter protects the eye well enough even in the case of switching failure.

Efeitos de variáveis abióticas na composição química de Gelidium Crinale (Gelidiaceae, Rhodophyta) em cultivo unialgal

Os efeitos individuais e interativos dos parâmetros ambientais físicos e químicos, como temperatura, intensidade luminosa, salinidade e concentração de fósforo inorgânico dissolvido na água do mar, na produção de proteínas, carboidratos, acúmulo de fósforo tecidual e taxa de absorção do fósforo inorgânico disponível no meio de cultura em Gelidium crinale (Turner) Lamouroux, foram investigados durante um período de sete dias de cultivo laboratorial, em condições controladas. A ação dos parâmetros abióticos foi analisada de três maneiras diferentes. A primeira avaliação integrou a ação de temperatura, intensidade luminosa e fósforo inorgânico dissolvido, mantendo-se fixa a salinidade em 25 ups, onde se constatou que em todos os componentes químicos algais ocorreram interações de terceira ordem. O incremento de 2,28 a 2,67 % nos teores de proteínas foram obtidos à temperatura de 25 °C e 12 μmol m-2 s-1 de intensidade luminosa, diminuindo com a elevação da intensidade luminosa para 40 μmol m-2 s-1. Para carboidratos, ocorreram interações significativas entre os três parâmetros, com um aumento de 6,85 % sendo registrado a 25 °C de temperatura, 24 μmol m-2 s-1 de intensidade luminosa e 10,0 μM de fósforo inorgânico. O aumento máximo na taxa de fósforo tecidual (0,56 %) ocorreu em talos cultivados nas menores temperatura e intensidade luminosa e na maior concentração de fósforo inorgânico dissolvido. Com relação à intensidade luminosa, foi observada uma correlação negativa entre proteínas e carboidratos. A segunda avaliação estabeleceu a ação independente e sinérgica de temperatura, salinidade e fósforo inorgânico disponível no meio de cultivo, fixando-se a intensidade luminosa em 24 μmol m-2s-1. A maior produção de proteínas ocorreu em cultivos onde a temperatura foi de 25 °C, com uma concentração de 5,0 e 10,0 μM de fósforo inorgânico dissolvido e salinidade entre 15 e 20 ups, cujos valores médios do incremento variaram entre 2,62 a 2,83 % peso seco de alga, resultando em uma interação de terceira ordem altamente significativa. Para carboidratos a elevação de 6,85 % em sua concentração está associada à maior temperatura (25 °C), maior salinidade (25 ups) e maior quantidade de fósforo inorgânico disponível no meio de cultivo (10,0 μM). Contudo, não foi observada uma interação de terceira ordem através da análise estatística. Para esta biomolécula observaram-se interações de segunda ordem altamente significativa (P < 0,005) entre temperatura e diferentes concentrações de fósforo inorgânico e entre temperatura e salinidade (P < 0,000). O acúmulo de fósforo nos talos da alga foi menor durante os cultivos em que a salinidade foi de 25 ups,nas temperaturas de 20 e 25 °C e concentração de fósforo disponível de 2,5 μM, com percentuais entre 0,08 a 0,11 % em peso de cinzas. O maior incremento ocorreu na menor temperatura, associada à baixa salinidade e alta concentração de fósforo inorgânico no meio. O coeficiente de correlação de Pearson revelou correlações positivas, altamente significativas (P < 0,001) entre teor de proteína, temperatura e disponibilidade de fósforo inorgânico no meio de cultivo. Para carboidratos, as correlações foram positivas com os três parâmetros abióticos. Para fósforo tecidual somente com o fósforo inorgânico disponível no cultivo foi que ocorreu uma relação positiva; com os outros dois parâmetros esta correlação foi negativa. Entre os componentes químicos encontrados nas algas, proteínas e carboidratos apresentaram uma relação positiva, porém fósforo tecidual apresentou uma correlação negativa com ambos, embora com proteínas esta relação não tenha sido significativa. A terceira avaliação estudou a ação individual e o sinergismo entre os parâmetros ambientais, temperatura, intensidade luminosa e salinidade, a uma concentração fixa de fósforo inorgânico disponível no meio de cultivo (10,0 μM), sobre a composição química, bem como na taxa de absorção de fósforo inorgânico disponível. Observou-se a ocorrência de interações de terceira ordem em todos as variáveis estudadas. O teor de proteínas apresentou um aumento de 3,72 % durante o período de cultivo, passando de 20,63 % antes do cultivo, para 24,35 % após o término do experimento, principalmente nas condições de 25 °C de temperatura, 12 μmol m-2s-1 de intensidade luminosa e 15 ups de salinidade. Para carboidratos, nas condições de baixa intensidade luminosa (12 μmol m-2s- 1), a uma temperatura de 20 °C e salinidades de 10 e 15 ups, foram registrados valores inferiores à amostra controle, caracterizando um consumo desta biomolécula por parte das algas. Nestas mesmas condições ambientais, foram registrados os maiores teores de fósforo tecidual, variando entre 0,86 a 1,09 % do peso das cinzas. As maiores taxas de absorção do fósforo do meio ocorreram na salinidade de 25 ups e 25 °C de temperatura, diminuindo da intensidade luminosa de 12 μmol m-2s-1 para 40 μmol m-2s-1. As maiores concentrações de fósforo inorgânico residual na água do meio de cultivo ocorreram nas salinidades de 10 e 15 ups, em todas as intensidade luminosas e temperaturas estudadas. Através do coeficiente de correlação de Pearson, observou-se que os teores de proteínas apresentaram uma forte correlação negativa com a intensidade luminosa e positiva com a temperatura e salinidade, embora com esta última não tenha sido significativa. Para carboidratos, as correlações com os parâmetros abióticos foram todas positivas. Correlações negativa e positiva, não significativas, foram observadas entre esta biomolécula e o teor de proteínas e a taxa de absorção de fósforo disponível no meio, respectivamente. Por outro lado, com fósforo tecidual, ocorreu uma correlação negativa, altamente significativa. Este estudo mostra o estado fisiológico de Gelidium crinale e contribui para o estabelecimento das melhores condições de cultivo para produção de proteína, carboidrato e fósforo tecidual e indicação do uso racional de nutrientes, fornecendo informações para a otimização de processos de maricultura, tanto em termos de cultivo bem sucedido de algas, quanto de redução no impacto sobre o ambiente.

Estudo do crescimento, eficiência de biofiltração e cinética de absorção de nutrientes (N-NH, N-NO e P-PO4³) da macroalga Gracilaria cervicornis (Turner) J. Agardh

The objective of this study was to examine the growth of Gracilaria cervicornis cultured in a shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) pond and to determine the absorption efficiency and the kinetics parameters (Vmax, Ks e Vmax:Ks) of this macroalgae for the nutrients N-NO3-, N-NH4+ and P-PO4-3, aiming at its use as bioremediatory of eutrophicated environments. For this study, two experiments (field and laboratory) were developed. In the field study, the seaweed was examined in relation to the growth and the biomass. In the laboratory experiment, the absorption efficiency of G. cervicornis was measured through the monitoring of the concentration of the three nutrients (N-NO3-, N-NH4+ e P-PO4-3) during 5 hours and the kinetic parameters were determined through the formula of Michaelis-Menten. The results obtained in this study demonstrated that G. cervicornis benefited from the available nutrients in the pond, increasing 52.4% of its biomass value after 30 days of culture. It was evidenced that the variability of the biomass could be explained through the salinity, availability of light (transparency and solid particle in suspension) and concentration of N-NO3- in the environment. In the laboratory experiment, the highest absorption efficiency was found in the treatments with low concentration (5 µmol.L-1), being evidenced a reduction of up to 85,3%, 97,5% and 81,2% of N-NH4+, N-NO3- and P-PO43-, respectively. Regarding the kinetic parameters, G. cervicornis presented better ability in absorbing N-NH4+ in high concentrations (Vmax = 158,5 µmol g-1 dry wt h-1) and P-PO43- in low concentrations (Ks = 5 µmol.L-1 e Vmax:Ks = 10,3). The results of this study show that G. cervicornis could be cultivated in shrimp ponds, presents a good capacity of absorption for the tested nutrients and is a promising candidate for biorremediation in shrimp pond effluent

Postharvest changes and respiratory pattern of bacuri fruit (Platonia insignis Mart.) at different maturity stages during ambient storage

O bacuri (Platonia insignis, Mart.) é um dos mais importantes entre os frutos da Amazônia. Todavia, pouco se sabe sobre sua fisiologia pós-colheita, bem como, estádio de maturação, mudanças durante o armazenamento sob condições ambientais e padrão respiratório. Os frutos foram colhidos em três estádios de maturação baseados na coloração do epicarpo: verde-escuro, verde-claro e de vez (50% amarelo), com o objetivo de se determinar as modificações de coloração e padrão respiratório durante armazenamento sob condições de ambiente (25,2 ºC, 75,1 % UR). Os frutos de todos os estádios de maturação apresentaram, a partir do terceiro dia de colheita, comportamento respiratório não climatérico, com os frutos de vez apresentando maior taxa de produção de CO2 até o quarto dia de armazenamento (177,63 mg CO2.kg-1.h-1). O amarelecimento aumentou durante o armazenamento e foi relacionado com a diminuição da luminosidade (L), cromaticidade e ângulo hue. Os frutos de vez podem ser armazenados sob condições de ambiente por até 10 dias sem nenhuma perda da qualidade comercial.

In Vitro Study of the influence of the pigments of three colored gels over the light distribution of visible light by digital images

Nowadays the real contribution of light on the acceleration of the chemical reaction for the dental bleaching is under incredulity, mostly because the real mechanisms of its contribution still are obscure. Objectives: Determine the influence of pigment of three colored bleaching gels in the light distribution and absorption in the teeth, to accomplish that, we have used in this experiment bovine teeth and three colored bleaching gels. It is well Known that the dark molecules absorb light and increase the local temperature upraising the bleaching rate, these molecules are located in the interface between the enamel and dentin. Methods: This study was realized using an argon laser with 455nm with 150mW of intensity and a LED with the same characteristics, three colored gels (green, blue and red) and to realize the capture of the digital images it was used a CCD camera connected to a PC. The images were processed in a mathematical environment (MATHLAB, R12 (R)). Results: The obtained results show that the color of the bleaching gel influences significantly the absorption of light in the specific sites of the teeth. Conclusions: This poor absorption can be one of the major factors involved with the incredulity of the light contribution on the process that can be observed in the literature nowadays.

Co-stressors chilling and high light increase photooxidative stress in diuron-treated red alga Kappaphycus alvarezii but with lower involvement of H2O2

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Dimorphic cypsela germination and plant growth in Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn. (Asteraceae)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Effect of flooding on survival and initial growth of Ocotea pulchella (Nees) Mez. seedlings in semi-controlled light conditions

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

DAILY VARIATION IN PLASMA-CONCENTRATION OF FENCAMFAMINE AND STRIATAL DOPAMINE-RECEPTORS IN RATS

Fencamfamine (FCF) is a psychostimulant drug classified as an indirect dopamine agonist. In the present study we evaluated the daily variation in plasma FCF concentration and in striatal dopamine receptors. Adult male Wistar rats (250-300 g) maintained on a 12-h light/12-h dark cycle (lights on at 07:00 h) were used. Rats received FCF (10.0 mg/kg, ip) at 09:00, 15:00, 21:00 or 03:00 h and blood samples were collected 30 (N = 6) or 60 (N = 6) min after the injections. Plasma FCF was measured by gas chromatography using an electron capture detector. Two-way ANOVA showed significant differences in FCF concentration when blood samples were collected 30 min after the injection, and the highest value was obtained following injection 21:00 h. Moreover, at 15:00, 21:00 and 03:00h, plasma FCF levels were significantly lower 60 min after injection when compared to the 30-min interval. Two other groups of rats (N = 6) were decapitated at 09:00 or 21:00 h and the striata were dissected for the binding assays. The Bmax for [H-3]-spiroperidol binding to striatal membranes was higher at 21:00 h, without changes in affinity constant (Kd). In conclusion, plasma FCF levels and dopamine receptors undergo daily variation,a phenomenon that should be considered to explain the circadian time-dependent effects of FCF.

Radiative properties of the skin and haircoat of cattle and other animals

Radiative properties (reflectance rho, transmittance tau, and absorptance alpha) were determined for wavelengths from 300 to 850 nm in the haircoat and the skin of water buffalo, deer (Pantanal deer, Blastocerus dichotomus), and cattle of the Holstein, Simmental, Canchim, Brangus, and Nelore breeds. The results showed that white hairs have higher rho (0.60 to 0.67) than the other coat colors, but the gray coats (mixed white and dark hair) of the Nelore cattle presented higher rho than that of the white coats of the European breeds at wavelengths lower than 600 nm. The light gray colored skin of the Canchim cattle had higher rho (0. 66) than the non-pigmented skin of Holstein (0.53). Red skins presented rho values higher than those of dark gray and black skins. Buffalo skin (dark gray) presented an average rho of 0.23+/-0.02 and alpha of 0.77+/-0.02. The red haircoat of the deer presented rho lower (0.37) than that of cattle of the same color (0.58). However, there was little difference between deer and cattle with respect to reflectance and absorptance of the skin. As for the spectral transmittance of the skin, it was very low and about the same for both species, until 600 nm. In the range 600 to 850 nm, the tau values for cattle rose to 0. 17, while those for deer increased only to 0.12.

Effect of electrolytic and neurotoxic lesions of the median raphe nucleus on anxiety and stress

To study the role played by 5-HT mechanisms of the MRN, behavioural and physiological parameters were presently measured in rats having either electrolytic or 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) lesion of the MRN made 7 days before testing. Half the animals were submitted to 2-h restraint 24 h before the test. In the elevated plus-maze, the electrolytic lesion increased the percentage of open-arm entries and of time spent on open arms - an anxiolytic effect - in both restrained and nonrestrained rats. The neurotoxic lesion had a similar effect, but only on restrained rats. Restraint had anxiogenic effect. The electrolytic lesion increased transitions between the light and dark compartments and the time spent in the bright compartment of the light-dark box in both restrained and nonrestrained rats. The neurotoxic lesion only increased bright time in restrained rats. The incidence, number and size of gastric ulcers were increased by either the electrolytic or the neurotoxic lesion in both restrained and nonrestrained animals. Both types of lesion depleted 5-HT in the hippocampus in restrained and nonrestrained rats. Restraint increased 5-HT levels. These results implicate 5-HT mechanisms of the median raphe nucleus in the regulation of anxiety and in the genesis of gastric stress ulcers. (C) 2001 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Orthodontic brackets removal under shear and tensile bond strength resistance tests - a comparative test between light sources

We have investigated if a new LEDs system has enough efficient energy to promote efficient shear and tensile bonding strength resistance under standardized tests. LEDs 470 +/- 10 nm can be used to photocure composite during bracket fixation. Advantages considering resistance to tensile and shear bonding strength when these systems were used are necessary to justify their clinical use. Forty eight human extracted premolars teeth and two light sources were selected, one halogen lamp and a LEDs system. Brackets for premolar were bonded through composite resin. Samples were submitted to standardized tests. A comparison between used sources under shear bonding strength test, obtained similar results; however, tensile bonding test showed distinct results: a statistical difference at a level of 1% between exposure times (40 and 60 seconds) and even to an interaction between light source and exposure time. The best result was obtained with halogen lamp use by 60 seconds, even during re-bonding; however LEDs system can be used for bonding and re-bonding brackets if power density could be increased.

Circadian time-dependent effects of fencamfamine on inhibition of dopamine uptake and release in rat striatal slices

Fencamfamine (FCF) is a central stimulant that facilitates central dopaminergic transmission through inhibition of dopamine uptake and enhanced release of the transmitter. We evaluated the changes in the inhibition of uptake and the release of striatal [ 3H]-dopamine at 9:00 and 21:00 h, times corresponding to maximal and minimal behavioral responses to FCF, respectively. Adult male Wistar rats (200-250 g) maintained on a 12-h light/12-h dark cycle (lights on at 7:00 h) were used. In the behavioral experiments the rats (N = 8 for each group) received FCF (3.5 mg/kg, ip) or saline at 9:00 or 21:00 h. Fifteen minutes after treatment the duration of activity (sniffing, rearing and locomotion) was recorded for 120 min. The basal motor activity was higher (28.6 ± 4.2 vs 8.4 ± 3.5 s) after saline administration at 21:00 h than at 9:00 h. FCF at a single dose significantly enhanced the basal motor activity (38.3 ± 4.5 vs 8.4 ± 3.5 s) and increased the duration of exploratory activity (38.3 ± 4.5 vs 32.1 ± 4.6 s) during the light, but not the dark phase. Two other groups of rats (N = 6 for each group) were decapitated at 9:00 and 21:00 h and striata were dissected for dopamine uptake and relase assays. The inhibition of uptake and release of [ 3H]-dopamine were higher at 9:00 than at 21:00 h, suggesting that uptake inhibition and the release properties of FCF undergo daily variation. These data suggest that the circadian time-dependent effects of FCF might be related to a higher susceptibility of dopamine presynaptic terminals to the action of FCF during the light phase which corresponds to the rats' resting period.

Violet and blue light amplification in Nd3+-doped fluoroindate glasses

We report optical gain at 382 and 414 nm from Nd3+-doped fluroindate glasses after excitation with lasers operating either at 583 or 532 nm. Stimulated emission due to a frequency upconversion process results in increase of the emitted violet and blue light intensity and emission line narrowing. Large optical gain is measured by pump-probe spectroscopy using samples with various Nd3+ concentrations. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.