Temporal trends (2000–2011) and influences on fishery-independent catch rates for loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) at an important coastal foraging region in the southeastern United States

Seasonal trawling was conducted randomly in coastal (depths of 4.6–17 m) waters from St. Augustine, Florida, (29.9°N) to Winyah Bay, South Carolina (33.1°N), during 2000–03, 2008–09, and 2011 to assess annual trends in the relative abundance of sea turtles. A total of 1262 loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) were captured in 23% (951) of 4207 sampling events. Capture rates (overall and among prevalent 5-cm size classes) were analyzed through the use of a generalized linear model with log link function for the 4097 events that had complete observations for all 25 model parameters. Final models explained 6.6% (70.1–75.0 cm minimum straight-line carapace length [SCLmin]) to 14.9% (75.1–80.0 cm SCLmin) of deviance in the data set. Sampling year, geographic subregion, and distance from shore were retained as significant terms in all final models, and these terms collectively accounted for 6.2% of overall model deviance (range: 4.5–11.7% of variance among 5-cm size classes). We retained 18 parameters only in a subset of final models: 4 as exclusively significant terms, 5 as a mixture of significant or nonsignificant terms, and 9 as exclusively nonsignificant terms. Four parameters also were dropped completely from all final models. The generalized linear model proved appropriate for monitoring trends for this data set that was laden with zero values for catches and was compiled for a globally protected species. Because we could not account for much model deviance, metrics other than those examined in our study may better explain catch variability and, once elucidated, their inclusion in the generalized linear model should improve model fits.

Maturity, ovarian cycle, fecundity, and age-specific parturition of black rockfish (Sebastes melanops)

From 1995 to 1998, we collected female black rockfish (Sebastes melanops) off Oregon in order to describe their basic reproductive life history and determine age-specific fecundity and temporal patterns in parturition. Female black rockfish had a 50% probability of being mature at 394 mm fork length and 7.5 years-of-age. The proportion of mature fish age 10 or older significantly decreased each year of this study, from 0.511 in 1996 to 0.145 in 1998. Parturition occurred between mid-January and mid-March, and peaked in February. We observed a trend of older females extruding larvae earlier in the spawning season and of younger fish primarily responsible for larval production during the later part of the season. There were differences in absolute fecundity at age between female black rockfish with prefertilization oocytes and female black rockfish with fertilized eggs; fertilized-egg fecundity estimates were considered superior. The likelihood of yolked oocytes reaching the developing embryo stage increased with maternal age. Absolute fecundity estimates (based on fertilized eggs) ranged from 299,302 embryos for a 6-year-old female to 948,152 embryos for a 16-year-old female. Relative fecundity (based on fertilized eggs) increased with age from 374 eggs/g for fish age 6 to 549 eggs/g for fish age 16.

真菌诱导子对青蒿发根生长和青蒿素生物合成的影响及开花与青蒿素生物合成的相关性研究

本论文主要包括以下两部分内容： 一、真菌诱导子对青蒿发根生长和青蒿素生物合成的影响 用3种真菌诱导子[大丽花轮枝孢（Verticillium dahliae Kleb.）、葡枝根霉(Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb. ex Fr.) Vuill)和束状刺盘孢(Colleto trichumdematium (Pers.) Grove)]分别处理青蒿(Ar temisia annuaL．)的发根，这3种真菌诱导子均能促进发根中青蒿素的合成，其中以大丽花轮枝孢的诱导效果最好;对细胞生长均没有明显影响。经大丽花轮枝孢处理的发根中青蒿素含量达1. 12 mg/gDW，比对照(0. 77 mg/g DW)提高45%。诱导子的作用效果与诱导子浓度、诱导子作用时间及发根的生长状态有关。对大丽花轮枝孢来说，诱导子作用的最适浓度为每毫升培养基含糖0.4 mg;发根在指数生长末期对诱导作用最敏感：在加入诱导子4d后收获发根，发根中的青蒿素含量最高。 二、早花基因FPF1、co对青蒿开花时间的影响及开花与青蒿素生物合成的相关性 1．将来源于拟南芥的早花基因Flowering Promoting Factorl (FPFl)插入到植物表达载体pBI121中，构建CaMV 35S启动子控制下含FPFl基因的植物表达载体pBI121FPF/，用含有pBI121FPF/质粒的根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)LBA4404感染青蒿(Artemisia annua L.)叶片并诱导丛生芽，经卡那霉素筛选，获得转基因抗性植株。PCR、 PCR-Southem blot及Southern blot检测表明，外源基因FPFI已整合到青蒿基因组中：RT-PCR及RT-PCR Southern blot分析表明，外源基因在转录水平上已有表达。在短日照条件下，FPF1转基因植株的开花时间较对照提前20天左右，但提早开花的转基因植株与未开花的对照其青蒿素含量无明显差异，即提早开花并不能使开花植株的青蒿素含量有所提高，开花与青蒿素合成之间可能没有直接的关系。 2．将拟南芥的早花基因CONSTANS (CO)置于CaMV 35S启动子之下，通过根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)LBA4404介导转入青蒿(Artemisia annuaL．)，使之在青蒿中表达，并得到了抗性植株。PCR、PCR-Southem blot及Southemblot检测表明，外源基因co已整合到青蒿基因组中;RT-PCR及RT-PCR Southemblot分析表明，外源基因在转录水平上已有表达。在短日照条件下，co转基因植株的开花时间较对照提前2周左右，但提早开花的转基因植株的青蒿素含量与未丌花的对照无明显差异，即植株开花前青蒿素含量的提高并不是由于开花本身引起的，再次证明，开花与青蒿素合成之间可能没有直接的关系。

Impact of the exotic fish, Oreochromis mossambicus, on the indigenous fishery of Powai Lake, Bombay

Fishes impart the most profound influence on the floral-faunistic characteristics of an aquatic ecosystem. Oreochromis mossambicus, an exotic fish accidentally introduced in the Powai lake, India, caused considerable changes in the growth pattern of Indian major carps, ultimately reducing the productive potential of the lake from 33.0 to 11.9 kh/ha. Powai lake is used exclusively for angling for sport. The angling pressure based on the "creel census" from 1955 to 1976 gives a clear picture of the trends in the fishery therein. A considerable decline, ranging from 171 to 400% in the average weight of Indian major carps was recorded.