Gazprom’s evolving strategy in a new commercial and political context: how should the EU react? EPC Policy Brief, 27 April 2015

After years of unchallenged commercial domination of a sizeable portion of the EU's gas market, Gazprom is confronted with a statement of objections issued on 22 April by the EU Commission for abusing its dominant market position. The company was already prevented from going ahead with its South Stream project aimed at consolidating Gazprom's grip on Southeast Europe's markets by bypassing Ukraine – due to alleged non-compliance of intergovernmental agreements with the EU regulatory framework. Furthermore, it walked away from negotiations that could have allowed it to access more than 50% of the OPAL pipeline – an onshore branch of the offshore Russian German Nord Stream pipeline –, whilst its attempts to go downstream through the acquisition of European distribution and transmission operators, such as Wingas and DESFA, failed due to current political tensions and the risk of a negative Commission ruling on the operation. Does this mean that the Russian gas behemoth – so often portrayed as the energy arm of the Kremlin – is not so powerful after all? This Policy Brief aims to frame the erosion of Gazprom's power in a wider perspective, analysing its peculiar position at a time of transition, with the global gas business going from a sellers' to a buyers' market, and providing recommendations on how Europe should deal with it. It will be argued that Gazprom – despite still being affected by the Kremlin's political priorities – is moving towards more commercially sound behavior. The EU should profit from this evolution without being tempted by mercantilist options, and rather use the political momentum provided by the energy union to remove barriers to solidarity and to increase competition on the trading platforms.

How Germany Benefits from the Euro in Economic Terms. Policy Brief #2013/01

There can be no doubt about the fact that Germany benefits from the euro in a significant number of ways. For ex-ample, monetary union membership helps to reduce the cost of international trade, and provides protection against excessive exchange rate volatility. This means that even if Germany had to write off a large percentage of the loans that it has made available to the heavily indebted states of southern Europe as part of the various euro rescue measures, the economic advantages of its membership of the monetary union would continue to predominate. Reverting to the deutschmark would thus be disadvantageous even in purely economic terms.

Promulgation of the Monroe Doctrine; Proceedings of the international centennial celebration of the promulgation of the Monroe Doctrine held at Richmond, Va., December 2-4, 1923.

The celebration was organized and conducted by the Southern Commercial Congress. cf. p. 1.

Commercial vehicle safety -- technology and practice in Europe.

Federal Highway Administration, Office of Policy Planning, Office of International Program, Washington, D.C.

Report to the President to investigate an unadjusted dispute between American Airlines, inc. : a carrier, and certain of its employees represented by the Air Line Pilots Association, International, a labor organization.

Sign: James Healy, Maynard E. Pirsig, Benjamin C. Roberts.

International passive architectural survey ; announcement of results /

"Prepared Under Task No. 6324.40."

International economic policies; a survey of the economics of diplomacy,

Mode of access: Internet.

Oversight of the United States-Canada free trade agreement [microform] : hearings before the Committee on Foreign Affairs and its Subcommittees on International Economic Policy and Trade, and on Western Hemisphere Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundredth Congress, second session, February 25 and March 16, 1988.

CIS Microfiche Accession Numbers: CIS 89 H381-52

International aviation relations : hearing before the Subcommittee on Aviation of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, United States Senate, One Hundred Fourth Congress, second session, March 14, 1996.

Includes bibliographical references.

International raw commodity price control,.

Mode of access: Internet.

International trade mark law and practice,

The laws of all countries have been analyzed and arranged under a series of headings; full texts of the various international conventions on the subject of trade-marks and a complete collection of the trade-mark classifications in force in the various countries are also included. cf. Pref.

Trade barriers; report to the Committee on Finance of the United States Senate and its Subcommittee on International Trade, on investigations 332-66 and 332-67 under section 332 of the Tariff act of 1930.

Mode of access: Internet.

Commercial news USA.

Description based on: [No. 37] (Jan./Feb. 1979).

Domestic & international air cargo activity /

Mode of access: Internet.

International air agreements; report.

Mode of access: Internet.