North elevation, Carpenter Hall house, Wilston, Brisbane

Looking downhill to house during construction.

South elevation, Carpenter Hall house, Wilston, Brisbane

Approach to house from road.

South elevation, Carpenter Hall house, Wilston, Brisbane

Approach to house from road.

South elevation, Carpenter Hall house, Wilston, Brisbane

Looking uphill to house.

South elevation, Carpenter Hall house, Wilston, Brisbane

Approach to house from road.

South elevation, Carpenter Hall House, Wilston, Brisbane

As seen from street.

North elevation, Carpenter Hall house, Wilston, Brisbane

View through house to landscape beyond during construction.

North-West elevation, Smeeton Residence, Buderim

Street (North-West) elevation.

The sites of neural adaptation induced by resistance training in humans

Although it has long been supposed that resistance training causes adaptive changes in the CNS, the sites and nature of these adaptations have not previously been identified. In order to determine whether the neural adaptations to resistance training occur to a greater extent at cortical or subcortical sites in the CNS, we compared the effects of resistance training on the electromyographic (EMG) responses to transcranial magnetic (TMS) and electrical (TES) stimulation. Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were recorded from the first dorsal interosseous muscle of 16 individuals before and after 4 weeks of resistance training for the index finger abductors (n = 8), or training involving finger abduction-adduction without external resistance (n = 8). TMS was delivered at rest at intensities from 5 % below the passive threshold to the maximal output of the stimulator. TMS and TES were also delivered at the active threshold intensity while the participants exerted torques ranging from 5 to 60 % of their maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) torque. The average latency of MEPs elicited by TES was significantly shorter than that of TMS MEPs (TES latency = 21.5 ± 1.4 ms; TMS latency = 23.4 ± 1.4 ms; P < 0.05), which indicates that the site of activation differed between the two forms of stimulation. Training resulted in a significant increase in MVC torque for the resistance-training group, but not the control group. There were no statistically significant changes in the corticospinal properties measured at rest for either group. For the active trials involving both TMS and TES, however, the slope of the relationship between MEP size and the torque exerted was significantly lower after training for the resistance-training group (P < 0.05). Thus, for a specific level of muscle activity, the magnitude of the EMG responses to both forms of transcranial stimulation were smaller following resistance training. These results suggest that resistance training changes the functional properties of spinal cord circuitry in humans, but does not substantially affect the organisation of the motor cortex.

Rear garden and elevation, Addison House, Brisbane

View from rear garden to bedrooms and main house.

South-west elevation, Addison House, Brisbane

View of south-west elevation through house to rear deck.

View along western elevation, PNG Coffee Industry Board Office and Warehouse, Goroka

View past timber blinds to balcony and timber sunscreens.