Caste, land, and migration : a preliminary analysis of a village survey in an underdeveloped state in India

This paper explores migration from Bihar, one of the most underdeveloped states in India, by paying particular attention to social class (caste) and landholdings. After describing details of individual migrants, we present our preliminary findings on the determinants of migration, based on our field survey of 200 households in four villages in 2011. In terms of social class, Muslims are more likely to migrate, but Scheduled Castes do not show a high propensity to migrate as is stated in some of the existing literature where the underclass is said to be more mobile. In terms of landholdings, the probability that someone will migrate is high among the landless and smaller landholders but it decreases as the size of the landholding increases. However, as the size of the landholding increases still further, a reverse effect of landholding on decisions regarding migration moves in, with the decline in probability becoming less and less. This result confirms a non-linear relationship between landholdings and the decision to migrate. Some further research questions are raised in the paper.

Land and labor reallocation in pre-modern Japan : a case of a northeastern village in 1720-1870

In agricultural societies, adjusting land and labor according to changes of labor endowment that result from family life cycle events is premised on making full use of resources for each farming household and for the economy as a whole. This paper examines how and how well households in pre-modern Japan reallocated land and labor, using a population register covering 150 years from 1720–1870 for a village in the Tohoku region. We find that households reacted to equalize their production factors; land-scarce households tended to acquire or rent-in land and out-migrate their kin members, while land-abundant households tended to release or rent-out land, in-migrate kin members, or employ non-kin members. Estimates suggest that more than 80% of the surplus or deficit area of land was resolved if the household rented or "sold" land. We discuss a potential underlying mechanism; namely, that the village's collective responsibility for tax payment (murauke) motivated both individual households and the village as a whole to reallocate land and labor for the efficient use of resources.

Experience with PV-diesel hybrid village power systems in southern Morocco

In October 2002, under the auspices of Spanish Cooperation, a pilot electrification project put into operation two centralised PV-diesel hybrid systems in two different Moroccan villages. These systems currently provide a full-time energy service and supply electricity to more than a hundred of families, six community buildings, street lighting and one running water system. The appearance of the electricity service is very similar to an urban one: one phase AC supply (230V/50Hz) distributed up to each dwelling using a low-voltage mini-grid, which has been designed to be fully compatible with a future arrival of the utility grid. The management of this electricity service is based on a “fee-for-service” scheme agreed between a local NGO, partner of the project, and electricity associations created in each village, which are in charge of, among other tasks, recording the daily energy production of systems and the monthly energy consumption of each house. This register of data allows a systematic evaluation of both the system performance and the energy consumption of users. Now, after four years of operation, this paper presents the experience of this pilot electrification project and draws lessons that can be useful for designing, managing and sizing this type of small village PV-hybrid system

Vista de Valencia tomada del lugar de Burjasot [Material gráfico] =Vue de Valence prise du village de Burjasot = View of Valencia taken from the village of Burjasot

Resumen: Descripción: vista de la ciudad de Valencia desde Burjassot

Anacaona [Manuscrito]: balada indiana

Número 315 en el catálogo de Vicente Galbis e Hilari García

Arquitecturas efímeras con cartón: el caso de la village en cartón de Guy Rottier

En este trabajo se plantea un proceso de investigación sobre la arquitectura con cartón, que va desde el estudio del material y la arquitectura construida, hasta la profundización en las ideas del arquitecto Guy Rottier sobre estas arquitecturas, plasmadas en su totalidad en el proyecto de la village en carton. El trabajo se ha desarrollado en 5 fases: En la primera fase se pretende demostrar el interés del cartón como material para la arquitectura y las nuevas posibilidades que abre su uso. En la segunda fase se estudia el cartón desde un punto de vista técnico, investigando sobre los distintos productos que ofrece el mercado y sus características técnicas. La tercera fase consiste en una investigación de la obra construida utilizando el cartón como material principal. Se han elegido una serie de obras representativas debido al tipo de cartón que utilizan y el sistema constructivo, clasificadas en función de su escala. En la cuarta fase se expone la vida, obra e ideas sobre la arquitectura de Guy Rottier, arquitecto de la village en carton. Rottier es un adelantado a su tiempo, ya en los años 60 plantea en sus proyectos temas tan actuales como la arquitectura sostenible, la arquitectura efímera o el aprovechamiento de la energía solar. La quinta y última fase consiste en el desarrollo del proyecto de la village en carton de Guy Rottier, utilizando todo el conocimiento adquirido en las anteriores fases del trabajo. En el desarrollo del proyecto se especifican aspectos como la propuesta de diseño, los tipos de cartón apropiados para cada elemento, el sistema de montaje y una definición completa del mismo a nivel constructivo.