889 resultados para Heavy metal


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本研究利用酵母功能互补方法和RACE的方法从具有较强抗逆能力的绊根草中克隆了9个与重金属抗性相关的克隆,并对部分基因的表达调控及功能进行了初步研究。同时还利用细胞工程技术筛选到了具有较强的耐受火箭推进齐-偏二甲肼(UDMH)的芦苇的变异株系,为以后用人工湿地系统处理受偏二甲肼污染的废水奠定了基础。 本研究通过酵母功能互补法克隆到了五个基因,分别为CdSRP、CdTETH、 CdASP、CdMT2和CdTER1。CdSRP可能是一种衰老相关基因;CdTETH编码的产物可能是组成TRAPP复合体的一个亚基;CdASP是一个功能未知的基因;CdMT2是一个编码Type Ⅱ型金属硫蛋白基因;CdTER1可能是编码一个TERl-like家族蛋白成员的基因。用这五个基因分别转化因Acr基因缺失而对As敏感的酵母菌株FD236-6A,所获得的转化子对As的抗性均有提高,其中以CdMT2、CdTER1和CdASP的作用最为明显。这些基因的表达调控方式以及与其它重金属抗性的关系正在研究中。 本研究还利用RACE的方法克隆了一个谷胱甘肽S-转移酶基因,CdGSTFl;两个植物络合素合酶基因,CdPCSI和CdPCSⅡ,和一个TypeⅠ型金属硫蛋白基因CdMT1。CdGSTF1属于phi类GST基因,Northern-blotting分析表明,CdGSTF1在绊根草根部的表达受Cd2+的诱导,暗示其可能具有解除氧自由基或氢过氧化物的毒性的作用。CdPCSI和CdPCSⅡ的同源性较高,表明绊根草含有两个以上的PCs合酶的基因。参照前人的方法对CdPCSI和CdPCSII的氨基酸序列进行分析,发现它们含有六个非常相近的Cd2+结合位点,这两个基因的功能及其调控方式有何差异尚需进一步的研究。cdMT1与用酵母功能互补法克隆到的CdMT2属于不同类型的MT基因,对它们之间很可能存在的功能、组织特异性等方面的差异性进行了讨论。 四氧化二氮/偏二甲肼是常用的航天器双组元液体推进剂。偏二甲肼易挥发,有致癌、致畸、致突变的毒性。在推进剂贮存、运输、转注、火箭发动机试车、火箭发射、管道及设备冲洗中产生的含有偏二甲肼的废水能够对卫星发射基地的地下水源和空气造成污染。因此迫切需要培育能够净化偏二甲肼污水的植物。 本研究利用生长在卫星发射基地的野生芦苇的种子诱导愈伤组织,进而通过逐步提高偏二甲肼筛选压力的方式从中筛选出具有较强抗性的愈伤组织,然后诱导其分化。目前已经得到能够在含有1.63 mmol/L和3.26 mmol/L偏二甲肼的分化培养基中生长良好的芦苇再生苗,并已成功转移至温室中。抗性分化苗对污水的处理效果和耐受偏二甲肼的机理正在研究中。

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金属硫蛋白(metallothionein,MT)和植物络合素(phytochelatin,PC)是植物中能够与金属离子结合的两大类多肽。二者均富含Cys,但前者是mRNA的编码产物,后者是酶促反应的产物,植物络合素合酶(PCS)则是合成PC的关键酶之一。目前已发现许多植物同时存在金属硫蛋白基因和植物络合素合酶基因。研究重金属胁迫下这两类基因的表达对了解植物的重金属抗性的分子机制具有重要意义,同时还可以为培育能用于植物修复的品种提供新思路。 本论文从大蒜中克隆了一个type 2 MT基因,命名为AsMT2a,将其在大蒜中的表达模式与大蒜的植物络合素合酶基因(AsPCS1)进行了比较,并对二者的过表达转基因拟南芥的重金属抗性进行研究。其主要结果如下: 1. AsMT2a基因全长525 bp,编码79个氨基酸,其中有14个Cys 残基。 推测的氨基酸序列分析表明其Cys的位置和数目与来自其它植物的type 2 MT蛋白的完全一致。 2. RT-PCR的结果显示,大蒜根部AsPCS1的表达在Cd处理的短期(1 hr)内迅速增强,同时PCs含量也大幅度增加。但AsMT2a的表达在Cd处理10 hr后才有明显的增加。说明AsPCS1可能在植物对重金属的急性解毒方面起主要作用,而AsMT2a则在植物对重金属长久耐性中的离子平衡方面起更大作用。暗示在大蒜暴露于Cd胁迫的不同时期AsPCS1和AsMT2a基因可以互相协调而对重金属胁迫作出反应。此外,在不同胁迫条件下,AsPCS1和AsMT2a的表达模式不同,其中Cd、As和热激可以促进根中AsPCS1的表达和PCs的积累。 3.将AsPCS1和AsMT2a转入对砷和镉敏感的酵母菌株 FD236-6A中,RT-PCR的结果显示这两个基因均可在酵母中稳定表达,对转化子的重金属抗性实验表明这两个基因均可提高转化子对砷和镉的抗性。 4.将AsPCS1和AsMT2a 置于 CaMV 35S启动子下转入拟南芥中,RT-PCR结果表明,这两个基因均可在拟南芥中表达。有趣的是,AsPCS1在拟南芥中存在两个转录本,且二者均具有完整的ORF,其推测的氨基酸序列相差38个氨基酸。说明部分AsPCS1在拟南芥中经过了精确的剪切和拼接过程,但其机制尚不清楚。 5.在Cd 胁迫下,AsPCS1的超表达拟南芥的生长好于野生型植株,主要表现在转基因拟南芥的根较长,根数目较多;但在As胁迫下AsPCS1转基因植株与野生型植株没有明显的差别。与此不同的是将AsMT2a转入拟南芥后,转基因植株的As抗性明显增强,同样表现在根长度和根数目上。进一步将AsPCS1和AsMT2a同时转入拟南芥进行超表达,在Cd胁迫下,转基因植株的生长好于野生型植株,且种子萌发率也较高。 6.Cd和As胁迫下,AsPCS1过表达植株的PCs含量增加,同时Cd和As的积累量也明显增加,其中Cd胁迫下Cd含量增加最多,平均比野生型对照增加4倍;而As胁迫下As含量比野生型对照增加1.2倍。在Cd和As胁迫下,AsMT2a过表达植株的Cd和As积累量与野生型相比分别增加1.4倍和0.8 倍。双价基因AsMT2a +AsPCS1过表达植株的 Cd 积累量是野生型的5.8倍,是AsMT2a过表达植株的2.4 倍,是AsPCS1过表达植株的1.2倍。 在克隆AsMT2a的同时,我们还从大蒜中克隆到了一个金属硫蛋白基因家族的新成员,命名为AsMT2b,并对其功能进行了初步探讨。主要结果如下: 1.AsMT2b 全长520 bp,其开读框架为243 bp,编码80个氨基酸,其中含有15个Cys 残基。对推测的氨基酸序列分析表明AsMT2b的N端和C端domain内,Cys的数目和排列方式与其它type 2 MT蛋白明显不同。 其N 端domain内的结构为CXXC——CXC——CXC——CXCC,C端domain 内的结构为CXXC——CXC——CXC。暗示AsMT2b 可能具有与其它MT不同的生物学功能。 2.在较低浓度Cd(200 µM)胁迫下,AsMT2b的表达量随着处理时间(24 hr内)的延长而降低,但随着处理浓度的升高(500 µM)和处理时间延长(48 hr),其表达量又逐步增强,说明AsMT2b可能在胁迫强度增大到一定值时方起作用。 3. 将AsMT2b转入对Cd和As敏感的酵母菌株FD236-6A中,发现AsMT2b对酵母As抗性的提高贡献不大,但可明显提高酵母对Cd的抗性。 4.对AsMT2b的超表达拟南芥的重金属抗性分析表明,与野生型植株比较,转基因植株具有较强的Cd抗性,表现在Cd胁迫下,种子的萌发率较高,根较长,侧根数较多。但在As胁迫下,转基因植株的生长和野生型没有明显差异。可以看出,转AsMT2b的拟南芥对重金属的抗性不同于转AsMT2a的植株,前者的抗Cd性较强,而后者的抗As性较强。 5. Cd胁迫下,AsMT2b过表达拟南芥的Cd含量明显增加,平均比野生型对照植株增加70%,但各个株系的增加幅度不一致。 另外,我们还对CdCl2胁迫下,大蒜幼苗中镉的积累及氧化胁迫和抗氧化能力的变化进行了研究。结果表明在CdCl2 胁迫下,大多数Cd在根部积累,而只有少量的Cd积累于叶片中。5 mM 和10 mM CdCl2 抑制SOD和CAT的活性,但随着处理时间的延长,二者的活性回复到对照水平或高于对照。在CdCl2胁迫下,POD的活性明显增强,同时脂质过氧化产物积累。这些结果说明镉胁迫下,植物细胞中氧化胁迫加剧,而抗氧化酶活性的增强是植物对次生氧化胁迫的一种适应策略。 综上所述,在重金属胁迫下, AsPCS1和AsMT2a之间及AsMT2a和AsMT2b之间均表现出明显的协调反应。这种协调反应可能是植物维持细胞内离子稳态的机制之一。而重金属胁迫下,过表达AsPCS1,AsMT2a或AsPCS1+AsMT2a的拟南芥体内的重金属含量明显增加,表明这些基因可望用于重金属污染土壤的植物修复中。

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植物耐受和积累重金属的细胞学基础是植物细胞内存在一些能够络合和区隔化金属离子的机制。细胞中络合重金属离子最重要的小肽分子是谷胱甘肽(GSH)和植物络合素(PCs),而YCFⅠ基因编码的ABC-type 液泡膜转运蛋白负责将重金属离子及其与上述小肽形成的复合物转运进入细胞液泡中,即将重金属离子区隔化。植物细胞中合成GSH 和PCs 的关键酶分别是γ-谷氨酰氨半胱氨酸合成酶(GSHⅠ)和植物络合素合酶(PCS),他们的编码基因分别为GSHⅠ 和PCS 。此外定位于细胞质中的小囊泡上且对二价阳离子的吸收和转运有重要作用的SMF2 蛋白可能也参与重金属离子的区隔化过程。 为了改良植物使之能够应用于清除土壤中的重金属污染,本研究基于植物耐受和积累重金属的细胞学机制,分别将酿酒酵母来源的GSHⅠ、YCFⅠ和SMF2 基因,以及GSHⅠ、YCFⅠ基因分别与镉抗性植物大蒜来源的AsPCSⅠ 基因构建为不同的基因组合表达载体,转化模式植物拟南芥。对不同组合转基因拟南芥的功能分析表明: 1、酵母来源的基因GHSⅠ、YCFⅠ分别在拟南芥中异源超表达可以在一定程度上提高转基因拟南芥耐受、积累重金属的能力;其中GSHⅠ基因在拟南芥超表达可以提高转基因拟南芥合成GSH 的能力,转基因拟南芥细胞中GSH 浓度比野生型增加。 2、将GSHⅠ基因和来自大蒜的AsPCSⅠ基因同时在拟南芥中超表达能够显著提高转基因拟南芥耐受和积累重金属的能力,且积累和耐受能力显著高于分别转GSHⅠ或AsPCSⅠ的单价转基因株系;将YCFⅠ基因和AsPCSⅠ基因同时在拟南芥中超表达也能够显著提高转基因拟南芥耐受和积累重金属的能力,且积累和耐受能力显著高于分别转YCFⅠ或AsPCSⅠ的单价转基因株系。两种双价转基因株系GSHⅠ+AsPCSⅠ和YCFⅠ+AsPCSⅠ在积累和耐受不同重金属胁迫方面没有明显差别。 3、将SMF2 基因在拟南芥中异源表达,研究了植物中囊泡转运是否参与了重金属离子的吸收和区隔化过程。研究结果表明:超表达SMF2 基因的拟南芥尽管耐受重金属胁迫的能力与野生型没有明显差异,但其积累重金属的能力显著提高。这为证明植物中小囊泡转运参与重金属转运提供了间接证据。 综上所述,同时将多个参与植物对重金属络合、转运和区隔化作用的关键基因在转基因植物中表达可以提高植物耐受和积累重金属的能力,是培育可用于植物修复的新型工程植物的值得探索的途径。本论文所设计和构建的双价基因组合及其对目标植物的转化,在环境重金属污染的清除中有潜在的应用价值。

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Following a brief outline of the physiography of the Indian Ocean, an examination is made of the current situation regarding contamination of the environment. Prominent marine pollutants and the consequences of the marine disposal are discussed, considering in particular oil pollution, heavy metal pollution, agricultural wastes and domestic wastes. Research activities conducted in the area investigating the levels of marine pollution are detailed, and an evaluation made of future prospects concerning the monitoring and control of pollution.

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三峡水利枢纽工程的调度运行导致水库水位的涨落,从而在三峡水库周边水陆交错带形成周期性淹没与出露于水面的一段特殊区域,被称为三峡水库消落带。三峡水库消落带生态系统的健康是库岸稳定和水库安全运行的重要保障。土壤养分是三峡库区消落带土壤生态系统的重要组成部分。三峡水库蓄水以来,土壤理化性状发生改变,水土流失日益加剧。土壤是植物的基础,因此,对三峡水库消落带土壤性状的研究对消落带植被恢复有一定的指导意义,也为研究水库消落带水土流失提供依据,为研究水库消落带土壤污染与水体污染提供基础。 本文首先通过对重庆忠县石宝寨水库消落带不同水位、不同时期的表层土壤分析,研究了消落带不同水位土壤容重、酸碱度、有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、硝态氮、氨态氮、速效磷、速效钾的含量变化。实验结果表明:(1)消落带土壤淹水前各测定指标在不同海拔高程之间的差异均不显著(P>0.05);(2)三峡水库淹水后消落带土壤由微碱性变为碱性,养分平均含量普遍下降,土壤养分缺乏,淹水易造成养分流失;(3)不同淹水强度下,土壤pH 值、有机质、全氮、全磷、氨态氮、速效钾平均含量差异显著(P<0.001),经过淹水土壤有机质、全氮、速效钾含量进一步降低;(4)不同淹水时期,土壤全钾、硝态氮、氨态氮平均含量差异显著(P<0.001),速效氮含量随季节变化较大,与土壤水分有密切关系;(5)干湿交替更容易造成氮、磷解吸释放入水体,从而增加富营养化的风险。 其次,通过对石宝寨消落带5 个时间段6个水位的表层土壤分析,研究了消落带不同时期、不同淹水强度土壤酸碱度及Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr 的含量变化。结果表明(1)淹水土壤pH 显著高于未淹水土壤,长期淹水土壤重金属含量显著高于短期淹水土壤与未淹水土壤,146m 土壤重金属含量最高;(2)经过淹水土壤,pH 先升高后下降,铜含量、锌含量都下降,铬含量先上升后下降,铅含量随着土壤暴露先稍微上升,后又下降,但在08 年9 月达到最大值;(3)各土壤重金属之间均存在显著相关关系,表明三峡消落带土壤存在重金属复合污染隐患;( 4 ) 以三峡水库土壤背景值为评价标准, 消落带土壤污染程度具有Cu>Pb>Zn>Cr 的特征,其中,铜污染相对最为严重,消落带土壤随着淹水强度的加大与淹水时间的延长,污染程度加重,消落带综合污染指数达到1.24,属于轻度污染级。

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我国牡丹资源丰富、药用历史悠久、药材出口量大。近年来国际上对进口植物药的重金属限量标准不断提高,已成为影响丹皮出口的最大贸易壁垒之一,严重阻碍了丹皮产业化进程。为了提高我国丹皮药材整体质量水平和国际竞争力,本试验探讨了不同产地、不同种质资源的丹皮与Cu、Cd、Pb、As四种重金属的关系,重点研究了两个代表性品种对重金属Cu的富集规律,分析了重金属Cu对牡丹生长、生理和药材品质的影响。实验中采用火焰原子吸收分光光度法(FAAS )和电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)为基本检测手段来分析样品中重金属元素的含量,从植物与重金属相互关系的角度对牡丹药用、花药兼用以及生态修复可行性等方面进行了系统研究。结果如下: 1. 丹皮重金属含量与牡丹种质资源和栽培环境关系密切。野生种中滇牡丹丹皮中Cu、Cd含量相对较高,多数野生种丹皮中Pb、As含量较栽培种偏高;铜陵产区的丹皮重金属含量明显高于其它产区,铜尾矿上栽培出产的丹皮重金属Cu含量明显超标,建议其改变种植模式,可以考虑丰富牡丹品种,开发生态旅游、观赏栽培。 2. 综合比较同一地块的7个常用药用品种发现,‘JPH’和‘CKL’品种对重金属富集能力相对较弱。‘JPH’是传统的优良观赏品种,适宜花药兼用;结合前期研究的结果‘CKL’药效成分含量相对较高,药用价值较高,适宜药用栽培。 3. 对药用牡丹品种‘凤丹’和‘建始粉’外施不同浓度CuSO4溶液处理后发现,丹皮中重金属富集量与外施重金属浓度成显著正相关。当外施Cu 浓度超过150mg/kg 时,两个品种的丹皮中Cu含量均已超标。 4. 重金属Cu对牡丹生长的影响效应与重金属浓度和植物体自身部位有关。当外施Cu浓度小于600mg/kg 时,对牡丹生长有一定的促进作用,主要表现在地上部分;超过600mg/kg 时,对牡丹生长有抑制作用,随着浓度增大,毒害症状愈加明显。地下部主要表现出受抑制作用,抑制效应随外施浓度增大而加重。 5. 牡丹通过自身的生理生化调节机制抵抗Cu胁迫对细胞造成的氧化伤害:低浓度Cu可以刺激抗氧化酶系统SOD和POD 活性升高,高浓度下SOD和 POD活性则显著降低。相同处理条件下‘凤丹’品种的抗铜性要高于‘建始粉’。 6. 本试验未发现外施Cu处理对丹皮中药效成分丹皮酚、芍药苷产生影响。 7. ‘凤丹’及‘建始粉’根系铜富集质量分数均达到超富集植物的要求,因此牡丹可能在重金属Cu污染的环境修复方面存在巨大潜力。

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渤海湾沿岸人口密集,工农、航运发达,渤海自身净化能力非常有限。因此,渤海湾 环境污染的压力越来越大,主要污染物包括重金属和持久性有机污染物的。四角蛤蜊广泛 分布于渤海湾海域,是一种重要的经济贝类,对污染物具有较强的富集能力。为了研究不 同站点渤海湾四角蛤蜊软体部重金属含量,选择大港油田、高沙岭码头、涧河村三个断面 进行研究,对不同站点四角蛤蜊软体部重金属含量进行了分析和讨论,最后对水生动物的 POPs 毒理调控通道进行了探索性研究,得到以下结果: 1. 通过比较渤海不同站点四角蛤蜊软体部重金属含量分布特征和方差分析,发现四 角蛤蜊软体部必需重金属元素含量较高,而非必需重金属元素含量较低,这是由于必需重 金属元素具有重要的生理功能作用。侧重比较A、B 两个断面各站位间四角蛤蜊软体部重 金属含量,发现虽然各站位间分布规律不明显,但各站位间差异显著。 2. 利用简单相关回归分析金属元素间及其与生物学性状间的关系,发现Mn 与Zn 之 间,Cu 与Zn 间均存在显著正相关,Se 与As、Cd 间存在显著正相关。另外,A 断面,BL 与Cd 含量显著负相关其回归方程为:Y(Cd)=-1395.97+88.34(BL);R=0.633;在B 断面,利用BW 和BH 分别与Cd 和As 显著负相关和显著正相关,其回归方程分别为:BW 和Cd 的回归方程为:Y(Cd)=-1968.80+220.72(BW);R=0.656。BH 和As 的回归方 程为:Y(As)=1496.86+227.82(BH);R=0.656。 3. 利用PLS(偏最小二乘分析)方法分析,发现五个生物学性状都与Co、As 呈正相 关,而与Cr、Pb、Se 呈负相关,而与必须重金属元素相关不明显。进一步分析表明表明 渤海湾海域中Co、As 含量低于四角蛤蜊正常生长发育的需要,而Cr、Pb、Se 的含量超过 四角蛤蜊正常生长发育所需的量。最后,通过PLS-DA 分析方法,发现C 站点样品能与A、 B 两个断面的站点区分开,而A、B 间未能区分开,反映了渤海湾三个断面的实际污染状 况。 4. 四角蛤蜊软体部重金属含量进行风险评价,首先,利用单因子污染指数法比较分析, 发现从1997 年-2008 年,渤海湾四角蛤蜊软体部Cd 的污染水平在不断降低,现在其含量 已低于《海洋生物质量标准》(第二类)标准。而Cr、As 有污染的趋势,需要引起重视。 然后,利用金属污染指数法进行比较研究,发现B 断面>A 断面>C 断面。最后,利用《人 体消费卫生标准》进行比较分析,发现Cd、Ni 存在轻度污染,因此需要加强其污染源的 控制。 5. 渤海湾污染物除了重金属外,还存在一些典型持久性有机污染物。为进一步揭示 二者间协同毒理机制,利用分子系统学方法,对芳香烃受体通道进行了探索性研究,发现 水生动物AhR通道基因在进化过程中发生了适应性进化,对进一步研究重金属和POPs对双 壳贝类的毒理机制具有参考价值。

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This study document effects of short-term (96h) sublethal levels of copper, cadmium and their mixture on the amino acid composition of postlarvae of the penaeid shrimp, P.monodon and P.penicillatus . All experimental conditions were kept constant, temperature between 25-27•C and salinity 21-22 ppt. The estimated LD50 for Cu was 200 ug/L, for Cd 177.5 ug/L and for Cu.Cd mixture 250ug/L. In P. penicillatus at the same concentration of each metal, there was significant reduction in amino acid content, which was 8.01% higher than the control. Almost similar reduction in some amino acids was observed in P.monodon. At the maximum concentration of 400 ug/L, cadmium caused higher reduction in amino acid composition than did copper. Thus, amino acid composition may be regarded as a sensitive biochemical indicator of Cu and Cd toxicity because of the effect of these metals on protein synthesis, a signal of physiological stress in marine organisms subjected to heavy metal pollution.

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This article presents a laboratory study on the consequences of the application of combined soil stabilization and bioaugmentation in the remediation of a model contaminated soil. Stabilization and bioaugmentation are two techniques commonly applied independently for the remediation of heavy metal and organic contamination respectively. However, for a cocktail of contaminants combined treatments are currently being considered. The model soil was contaminated with a cocktail of organics and heavy metals based on the soil and contaminant conditions in a real contaminated site. The soil stabilization treatment was applied using either zeolite or green waste compost as additives and a commercially available hydrocarbon degrading microbial consortium was used for the bioaugmentation treatment. The effects of stabilization with or without bioaugmentation on the leachability of cadmium and copper was observed using an EU batch leaching test procedure and a flow-through column leaching test, both using deionized water at a pH of 5.6. In addition, the population of hydrocarbon degrading microorganisms was monitored using a modified plate count procedure in cases where bioaugmentation was applied. It was found that while the stabilization treatment reduced the metal leachability by up to 60%, the bioaugmentation treatment increased it by up to 100% Microbial survival was also higher in the stabilized soil samples.

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Aspartate aminotransferase (E.C. 2.6.1.1.) from the skeletal muscle of fresh water fish Cirrhina mrigala has been purified 40 fold by ammonium sulphate fractionation, adsorption on alumina Csub(8) gel and chromatography using DEAE-cellulose column and the properties of the purified enzyme studied. The pH optimum of the enzyme is 7.8. The Km value of aspartic acid and 2-oxoglutaric acid are found to be 2.8 x 10sub(-3) M and 1.0 x 10sub(-4) M respectively. The activity of enzyme is inhibited by p-chloromercurybenzoate, hydroxylamine hydrochloride and sodium cyanide. The inhibition by pchloromercurybenzoate is reversed by reduced glutathione, B-mercaptoethanol and cysteine. Dicarboxylic acids such as maleic acid, malic acid and succinic acid inhibit the enzyme activity. The enzyme is not activated by any of the metal ions tested and heavy metal ions such as mercury and silver strongly inhibit the enzyme activity.

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Ecological risk assessment is determination of the probability of an adverse effect occurring to an ecological system. This investigation was carried out to assess the ecological risk of sediment in coast of Bandar Abbass in 9 stations including Shilat Jetty, Hotel Amin, Poshte-Shahr, Souro, Bahonar Jetty, Powerhouse, Refinery and Rajaee Jetty from autumn 2013 to summer 2014. Results showed that Polychaete with 1177 , 1109 , 414 , 573 , ind.m2 in autumn 91 , winter 91 , spring 92 and summer 92 were the most abundant in frequency respectively. Among ecological indices, the Margalof that ranged from 4 to 7 was in a good situation while Shanoon and Berger – Parker with 1.2 (at most) and 0.32 (at least) respectively indicated an environment with probable stress. Heavy metal distribution obtained as Cd>Pb>Cu>Zn in sediment. In tissue, the distribution of heavy metals were as Crab>polychaete>Bivalve>gastropod for Pb, Gastropod>Bivalve>Polychaete>Crab for Cd, Gastropod>Crab>Polychaete>Bivalve for Cu and Gastropod>Bivalve>Crab>Polychaete for Zn. Maximum and Minimum of TOM obtained 10.16 and 1.96 percent in Posht-e-Shahr and shilat Jetty respectively and clay was the dominant grain in most area. Bioaccumulation coefficient of Zn and Cu was high in all stations. Igeo as a single index was high for Cd indicating a high risk in all stations. Potential Ecological Risk was high for Cu and Zn and goes increasingly from shilat Jetty to Rajee Jetty but goes down for Pb. Pollution index for Cu and Pb was nearly the same as Potential Ecological Risk but for Zn goes constantly. Among PAH, 5-ring and 6-ring PAhs were more concentrate comparison to other compounds in sediment. 2-ring and 3-ring, 3-ring, 4-ring and 5-ring and 5-ring PAHs were more concentrate in Gastropod, Bivalve, Crab and Polychaete respectively. HI as an index of PAH obtained 1. Ecological Risk Indices showed that the heavy metals are a serious risk for invertebrate in sediment but PAHs are not a risk for benthic community.

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Stabilisation, using a wide range of binders including wastes, is most effective for heavy metal soil contamination. Bioremediation techniques, including bioaugmentation to enhance soil microbial population, are most effective for organic contaminants in the soil. For mixed contaminant scenarios a combination of these two techniques is currently being investigated. An essential issue in this combined remediation system is the effect of microbial processes on the leachability of the heavy metals. This paper considers the use of zeolite and compost as binder additives combined with bioaugmentation treatments and their effect on copper leachability in a model contaminated soil. Different leaching test conditions are considered including both NRA and TCLP batch leaching tests as well as flow-through column tests. Two flow rates are applied in the flow-through tests and the two leaching tests are compared. Recommendations are given as to the effectiveness of this combined remediation technique in the immobilisation of copper. © 2005 Taylor & Francis Group.

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This scoping study proposes using mixed nitride fuel in Pu-based high conversion LWR designs in order to increase the breeding ratio. The higher density fuel reduces the hydrogen-to-heavy metal ratio in the reactor which results in a harder spectrum in which breeding is more effective. A Resource-renewable Boiling Water Reactor (RBWR) assembly was modeled in MCNP to demonstrate this effect in a typical high conversion LWR design. It was determined that changing the fuel from (U,TRU)O2 to (U,TRU)N in the assembly can increase its fissile inventory ratio (fissile Pu mass divided by initial fissile Pu mass) from 1.04 to up to 1.17. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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The effects of cadmium (Cd2+) on growth status, chlorophyll (Chl) content, photochemical efficiency, and photosynthetic intensity were studied on Canna indica Linn. Plant specimens that were produced from a constructed wetland and precultivated hydroponically in 20 L of 1/10 Hoagland solution under greenhouse conditions for I week were exposed to cadmium in concentrations of 0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6 and 3.2 mg L- Cd2+, respectively. The results show that leaves were injured in the Cd2+ solution by the third day of exposure and the injury became more serious with an increase in the applied heavy metal. Under 3.2 mg L-1 Cd2+ treatment, growth retardation, the decrease of chlorophyll content from 0.70 to 0.43 mg g(-1) FW, and a decrease in Chl a/b ratio from 2.0 to 1.2 were observed. Chl a was more sensitive than Chl b to Cd2+ stress. The decrease was the same with photochemical efficiency. Photosynthetic intensity decreased by 13.3% from 1.5X10(4) mumol m(-2)s(-1) CO2 in control to 1.3x10(4) mumol m(2)s(-1) CO2 in the treatment of 3.2 mg L-1. Because Canna species are used in heavy metal phytoremediation, these results show that C. indica can tolerate 0.4 to 0.8 mg L-1 Cd2+. Therefore, it is a potential species for phytoremediation of cadmium with some limitations only at higher concentrations.

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The release of heavy metals from the combustion of hazardous wastes is an environmental issue of increasing concern. The species transformation characteristics of toxic heavy metals and their distribution are considered to be a complex problem of mechanism. The behavior of hazardous dyestuff residue is investigated in a tubular furnace under the general condition of hazardous waste pyrolysis and gasfication. Data interpretation has been aided by parallel theoretical study based on a thermodynamic equilibrium model based on the principle of Gibbs free energy minimization. The results show that Ni, Zn, Mn, and Cr are more enriched in dyestuff residue incineration than other heavy metals (Hg, As, and Se) subjected to volatilization. The thermodynamic model calculation is used for explaining the experiment data at 800 degrees C and analyzing species transformation of heavy metals. These results of species transformation are used to predict the distribution and emission characteristics of trace elements. Although most trace element predictions are validated by the measurements, cautions are in order due to the complexity of incineration systems.