Nafion®-bound carbon electrodes containing transitionmetal phthalocyanines for oxygen reduction in solid-polymer-electrolyte fuel cells

Catalytic activities of some transition metal-phthalocyanine complexes towards electroreduction of molecular oxygen are examined on Nafion®-bound and bare porous carbon electrodes in 2.5 M H2SO4 electrolyte. It is found that these metal complexes exhibit better catalytic activities towards oxygen reduction with the Nafion®-bound electrodes.

Toward Effective Scalar Hardware for Highly Vectorizable Applications

The performance of a program will ultimately be limited by its serial (scalar) portion, as pointed out by Amdahl′s Law. Reported studies thus far of instruction-level parallelism have mixed data-parallel program portions with scalar program portions, often leading to contradictory and controversial results. We report an instruction-level behavioral characterization of scalar code containing minimal data-parallelism, extracted from highly vectorized programs of the PERFECT benchmark suite running on a Cray Y-MP system. We classify scalar basic blocks according to their instruction mix, characterize the data dependencies seen in each class, and, as a first step, measure the maximum intrablock instruction-level parallelism available. We observe skewed rather than balanced instruction distributions in scalar code and in individual basic block classes of scalar code; nonuniform distribution of parallelism across instruction classes; and, as expected, limited available intrablock parallelism. We identify frequently occurring data-dependence patterns and discuss new instructions to reduce latency. Toward effective scalar hardware, we study latency-pipelining trade-offs and restricted multiple instruction issue mechanisms.

Interfacial shear rheology of highly confined glassy polymers

We present results on interfacial shear rheology measurements on Langmuir monolayers of two different polymers, poly(vinyl acetate) and poly(methyl methacrylate) as a function of surface concentration and temperature. While for the high glass transition poly(methyl methacrylate) polymer we find a systematic transition from a viscous dominated regime to an elastic dominated regime as surface concentration is increased, monolayers of the low glass transition polymer, poly(vinyl acetate), remain viscous even at very high surface concentrations. We further interpret the results in terms of the soft glassy rheology model of Sollich et al. P. Sollich, F. C. Lequeux, P. Hebraud and M. E. Cates, Phys. Rev. Lett., 1997, 78, 2020-2023] and provide evidence of possible reduction in glass transition temperatures in both poly(methyl methacrylate) and poly(vinyl acetate) monolayers due to finite size effects.

Digital simulation of galvanostatic current-potential data for gas-diffusion electrodes and estimation of electrodekinetic parameters

A computerized non-linear-least-squares regression procedure to analyse the galvanostatic current-potential data for kinetically hindered reactions on porous gas-diffusion electrodes is reported. The simulated data fit well with the corresponding measured values. The analytical estimates of electrode-kinetic parameters and uncompensated resistance are found to be in good agreement with their respective values obtained from Tafel plots and the current-interrupter method. The procedure circumvents the need to collect the data in the limiting-current region where the polarization values are usually prone to errors. The polarization data for two typical cases, namely, methanol oxidation on a carbon-supported platinum-tin electrode and oxygen reduction on a Nafion-coated platinized carbon electrode, are successfully analysed.

Electrooxidation of methanol in sulfuric-acid electrolyte on platized-carbon electrodes with several functional-group characteristics

The effect of acid/base functional-groups associated with platinized-carbon electrodes on their catalytic activity toward electro-oxidation of methanol in sulfuric acid electrolyte at 60-degrees-C is studied. Platinized-carbon electrodes with sm amounts of functional groups exhibit higher catalytic activity compared to those with large concentrations of acidic/basic surface functionalities. The overpotential for methanol oxidation is minimum on electrodes of platinized carbons with pHzpc values between 6 and 7. An x-ray photoelectron spectroscopic study of various platinized carbons suggests that the acid/base surface functional-groups produce ample amounts of surface Pt-oxides and a consequent decrease in activity toward methanol oxidation.

Methanol oxidation on carbon-supported platinum-tin electrodes in sulfuric acid

A study is made of the electrooxidation of methanol in sulfuric acid on carbon-supported electrodes containing platinum-tin bimetal catalysts that are prepared by an in situ potentiometric-characterization route. The catalysts are investigated by employing chemical analyses, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray absorption-near-edge spectroscopy (XANES) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) data in conjunction with electrochemical measurements. From the electrochemical data, it is inferred that while an electrode with (3:1) Pt-Sn/C catalyst involves a two-electron rate-limiting step akin to platinum-on-carbon electrodes, it is shifted to a one-electron mechanism on electrodes with (3:2)Pt-Sn/C, (3:3)Pt-Sn/C, and (3:4)Pt-Sn/C catalysts. The study suggests that the tin content in the platinum-tin bimetal catalyst produces: (i) a charge transfer from tin to platinum; (ii) an increase in the coverage of adsorbed methanolic residues with increase in the tin content, as indicated by the shift in rest potential of the electrodes towards the reversible value for oxidation of methanol (0.043 V versus SHE), and (iii) a decrease in the overall content of higher valent platinum sites in the catalyst.

Methanol oxidation on carbon-supported Pt---Sn electrodes in silicotungstic acid

Electro-oxidation of methanol was studied on carbon-supported Pt---Sn/C electrodes in silcotungstic acid (SiWA) at various concentrations. The porous-carbon electrodes employing Pt---Sn/C catalyst have been characterized using chemical analyses, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) in conjunction with electrochemistry. The presence of Pt---Sn and Pt3Sn alloys along with Pt and SnO2 phases in the catalyst were identified by XRD. XPS analysis showed a lower amount of PtO species in the Pt---Sn/C catalyst with respect to the corresponding Pt/C sample. From the steady-state galvanostatic polarization data on Pt---Sn/C electrodes in SiWA, it is inferred that a one-electron process is the rate determining step. The performance of the electrodes in 0.084 M SiWA was better than in 2.5 M H2SO4 under similar conditions up to load currents of about 100 mA cm−2 indicating the promoting behaviour of the electrolyte. At currents larger than 100 mA cm−2, the performance of the electrodes in 0.084 SiWA was poorer than that in 2.5 M H2SO4 mainly due to the dominance of mass polarization in the former owing to the large size of keggin units associated with the structure of SiWA. This aspect was supported by cyclic voltammetry and ac impedance studies on Pt---Sn/C electrodes. Simulation of the electrochemical impedance response for the oxidation of methanol in SiWA was carried out using the equivalent electrical circuit model.

Highly selective sulfur transfer reaction in the solid state

Benzyltriethylammonium tetrathiomolybdate 1 reacts readily with benzyl halides, alkyl iodides and acyl halides in the solid state to give the corresponding disulfides in good yields and with remarkable selectivity.

Methanol oxidation on carbon-supported platinum-tin electrodes in sulfuric acid

A study is made of the electrooxidation of methanol in sulfuric acid on carbon-supported electrodes containing platinum-tin bimetal catalysts that are prepared by an in situ potentiometric-characterization route. The catalysts are investigated by employing chemical analyses, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray absorption-near-edge spectroscopy (XANES) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) data in conjunction with electrochemical measurements. From the electrochemical data, it is inferred that while an electrode with (3:1) Pt-Sn/C catalyst involves a two-electron rate-limiting step akin to platinum-on-carbon electrodes, it is shifted to a one-electron mechanism on electrodes with (3:2)Pt-Sn/C, (3:3)Pt-Sn/C, and (3:4)Pt-Sn/C catalysts. The study suggests that the tin content in the platinum-tin bimetal catalyst produces: (i) a charge transfer from tin to platinum; (ii) an increase in the coverage of adsorbed methanolic residues with increase in the tin content, as indicated by the shift in rest potential of the electrodes towards the reversible value for oxidation of methanol (0.043 V versus SHE), and (iii) a decrease in the overall content of higher valent platinum sites in the catalyst.

Methanol oxidation on carbon-supported Pt---Sn electrodes in silicotungstic acid

Electro-oxidation of methanol was studied on carbon-supported Pt-Sn/C electrodes in silcotungstic acid (SiWA) at various concentrations. The porous-carbon electrodes employing Pt-Sn/C catalyst have been characterized using chemical analyses, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) in conjunction with electrochemistry. The presence of Pt-Sn and Pt3Sn alloys along with Pt and SnO2 phases in the catalyst were identified by XRD. XPS analysis showed a lower amount of PtO species in the Pt-Sn/C catalyst with respect to the corresponding Pt/C sample. From the steady-state galvanostatic polarization data on Pt-Sn/C electrodes in SiWA, it is inferred that a one-electron process is the rate determining step. The performance of the electrodes in 0.084 M SiWA was better than in 2.5 M H2SO4 under similar conditions up to load currents of about 100 mA cm-2 indicating the promoting behaviour of the electrolyte. At currents larger than 100 mA cm-2, the performance of the electrodes in 0.084 SiWA was poorer than that in 2.5M H2SO4 mainly due to the dominance of mass polarization in the former owing to the large size of Keggin units associated with the structure of SiWA. This aspect was supported by cyclic voltammetry and ac impedance studies on Pt-Sn/C electrodes. Simulation of the electrochemical impedance response for the oxidation of methanol in SiWA was carried out using the equivalent electrical circuit model.

Effect of surfactant dispersed in oil on interaction force between an oil film and a steel substrate in water

The oil phase, in an oil-in-water emulsion on a steel substrate, is strongly repelled by the substrate. The oil in this situation does not wet the steel and steel/steel friction is high. In this work we disperse anionic surfactants in an oil film and study the effect of this dispersion on the force of interaction between a silica colloid probe (AFM) carrying the oil film and a steel substrate in water. It is observed that when the surfactant is oil insoluble and the interaction time is short the strong entropic repulsion (without the surfactant) is replaced by a strong attraction. The steel on steel sliding friction in this case is low compared to that what is achieved when the surfactant is soluble in oil. The rationale underlying these interactions is explored here. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Reactions of the hexachlorocyclodiphosphazane [MeNPCl3]2 with primary aromatic amines: formation of highly basic bisphosphinimines

Reactions of hexachlorocyclodiphosphazane [MeNPCl3]2 with primary aromatic amines afforded the bisphosphinimine hydrochlorides [(RNH)2(RN)PN(Me)P(NHMe)(NHR)2]+Cl- (R = Ph 1, C6H4Me-4 2 or C6H4OMe-4 3). Dehydrochlorination of 2 and 3 by methanolic KOH yielded highly basic bisphosphinimines [(RNH)2(RN)PN(Me)P(NMe)(NHR)2] (R = C6H4Me-4 4 or C6H4OMe-4 5). Compounds 1-5 have been characterised by elemental analysis and IR and NMR (H-1, C-13, P-31) spectroscopy. The structure of 2 has been confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The short P-N bond lengths and the conformations of the PN, units can be explained on the basis of cumulative negative hyperconjugative interactions between nitrogen lone pairs and adjacent P-N sigma* orbitals. Ab initio calculations on the model phosphinimine (H2N)3P=NH and its protonated form suggest that (amino)phosphinimines would be stronger bases compared to many organic bases such as guanidine.

An aqueous-solution based low-temperature pathway to synthesize giant dielectric CaCu3Ti4O12-Highly porous ceramic matrix and submicron sized powder

A simple, cost-effective and environment-friendly pathway for preparing highly porous matrix of giant dielectric material CaCu3Ti4O12 (CCTO) through combustion of a completely aqueous precursor solution is presented. The pathway yields phase-pure and impurity-less CCTO ceramic at an ultra-low temperature (700 degrees C) and is better than traditional solid-state reaction schemes which fail to produce pure phase at as high temperature as 1000 degrees C (Li, Schwartz, Phys. Rev. B 75, 012104). The porous ceramic matrix on grinding produced CCTO powder having particle size in submicron order with an average size 300 nm. On sintering at 1050 degrees C for 5 h the powder shows high dielectric constants (>10(4) at all frequencies from 100 Hz to 100 kHz) and low loss (with 0.05 as the lowest value) which is suitable for device applications. The reaction pathway is expected to be extended to prepare other multifunctional complex perovskite materials. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.