La educación de adultos en zonas rurales en proceso de modernización : situación del debate en la República Federal de Alemania.

Está en fase de reorientación y cambio del espacio agrícola. En los últimos cincuenta años se ha desarrollado de forma rápida e imparable, ya poco después de 1945 fue identificado por la educación de adultos como un reto y problema. Pero, el espacio rural quedó rezado a un segundo plano, también para la educación de adultos. Los potenciales educativos y los recursos humanos latentes en él, debían ser encomendados a una labor educativa urbana. Para la mayoría e los científicos el espacio rural desempeñaba hasta hace pocos años un papel secundario o no desempeñaba papel alguno. Pero este enfoque urbano limitado a la educación de adultos ha ido cambiando a partir de los años ochenta sin que pueda hablarse en la actualidad de una època dorada de la educación de adultos en las zonas rurales, en los últimos años se ha cuestionado críticamente la propia posición. Se ha detectado las insuficiencias y se han hecho esfueszos para corregir las deficiencias, por lo menos en el modelo y de forma visible de cara a la colectividad política y elaborar perspectivas. Este cambio realista desde lo años ochenta de la educación de adultos en zonas rurales. Las orientaciones hacia la labor cultural y educaciones forjadoras de identidad y determinadas por lo geográfico-temporal y búsqueda de las raíces y tierra natal, es su lema. Y no los nuevos acercamientos cualitativos al espacio cultural pueden justificar que se constate un cambio hacia lo cotidiano. Así, actualmente se define la educación de adultos como un factor de desarrollo y localización.

Atención plena en Pedagogía Social : bases, realización y resultados de un proyecto didáctico universitario.

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El alfabeto ib??rico

Se analiza una de las lagunas del mundo ib??rico: su lengua. Por ahora no ha sido descifrada y se desconoce su origen. Aunque los tres grupos principales del alfabeto ib??rico (la escritura del suroeste, la meridional y la levantina) coinciden en sus rasgos b??sicos, se observan algunas diferencias. Los textos m??s antiguos se remontan al siglo V a.C. y los m??s recientes llegan hasta principios de nuestra era. La lengua ??bera se escribi?? en tres escrituras diferentes: Alfabeto griego, Alfabeto latino y Alfabeto ??bero. Su variante levantina fue descifrada en 1922 por Manuel G??mez-Moreno Mart??nez, mientras que las primeras lecturas correctas del meridional fueron realizadas por Ulrich Schmoll en 1961. La romanizaci??n propici?? que el empleo de la escritura ib??rica fuera desapareciendo junto con una progresiva latinizaci??n.

Un Camí del SAD al SED

L’objectiu principal del treball és exposar una alternativa a la institucionalització que fomenti l’autonomia, el desenvolupament i el benestar de les persones que es troben en situació de dependència, partint d’un recurs ja existent: el Servei d’Atenció Domiciliària (SAD). Va dirigit en especial al col•lectiu de persones amb problemàtiques de salut mental. Proposa la nomenclatura SED (Suport Educatiu Domiciliari) què no existeix com a tal, per anomenar una branca o una part del SAD que sí existeix

The Economic anI Racial Implications of the Globalization of Knowledge by Catholic Missionaries in Portuguese India, 16th-18th Centuries

The European Missionaries benefitted from the native Asian sources and knowledge providers much more than it is honestly acknowledged.

Kinetic multi-layer model of gas-particle interactions in aerosols and clouds (KM-GAP): linking condensation, evaporation and chemical reactions of organics, oxidants and water

We present a novel kinetic multi-layer model for gas-particle interactions in aerosols and clouds (KM-GAP) that treats explicitly all steps of mass transport and chemical reaction of semi-volatile species partitioning between gas phase, particle surface and particle bulk. KM-GAP is based on the PRA model framework (Pöschl-Rudich-Ammann, 2007), and it includes gas phase diffusion, reversible adsorption, surface reactions, bulk diffusion and reaction, as well as condensation, evaporation and heat transfer. The size change of atmospheric particles and the temporal evolution and spatial profile of the concentration of individual chemical species can be modelled along with gas uptake and accommodation coefficients. Depending on the complexity of the investigated system, unlimited numbers of semi-volatile species, chemical reactions, and physical processes can be treated, and the model shall help to bridge gaps in the understanding and quantification of multiphase chemistry and microphysics in atmo- spheric aerosols and clouds. In this study we demonstrate how KM-GAP can be used to analyze, interpret and design experimental investigations of changes in particle size and chemical composition in response to condensation, evaporation, and chemical reaction. For the condensational growth of water droplets, our kinetic model results provide a direct link between laboratory observations and molecular dynamic simulations, confirming that the accommodation coefficient of water at 270 K is close to unity. Literature data on the evaporation of dioctyl phthalate as a function of particle size and time can be reproduced, and the model results suggest that changes in the experimental conditions like aerosol particle concentration and chamber geometry may influence the evaporation kinetics and can be optimized for eðcient probing of specific physical effects and parameters. With regard to oxidative aging of organic aerosol particles, we illustrate how the formation and evaporation of volatile reaction products like nonanal can cause a decrease in the size of oleic acid particles exposed to ozone.

Identification of metabolites in human hepatic bile using 800 MHz 1H NMR spectroscopy, HPLC-NMR/MS and UPLC-MS

The first application of high field NMR spectroscopy (800 MHz for 1H observation) to human hepatic bile (as opposed to gall bladder bile) is reported. The bile sample used for detailed investigation was from a donor liver with mild fat infiltration, collected during organ retrieval prior to transplantation. In addition, to focus on the detection of bile acids in particular, a bile extract was analysed by 800 MHz 1H NMR spectroscopy, HPLC-NMR/MS and UPLC-MS. In the whole bile sample, 40 compounds have been assigned with the aid of two-dimensional 1H–1H TOCSY and 1H–13C HSQC spectra. These include phosphatidylcholine, 14 amino acids, 10 organic acids, 4 carbohydrates and polyols (glucose, glucuronate, glycerol and myo-inositol), choline, phosphocholine, betaine, trimethylamine-N-oxide and other small molecules. An initial NMR-based assessment of the concentration range of some key metabolites has been made. Some observed chemical shifts differ from expected database values, probably due to a difference in bulk diamagnetic susceptibility. The NMR spectra of the whole extract gave identification of the major bile acids (cholic, deoxycholic and chenodeoxycholic), but the glycine and taurine conjugates of a given bile acid could not be distinguished. However, this was achieved by HPLC-NMR/MS, which enabled the separation and identification of ten conjugated bile acids with relative abundances varying from approximately 0.1% (taurolithocholic acid) to 34.0% (glycocholic acid), of which, only the five most abundant acids could be detected by NMR, including the isomers glycodeoxycholic acid and glycochenodeoxycholic acid, which are difficult to distinguish by conventional LC-MS analysis. In a separate experiment, the use of UPLC-MS allowed the detection and identification of 13 bile acids. This work has shown the complementary potential of NMR spectroscopy, MS and hyphenated NMR/MS for elucidating the complex metabolic profile of human hepatic bile. This will be useful baseline information in ongoing studies of liver excretory function and organ transplantation.

Probabilistic evaluation of time series models : a comparison of several approaches

Several methods are examined which allow to produce forecasts for time series in the form of probability assignments. The necessary concepts are presented, addressing questions such as how to assess the performance of a probabilistic forecast. A particular class of models, cluster weighted models (CWMs), is given particular attention. CWMs, originally proposed for deterministic forecasts, can be employed for probabilistic forecasting with little modification. Two examples are presented. The first involves estimating the state of (numerically simulated) dynamical systems from noise corrupted measurements, a problem also known as filtering. There is an optimal solution to this problem, called the optimal filter, to which the considered time series models are compared. (The optimal filter requires the dynamical equations to be known.) In the second example, we aim at forecasting the chaotic oscillations of an experimental bronze spring system. Both examples demonstrate that the considered time series models, and especially the CWMs, provide useful probabilistic information about the underlying dynamical relations. In particular, they provide more than just an approximation to the conditional mean.

Climate change projections and stratosphere–troposphere interaction

Climate change is expected to increase winter rainfall and flooding in many extratropical regions as evaporation and precipitation rates increase, storms become more intense and storm tracks move polewards. Here, we show how changes in stratospheric circulation could play a significant role in future climate change in the extratropics through an additional shift in the tropospheric circulation. This shift in the circulation alters climate change in regional winter rainfall by an amount large enough to significantly alter regional climate change projections. The changes are consistent with changes in stratospheric winds inducing a change in the baroclinic eddy growth rate across the depth of the troposphere. A change in mean wind structure and an equatorward shift of the tropospheric storm tracks relative to models with poor stratospheric resolution allows coupling with surface climate. Using the Atlantic storm track as an example, we show how this can double the predicted increase in extreme winter rainfall over Western and Central Europe compared to other current climate projections