Market institutions and judicial rulemaking

Assuming that the degree of discretion granted to judges was the main distinguishing feature between common and civil law until the 19th century, we argue that constraining judicial discretion was instrumental in protecting freedom of contract and developing the market order in civil law. We test this hypothesis by analyzing the history of Western law. In England, a unique institutional balance between the Crown and the Parliament guaranteed private property and prompted the gradual evolution towards a legal framework that facilitated market relationships, a process that was supported by the English judiciary. On the Continent, however, legal constraints on the market were suppressed in a top-down fashion by the founders of the liberal state, often against the will of the incumbent judiciary. Constraining judicial discretion there was essential for enforcing freedom of contract and establishing the legal order of the market economy. In line with this evidence, our selection hypothesis casts doubts on the normative interpretation of empirical results that proclaim the superiority of one legal system over another, disregarding the local conditions and institutional interdependencies on which each legal system was grounded.

El Derecho a la informaci��n del ni��o hospitalizado

Esta comunicaci��n presenta un estado de la cuesti��n sobre experiencias virtuales relacionadas con el derecho de los ni��os hospitalizados a recibir una informaci��n adecuada sobre su enfermedad y el tratamiento a seguir. Se parte de un marco legal y normativo (Patient��s Bill of Rights, Declaraci��n sobre la promoci��n de los derechos para los pacientes en Europa, Carta europea de los derechos del ni��o hospitalizado, Manifiesto de la Unesco para bibliotecas p��blicas, Pautas para bibliotecas al servicio de pacientes de hospital, ancianos y discapacitados en centros de atenci��n de larga duraci��n) que reconoce que hay que garantizar el derecho de los enfermos a disfrutar de una vida plena porque un paciente no es s��lo un enfermo sino una persona con derechos. La metodolog��a seguida se basa en una b��squeda exhaustiva en Internet condicionada por factores geogr��ficos, idiom��ticos, terminol��gicos y de silencio informativo. Se ha obviado intencionadamente la descripci��n del contexto espa��ol. Los casos presentados, fruto de una selecci��n, se han analizado teniendo en cuenta cuatro aspectos: descripci��n, objetivos, ��mbito de aplicaci��n y puntos fuertes. As�� mismo, los resultados se estructuran en funci��n de las caracter��sticas de los productos o servicios y de su dependencia institucional: elaborados por hospitales, por organizaciones externas que crean productos o servicios y portales de informaci��n. Del an��lisis se deduce que existen numerosos recursos virtuales pero pocos son los que informan al paciente infantil, siendo m��s frecuentes los dirigidos a adolescentes. La mayor��a de las veces la informaci��n proporcionada no va m��s all�� de los t��picos o no es adecuada. Predominan las comunidades virtuales frente a la informaci��n directa sobre la enfermedad. Se trata de productos o proyectos normalmente desvinculados de las bibliotecas hospitalarias o de las bibliotecas para pacientes y de sus profesionales. Se concluye que el canal m��s adecuado para facilitar el acceso no s��lo a la informaci��n sino a una informaci��n de calidad, es a trav��s de la biblioteca del hospital, en la que el ��bibliotecario de cabecera�� se constituye en un referente constante para el personal sanitario, los pacientes y sus familiares.

Older Drivers and Risk, August 2, 2007

The value of driving We as Americans - and especially as Iowans - value the independence of getting around in our own vehicles and staying connected with our families and communities. The majority of older Iowans enjoy a more active, healthy and longer life than previous generations. Freedom of mobility shapes our quality of life. With aging, driving becomes an increasing concern for older Iowans and their families. How we deal with changes in our driving ability and, eventually, choose when and how to retire from driving, will affect our safety and our quality of life.

Driving Retirement Planning and making it work, August 2, 2007

The value of driving We as Americans - and especially as Iowans - value the independence of getting around in our own vehicles and staying connected with our families and communities. The majority of older Iowans enjoy a more active, healthy and longer life than previous generations. Freedom of mobility shapes our quality of life. With aging, driving becomes an increasing concern for older Iowans and their families. How we deal with changes in our driving ability and, eventually, choose when and how to retire from driving, will affect our safety and our quality of life.

Chiral unitary approach to eta'N scattering at low energies

We study the eta'N interaction within a chiral unitary approach which includes piN , etaN and related pseudoscalar meson-baryon coupled channels. Since the SU(3) singlet does not contribute to the standard interaction and the eta' is mostly a singlet, the resulting scattering amplitude is very small and inconsistent with experimental estimations of the eta' N scattering length. The additional consideration of vector meson-baryon states into the coupled channel scheme, via normal and anomalous couplings of pseudoscalar to vector mesons, enhances substantially the eta' N amplitude. We also exploit the freedom of adding to the Lagrangian a new term, allowed by the symmetries of QCD, which couples baryons to the singlet meson of SU(3). Adjusting the unknown strength to the eta' N scattering length, we obtain predictions for the elastic eta'N -> etaN and inelastic eta' N -> etaN , piN , KLambda, KEpsilon cross sections at low eta' energies, and discuss their significance.

Vacuum decay in quantum field theory

We study the contribution to vacuum decay in field theory due to the interaction between the long- and short-wavelength modes of the field. The field model considered consists of a scalar field of mass M with a cubic term in the potential. The dynamics of the long-wavelength modes becomes diffusive in this interaction. The diffusive behavior is described by the reduced Wigner function that characterizes the state of the long-wavelength modes. This function is obtained from the whole Wigner function by integration of the degrees of freedom of the short-wavelength modes. The dynamical equation for the reduced Wigner function becomes a kind of Fokker-Planck equation which is solved with suitable boundary conditions enforcing an initial metastable vacuum state trapped in the potential well. As a result a finite activation rate is found, even at zero temperature, for the formation of true vacuum bubbles of size M-1. This effect makes a substantial contribution to the total decay rate.

Moderata Fonte y Mar��a Zambrano: por cuenta propia

In this paper, Rosa Rius thinks about feminine identity and its history, based on the expressions of freedom of two authors living four centuries apart: the Venetian humanist Moderata Fonte (1555-1592) and the Malagan philosopher Mar��a Zambrano (1904-1991). The fact that these women��s freedom is taken as one of their main identifying elements, and straining the historical action of this freedom, unforeseen by the establishment, does not at all imply that the undeniable discrimination inflicted upon women throughout centuries is forgotten or goes on without protest.

Kirjallisuutta

Virallisen vastav��itt��j��n 30.11.2001 p��iv��tty, v��h��isess�� m����rin lyhennetty lausunto.

Foreword (2004)

This is the first issue of Geologica Acta dedicated to the memory of Professor Francesc Calvet, whose life was cut short in January 2002 when he was only 54. Francesc was a man with great human qualities, a distinguished scientist and an inspiring teacher who was held in high esteem by all those who knew him. His academic achievements, talent and friendly personality attracted numerous colleagues and students. Unfailingly courteous and polite, he was passionately committed to social justice and was a staunch defender of freedom of conscience and tolerance.

Moderata Fonte y Mar��a Zambrano: por cuenta propia

In this paper, Rosa Rius thinks about feminine identity and its history, based on the expressions of freedom of two authors living four centuries apart: the Venetian humanist Moderata Fonte (1555-1592) and the Malagan philosopher Mar��a Zambrano (1904-1991). The fact that these women��s freedom is taken as one of their main identifying elements, and straining the historical action of this freedom, unforeseen by the establishment, does not at all imply that the undeniable discrimination inflicted upon women throughout centuries is forgotten or goes on without protest.

Libertad de c��tedra del profesor universitario. Contenido y amenazas en el contexto actual de reforma del modelo de universidad p��blica

[spa] Asistimos, desde hace algunos a��os, a un proceso de profundos cambios en la Universidad. Reformas que no s��lo est��n afectando, entre otros, a su financiaci��n, a su gobierno y gesti��n o a la estructura de las ense��anzas que en ella se imparten. Tambi��n, y de forma muy especial e intensa, se est��n proyectando en su profesorado modificando su proceso de selecci��n y transformando su funci��n docente. Precisamente, en relaci��n con ��sta ��ltima, el papel que est�� llamado a desempe��ar el docente est�� garantizado por la Constituci��n que les reconoce el derecho fundamental a la libertad de c��tedra. La proclamaci��n al m��s alto nivel normativo de este derecho del profesor ha obligado a conjugarla con otros derechos, igualmente fundamentales, presentes en el sistema educativo, en especial, el de la educaci��n, y con otras potestades que se encomiendan a poderes p��blicos y universidades derivadas de la concepci��n de la educaci��n como un servicio p��blico. No obstante, en la actualidad las amenazas que plantean las nuevas exigencias derivadas del EEES pueden suponer un paso m��s all�� actuando en la misma esencia de contenido de la libertad de c��tedra perdiendo su sentido originario y condicionando su ejercicio a l��mites no permitidos por el propio texto constitucional.

El Land-Art a l'educaci�� 0-3: l'expressi�� lliure i la comprensi�� del medi a trav��s de l'art i la natura

Actualment el Land ��� Art ��s un moviment poc conegut i dif��s en la vessant educativa. Aquest treball pret��n treure a la llum i transmetre l���ess��ncia d���aquest moviment enriquidor cap als infants. Tant ��s aix��, que el Land ��� Art esdev�� una eina d���aprenentatge innovadora en el primer cicle d���Educaci�� Infantil a trav��s d���una metodologia constructivista que involucra a tota la comunitat educativa: professionals, fam��lia i alumnes. L���objectiu del present projecte ��s l�����s d���aquest moviment com instrument d���aprenentatge per tal d���observar i analitzar uns resultats que s���han anat construint a partir d���una hip��tesi: ���El Land ��� Art a l���Educaci�� 0-3 fomenta l���expressi�� lliure i la comprensi�� del medi���. En aquest treball trobarem, en primer lloc, el marc te��ric del projecte; en segon lloc, el seu m��tode d���investigaci��; en tercer lloc, la vessant pr��ctica del projecte; i, en quart i darrer lloc, les conclusions que reflecteixen la part comparativa entre el marc te��ric i la part pr��ctica, on es finalitzar�� amb les reflexions finals.

Omistuksensuoja ja sopimusvapaus : amerikkalaisen oikeusajattelun muutokset 1868-1937

English summary: Protection of private ownership and freedom of contract : changes in American legal thought (s.1015-1016)

Harkitseva eurooppalainen informaatiokuluttaja? : Euroopan integraatio ja mainosviestinn��n ilmaisuvapaus

English summary: The circumspect European consumer of information? ������� European integration and the freedom of commercial expression (s. 507-508)

Keisari Augustus ja oikeustieteen vapauden historialliset juuret

English summary: Emperor Augustus and the historical roots of the freedom of jurisprudence (s.1014)