Automatic near real-time selection of flood water levels from high resolution Synthetic Aperture Radar images for assimilation into hydraulic models: a case study

Flood extents caused by fluvial floods in urban and rural areas may be predicted by hydraulic models. Assimilation may be used to correct the model state and improve the estimates of the model parameters or external forcing. One common observation assimilated is the water level at various points along the modelled reach. Distributed water levels may be estimated indirectly along the flood extents in Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images by intersecting the extents with the floodplain topography. It is necessary to select a subset of levels for assimilation because adjacent levels along the flood extent will be strongly correlated. A method for selecting such a subset automatically and in near real-time is described, which would allow the SAR water levels to be used in a forecasting model. The method first selects candidate waterline points in flooded rural areas having low slope. The waterline levels and positions are corrected for the effects of double reflections between the water surface and emergent vegetation at the flood edge. Waterline points are also selected in flooded urban areas away from radar shadow and layover caused by buildings, with levels similar to those in adjacent rural areas. The resulting points are thinned to reduce spatial autocorrelation using a top-down clustering approach. The method was developed using a TerraSAR-X image from a particular case study involving urban and rural flooding. The waterline points extracted proved to be spatially uncorrelated, with levels reasonably similar to those determined manually from aerial photographs, and in good agreement with those of nearby gauges.

Assessing the completeness of optical resetting of quartz OSL in the natural environment

Resetting of previously accumulated optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) signals during transport of sediment is a fundamental requirement for reliable optical dating. The completeness of optical resetting of 46 modern-age quartz samples from a variety of depositional environments was examined. All equivalent dose (De) estimates were View the MathML source, with the majority of aeolian samples View the MathML source, and fluvial samples View the MathML source. The OSL signal of quartz originates from several trap types with different rates of charge loss during illumination. As such, incomplete bleaching may be identifiable as an increase in De from easy-to-bleach through to hard-to-bleach components. For all modern fluvial samples with non-zero De values, SAR De(t) analysis and component-resolved linearly modulated OSL (LM OSL) De estimates showed this to be the case, implying incomplete resetting of previously accumulated charge. LM OSL measurements were also made to investigate the extent of bleaching of the slow components in the natural environment. In aeolian sediments examined, the natural LM OSL was effectively zero (i.e. all components were fully reset). The slow components of modern fluvial samples displayed measurable residual signals up to 15 Gy.

Identification of partial resetting using De as a function of illumination time

Modern age samples from various depositional environments were examined for signal resetting. For 19 modern aeolian/beach samples all De values obtained were View the MathML source, with ∼70% having View the MathML source. For 21 fluvial/colluvial samples, all De values were View the MathML source with ∼80% being View the MathML source. De as a function of illumination (OSL measurement) time (De(t)) plots were examined for all samples. Based on previous laboratory experiments, increases in De(t) were expected for partially reset samples, and constant De(t) for fully reset samples. All aeolian samples, both modern age and additional ‘young’ samples (<1000 years), showed constant (flat) De(t) while all modern, non-zero De, fluvial/colluvial samples showed increasing De(t). ‘Replacement plots’, where a regenerated signal is substituted for the natural, yielded constant (flat) De(t). These findings support strongly the use of De(t) as a method of identifying incomplete resetting in fluvial samples. Potential complicating factors, such as illumination (bleaching) spectrum, thermal instability and component composition are discussed and a series of internal checks on the applicability of the De(t) for each individual aliquot/grain level are outlined.

Landscape evolution and ice-sheet behaviour in a semi-arid polar environment: James Ross Island, NE Antarctic Peninsula

This study of landscape evolution presents both new modern and palaeo process-landform data, and analyses the behaviour of the Antarctic Peninsula Ice Sheet through the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), the Holocene and to the present day. Six sediment-landform assemblages are described and interpreted for Ulu Peninsula, James Ross Island, NE Antarctic Peninsula: (1) the Glacier Ice and Snow Assemblage; (2) the Glacigenic Assemblage, which relates to LGM sediments and comprises both erratic-poor and erratic-rich drift, deposited by cold-based and wet-based ice and ice streams respectively; (3) the Boulder Train Assemblage, deposited during a Mid-Holocene glacier readvance; (4) the Ice-cored Moraine Assemblage, found in front of small cirque glaciers; (5) the Paraglacial Assemblage including scree, pebble-boulder lags, and littoral and fluvial processes; and (6) the Periglacial Assemblage including rock glaciers, protalus ramparts, blockfields, solifluction lobes and extensive patterned ground. The interplay between glacial, paraglacial and periglacial processes in this semi-arid polar environment is important in understanding polygenetic landforms. Crucially, cold-based ice was capable of sediment and landform genesis and modification. This landsystem model can aid the interpretation of past environments, but also provides new data to aid the reconstruction of the last ice sheet to overrun James Ross Island.

Micro-abrasion of flint artefacts by mobile sediments: a taphonomic approach

Fluvial redeposition of stone artifacts is a major complicating factor in the interpretation of Lower Palaeolithic open-air archaeological sites. However, the microscopic examination of lithic surfaces may provide valuable background information on the transport history of artifacts, particularly in low energy settings. Replica flint artifacts were therefore abraded in an annular flume and examined with a scanning electron microscope. Results showed that abrasion time, sediment size, and artifact transport mode were very sensitive predictors of microscopic surface abrasion, ridge width, and edge damage (p < 0.000). These results suggest that patterns of micro-abrasion of stone artifacts may enhance understanding of archaeological assemblage formation in fluvial contexts

Recent work at the Lower Palaeolithic site of Corfe Mullen, Dorset, England

Changes in the geological interpretation of the history of the ancient Solent river basin have focused attention on the handaxes discovered in the Corfe Mullen area during quarrying before the Second World War. Recent geological research suggests that the fluvial terrace the handaxes are associated with may pre-date the Anglian glaciation. This is important because it contributes to the question of just when the Solent basin was first occupied by hominins, and how this relates to other areas of possible contemporary pre-Anglian occupation such as the Boxgrove Marine embayment. However, the artefacts were believed to come from the bluff of the river terrace and were thus not in situ. This paper explores that question and re-examines the context from which the handaxes at Corfe Mullen were discovered.

Differentiation of neotropical ecosystems by modern soil phytolith assemblages and its implications for palaeoenvironmental and archaeological reconstructions II: Southwestern Amazonian forests

Accurate archaeological and palaeoenvironmental reconstructions using phytoliths relies on the study of modern reference material. In eastern Acre, Brazil, we examined whether the five most common forest types present today were able to be differentiated by their soil phytolith assemblages, and thus provide analogues with which to compare palaeoecological assemblages from pre-Columbian earthwork sites in the region. Surface soils and vegetation from dense humid evergreen forest, dense humid evergreen forest with high palm abundance, palm forest, bamboo forest and fluvial forest were sampled and their phytoliths analysed. Relative phytolith frequencies were statistically compared using Principal Components Analyses (PCAs). We found the major differences in species composition to be well-represented by the phytolith assemblages as all forest types, apart from the two sub-types of dense humid evergreen forest, could be differentiated. Larger phytoliths from the sand fraction were found to be more ecologically diagnostic than those from the silt fraction. The surface soil phytolith assemblages we analysed can therefore be used as analogues to improve the accuracy of archaeological and palaeoecological reconstructions in the region.

Grain size and heavy minerals of the Late Quaternary eolian sediments from the Imbituba-Jaguaruna coast, Southern Brazil: Depositional controls linked to relative sea-level changes

The stratigraphic subdivision and correlation of dune deposits is difficult, especially when age datings are not available. A better understanding of the controls on texture and composition of eolian sands is necessary to interpret ancient eolian sediments. The Imbituba-Jaguaruna coastal zone (Southern Brazil, 28 degrees-29 degrees S) stands out due to its four well-preserved Late Pleistocene (eolian generation 1) to Holocene eolian units (eolian generations 2, 3, and 4). In this study, we evaluate the grain-size and heavy-mineral characteristics of the Imbituba-Jaguartma eolian units through statistical analysis of hundreds of sediment samples. Grain-size parameters and heavy-mineral content allow us to distinguish the Pleistocene from the Holocene units. The grain size displays a pattern of fining and better sorting from generation 1 (older) to 4 (younger), whereas the content of mechanically stable (dense and hard) heavy minerals decreases from eolian generation 1 to 4. The variation in grain size and heavy-mineral content records shifts in the origin and balance (input versus output) of eolian sediment supply attributable mainly to relative sea-level changes. Dunefields submitted to relative sea-level lowstand conditions (eolian generation 1) are characterized by lower accumulation rates and intense post-depositional dissection by fluvial incision. Low accumulation rates favor deflation in the eolian system, which promotes concentration of denser and stable heavy minerals (increase of ZTR index) as well as coarsening of eolian sands. Dissection involves the selective removal of finer sediments and less dense heavy minerals to the coastal source area. Under a high rate of relative sea-level rise and transgression (eolian generation 2), coastal erosion prevents deflation through high input of sediments to the coastal eolian source. This condition favors dunefield growth. Coastal erosion feeds sand from local sources to the eolian system. including sands from previous dunefields (eolian generation 1) and from drowned incised valleys. Therefore, dunefields corresponding to transgressive phases inherit the grain-size and heavy-mineral characteristics of previous dunefields, leading to selective enrichment of finer sands and lighter minerals. Eolian generations 3 and 4 developed during a regressive-progradational phase (Holocene relative sea level highstand). The high rate of sediment supply during the highstand phase prevents deflation. The lack of coastal erosion favors sediment supply from distal sources (fluvial sediments rich in unstable heavy minerals). Thus, dunefields of transgressive and highstand systems tracts may be distinguished from dunefields of the lowstand systems tract through high rates of accumulation (low deflation) in the former. The sediment source of the transgressive dunefields (high input of previously deposited coastal sands) differs from that of the highstand dunefields (high input of fluvial distal sands). Based on this case study, we propose a general framework for the relation between relative sea level, sediment supply and the texture and mineralogy of eolian sediments deposited in siliciclastic wet coastal zones similar to the Imbituba-Jaguaruna coast (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Thermal history versus sedimentary history: OSL sensitivity of quartz grains extracted from rocks and sediments

The optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) sensitivity of quartz has a significant influence on luminescence dating procedures. Furthermore, identifying the natural controls of quartz OSL sensitivity is an important step towards new applications of OSL in geology such as provenance tracing. We evaluate the OSL sensitivity (total and the proportion of the informally assigned fast, medium and slow components) of single grains of quartz extracted from 10 different igneous and metamorphic rocks with known formation conditions; and from fluvial and coastal sediments with different sedimentary histories and known source rocks. This sample suite allows assessment of the variability of the OSL sensitivity of single quartz grains with respect to their primary origin and sedimentary history. We observed significant variability in the OSL sensitivity of grains within all studied rock and sediment samples, with the brightest grains of each sample being those dominated by the fast component. Quartz from rocks formed under high temperature (> 500 degrees C) conditions, such as rhyolites and metamorphic rocks from the amphibolite facies, display higher OSL sensitivity. The OSL sensitivity of fluvial sediments which have experienced only a short transport distance is relatively low. These sediments show a small increase in OSL sensitivity downstream, mainly due to a decreasing fraction of ""dim"" grains. The quartz grains from coastal sands present very high sensitivity and variability, which is consistent with their long sedimentary history. The high variability of the OSL sensitivity of quartz from coastal sands is attributed more to the mixture of grains with distinct sedimentary histories than to the provenance from many types of source rocks. The temperature of crystallization and the number of cycles of burial and solar exposure are suggested as the main natural factors controlling the OSL sensitivity of quartz grains. The increase in OSL sensitivity due to cycles of erosion and deposition surpasses the sensitivity inherited from the source rock, with this increase being mainly related to the sensitization of fast OSL components. The discrimination of grains with different sedimentary histories through their OSL sensitivities can allow the development of quantitative provenance methods based on quartz. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Archaeological Mounds in Marajo Island in Northern Brazil: A Geological Perspective Integrating Remote Sensing and Sedimentology

Earthen mounds with archaeological artifacts have been well known in Marajo Island since the 19th century. Their documented dimensions are impressive, e.g., up to 20m high, and with areas large as 90 ha. The mounds, locally known as lesos, impose a significant. relief on the very low-lying landscape of this region, which averages 4 to 6 in above present. sea level. These features have been traditionally interpreted as artificial constructions of the Marajoara culture, designed for defense, cemetery purposes, or escape from flooding. Here, we provide sedimentological and geomorphological data that suggest an alternative origin for these structures that is more consistent with their monumental sizes. Rather than artificial, the Marajoara tesos seem to consist of natural morphological features related to late Pleistocene and Holocene fluvial, and possibly tidal-influenced, paleochannels and paleobars that became abandoned as depositional conditions changed through dine. Although utilized and modified by the Marajoara since at least 2000 years ago, these earthen mounds contain a significant non-anthropogenically modified sedimentary substratum. Therefore, the large Marajoara tesos are not entirely artificial. Ancient, Marajoara cultures took advantage of these natural, preexisting elevated surfaces to base their communities and develop their activities, locally increasing the sizes of these fluvial landforms. This alternative interpretation suggests less cumulative labor investment, in the construction of the mounds and might. have significant implications for reconstructing the organization of the Marajoara culture. (C) 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Combined Vertical And Lateral Channel Evolution Numerical Modeling

Vertical stream bed erosion has been studied routinely and its modeling is getting widespread acceptance. The same cannot be said with lateral stream bank erosion since its measurement or numerical modeling is very challenging. Bank erosion, however, can be important to channel morphology. It may contribute significantly to the overall sediment budget of a stream, is a leading cause of channel migration, and is the cause of major channel maintenance. However, combined vertical and lateral channel evolution is seldom addressed. In this study, a new geofluival numerical model is developed to simulate combined vertical and lateral channel evolution. Vertical erosion is predicted with a 2D depth-averaged model SRH-2D, while lateral erosion is simulated with a linear retreat bank erosion model developed in this study. SRH-2D and the bank erosion model are coupled together both spatially and temporally through a common mesh and the same time advancement. The new geofluvial model is first tested and verified using laboratory meander channels; good agreement are obtained between predicted bank retreat and measured data. The model is then applied to a 16-kilometer reach of Chosui River, Taiwan. Vertical and lateral channel evolution during a three-year period (2004 to 2007) is simulated and results are compared with the field data. It is shown that the geofluvial model correctly captures all major erosion and deposition patterns. The new model is shown to be useful for identifying potential erosion sites and providing information for river maintenance planning.

Manifestações patológicas nos viadutos, pontes e passarelas do município de Porto Alegre

Porto Alegre, como todo o grande centro urbano, não se viabilizaria na função de polo cultural, administrativo e comercial, sem a construção de grande parte de seus viadutos, pontes e passarelas. A cidade sofre com o agravante de ter seu centro secionado pela Lagoa do Guaíba e com a ausência de um sistema de transporte fluvial coletivo que possibilitaria o escoamento pelas águas. O transporte metroviário tem sido uma solução adotada pela maioria das cidades que se aproximam do porte de Porto Alegre, no entanto, é uma solução que multiplica as obras-de-arte e se configura em uma alternativa cara que exige da administração pública, estar preparada para a conservação destas obras desde a sua concepção. Nos últimos dez anos foram tomadas algumas medidas inéditas na história de preservação das obras-de-arte pelo município de Porto Alegre, medidas que representaram uma tomada de decisão importante no que se refere à vistoria especial, onde aprofundou o cadastramento de todas as obras, levantou dados específicos em planilhas de inspeção, classificou as obras, segundo seus respectivos graus de riscos, apontou obras para a recuperação, desenvolveu projetos de recuperação para algumas delas e definiu um método de vistoria e avaliação. Constatou-se que, em torno de 70% das obras-de-arte do município estão em uma faixa de idade entre 20 e 30 anos. Este é um dado que acentua a responsabilidade de se criar um plano de manutenção e que não se reduza ao planejamento, mas sim, alcance uma posição de importância nas prioridades do orçamento público e dê continuidade ao envolvimento da sociedade científica e técnica nas vistorias e projetos. Considerando-se a vida útil destas obras em aproximadamente 50 anos, pode-se afirmar que 70% delas estão passando de sua idade média, sem sofrer nenhum tipo de manutenção ou conservação Os resultados mostraram que cinco famílias de elementos pertencentes às obras-de-arte são predominantemente responsáveis pelos seus graus de riscos, no entanto, quatros delas – juntas de dilatação, instalações pluviais, tabuleiros e pavimentos - são comuns às obras de maior relevância. Um mapa de influência apresentado neste trabalho demonstra o quanto as vistorias puderam servir de ferramenta para diagnosticar as obras-de-arte, possibilitando uma leitura direta do grau de risco das estruturas e comparando as alterações deste quadro entre diferentes vistorias realizadas.

Análise o comportamento hidrodinâmico e sedimentológico do estuario do Rio Piranji - CE (NE/Brasil)

Cerca de dois terços das maiores áreas metropolitanas mundiais estão nas proximidades dos estuários, portanto são regiões comumente sujeitas à situações de risco impostas pela pressão populacional. Instalações portuárias, efluentes diversos, uso indevido das suas margens, estão entre os riscos potenciais à grande diversidade de seus recursos naturais. A ação das marés, das ondas e o aporte fluvial interagem tornando bastante complexa a caracterização do seu funcionamento. A presente dissertação foca os seguintes aspectos: hidrodinâmica, transporte de sedimentos em suspensão, sedimentologia, morfologia e classificação do ambiente. A hidrodinâmica e o transporte de sedimentos foram estudados em duas etapas de campo em condições de maré de sizígia e de quadratura, cada qual com abrangência de dois ciclos de maré (25 hs). Estas etapas foram realizadas numa estação fixa com medições de: maré, velocidade da corrente, material em suspensão, sólidos totais dissolvidos, salinidade, pH, oxigênio dissolvido e temperatura. As características sedimentológicas foram avaliadas pela coleta de sedimentos de fundo em 24 pontos. Os aspectos morfológicos foram reconhecidos por uma batimetria detalhada e por aerofotografias. Os resultados revelaram a dominância das correntes de maré vazante em sizígia e de enchente em quadratura. O fluxo total de sedimentos por ciclo de maré na sizígia foi de 71 ton. (vazante), enquanto que na quadratura foi de 2,2 ton. (enchente). Os sedimentos de fundo variaram de areia muito grossa a silte. A profundidade máxima foi de 7,4 m (maré alta de sizígia). A comparação das aerofotografias revela a instabilidade morfológica da desembocadura. Relaciona-se este fato à influência variável da deriva litorânea e da descarga hidráulica. Este estuário foi classificado como: de frente de barreira arenosa; de circulação do tipo xvi parcialmente misturada e, por vezes, verticalmente homogênea; de Tipo 2b (quadratura); de tipo intermerdiário 2a e 2b (sizígia); de negativo; de mesomaré e de energia mista.

Qualidade da água de uma bacia hidrográfica inserida na Reserva da Biosfera da Mata Atlântica, Maquiné, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

O presente trabalho visa avaliar a qualidade da água da bacia hidrográfica do rio Maquiné (BHRM), região pertencente à bacia hidrográfica do rio Tramandaí, inserida na Reserva da Biosfera da Mata Atlântica. Com área de 550 km2, a BHRM é considerada uma das regiões em melhor estado de conservação da Mata Atlântica para o Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Apesar disso, sofre influência antrópica de atividade agrícola, criação de animais e falta de saneamento básico. Para a avaliação da qualidade dos recursos hídricos, foram selecionados 7 pontos georeferenciados, onde foram obtidos dados de vazão, potencial hidrogeniônico (pH), condutividade, Oxigênio Dissolvido, Coliformes Fecais, Demanda Bioquímica de Oxigênio em 5 dias (DBO5), Fosfato total, Nitrato, Turbidez, Sólidos totais, SiO2, Fe, Cd, Hg, Zn e Cu, nos períodos de inverno (14/08/2001), primavera (15/10/2001), verão (06/01/2002) e outono (13/05/2002). Os resultados foram comparados com os limites estabelecidos pela Portaria nº1469/2000 da FUNASA e Resolução CONAMA nº20/1986. Para a avaliação da água para consumo humano, foi utilizado o Índice de Qualidade da Água, proposto pela NSF e adotado pela CETESB. No período amostrado a água encontrava-se com boa e ótima qualidade. Os principais responsáveis pela perda da qualidade da água foram Coliformes Fecais, DBO5, Fosfato total e Sólidos totais. Utilizando-se os dados do clima, obtidos da FEPAGRO/Maquiné, foi calculado o Balanço Hídrico na região, que indicou não haver estresse hídrico. Para conhecimento do aporte de metais no sistema fluvial, o Balanço de Massa foi calculado, indicando haver contribuição antrópica de Cu e Zn. Através da análise estatística ficou evidente a influência da sazonalidade sobre os resultados obtidos. As entrevistas à população demonstraram a falta de saneamento básico, incluindo o tratamento da água para consumo, bem como a contaminação humana por agrotóxicos e a falta de informações sobre os sintomas das doenças relacionadas. Por sua vez, pelos resultados obtidos, os trabalhos de Educação Ambiental desenvolvidos na região demonstram ser positivos, no que diz respeito aos usos da água e à contaminação por agrotóxicos.