Effects of infant cleft lip on adult gaze and perceptions of ‘cuteness'

Objective: Early mother-infant interactions are impaired in the context of infant cleft lip, and are associated with adverse child psychological outcomes, but the nature of these interaction difficulties is not yet fully understood. The aim of this study was to explore adult gaze behaviour and cuteness perception, which are particularly important during early social exchanges, in response to infants with cleft lip, in order to investigate potential foundations for the interaction difficulties seen in this population. Methods: Using an eye-tracker, eye movements were recorded as adult participants viewed images of infant faces with and without cleft lip. Participants also rated each infant on a scale of cuteness. Results: Participants fixated significantly longer on the mouths of infants with cleft lip, which occurred at the expense of fixation on eyes. Severity of cleft lip was associated with the strength of fixation bias, with participants looking even longer at the mouths of infants with the most severe clefts. Infants with cleft lip were rated as significantly less cute than unaffected infants. Men rated infants as less cute than women overall, but gave particularly low ratings to infants with cleft lip Conclusions: Results demonstrate that the limited disturbance in infant facial configuration of cleft lip can significantly alter adult gaze patterns and cuteness perception. Our findings could have important implications for early interactions, and may help in the development of interventions to foster healthy development in infants with cleft lip.

Review of current in vivo measurement techniques for quantifying enteric methane emission from ruminants

Ruminant husbandry is a major source of anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHG). Filling knowledge gaps and providing expert recommendation are important for defining future research priorities, improving methodologies and establishing science-based GHG mitigation solutions to government and non-governmental organisations, advisory/extension networks, and the ruminant livestock sector. The objectives of this review is to summarize published literature to provide a detailed assessment of the methodologies currently in use for measuring enteric methane (CH4) emission from individual animals under specific conditions, and give recommendations regarding their application. The methods described include respiration chambers and enclosures, sulphur hexafluoride tracer (SF6) technique, and techniques based on short-term measurements of gas concentrations in samples of exhaled air. This includes automated head chambers (e.g. the GreenFeed system), the use of carbon dioxide (CO2) as a marker, and (handheld) laser CH4 detection. Each of the techniques are compared and assessed on their capability and limitations, followed by methodology recommendations. It is concluded that there is no ‘one size fits all’ method for measuring CH4 emission by individual animals. Ultimately, the decision as to which method to use should be based on the experimental objectives and resources available. However, the need for high throughput methodology e.g. for screening large numbers of animals for genomic studies, does not justify the use of methods that are inaccurate. All CH4 measurement techniques are subject to experimental variation and random errors. Many sources of variation must be considered when measuring CH4 concentration in exhaled air samples without a quantitative or at least regular collection rate, or use of a marker to indicate (or adjust) for the proportion of exhaled CH4 sampled. Consideration of the number and timing of measurements relative to diurnal patterns of CH4 emission and respiratory exchange are important, as well as consideration of feeding patterns and associated patterns of rumen fermentation rate and other aspects of animal behaviour. Regardless of the method chosen, appropriate calibrations and recovery tests are required for both method establishment and routine operation. Successful and correct use of methods requires careful attention to detail, rigour, and routine self-assessment of the quality of the data they provide.

Coalescent analysis of mtDNA indicates Pleistocene divergence among three species of howler monkey (Alouatta spp.) and population subdivision within the Atlantic Coastal Forest species, A. guariba

We have used coalescent analysis of mtDNA cytochrome b (cyt b) sequences to estimate times of divergence of three species of Alouatta-A. caraya, A. belzebul, and A. guariba-which are in close geographic proximity. A. caraya is inferred to have diverged from the A. guariba/A. belzebul clade approximately 3.83 million years ago (MYA), with the later pair diverging approximately 1.55 MYA. These dates are much more recent than previous dates based on molecular-clock methods. In addition, analyses of new sequences from the Atlantic Coastal Forest species A. guariba indicate the presence of two distinct haplogroups corresponding to northern and southern populations with both haplogroups occurring in sympatry within Sao Paulo state. The time of divergence of these two haplogroups is estimated to be 1.2 MYA and so follows quite closely after the divergence of A. guariba and A. belzebul. These more recent dates point to the importance of Pleistocene environmental events as important factors in the diversification of A. belzebul and A. guariba. We discuss the diversification of the three Alouatta species in the context of recent models of climatic change and with regard to recent molecular phylogeographic analyses of other animal groups distributed in Brazil.

Preparation and characterization of Cd(2)Nb(2)O(7) thin films on Si substrates

Thin Cd(2)Nb(2)O(7) films were grown on single-crystal p-type SiO(2)/Si substrates by the metallo-organic decomposition (MOD) technique. The films were investigated by X-ray diffraction, X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscopy, and showed a single phase (cubic pyrochlore), a crack-free spherical grain structure, and nanoparticles with a mean size of about 68 nm. A Cauchy model was also used in order to obtain the thickness and index of refraction of the stack layers (transparent layer/SiO(2)/Si) by spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE). The dielectric constant (K) of the films was calculated to be about 25 from the capacitance-voltage (C-V) measurements. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

As atitudes do terapeuta na teoria centrada na pessoa

Este trabalho procede a um exame arqueológico das atitudes terapêuticas ao longo do desenvolvimento da teoria Rogeriana. Estuda-se o processo evolutivo que compõe o referido corpo teórico. Inicialmente, é feita uma breve apresentação de Carl Rogers, precursor da Abordagem Centrada na Pessoa. São discorridos aspectos pessoais e profissionais do autor assim como suas principais contribuições no campo da Psicologia clínica. A teoria é decomposta em três fases principais: pré história da empatia, e empatia propriamente dita e da experienciação (experiencing) que correspondem a momento históricos diferentes. Cada capítulo inclui o estudo pormenorizado de cada uma dessas fases e a análise é feita em torno de três variáveis principais: teoria da personalidade, processo terapêutico e atitudes do terapeuta. Ressalta-se, de modo especial, este último tópico. Mostra-se como as posturas e "técnicas" do terapeuta se ampliam paralelamente aos progressos teóricos. Na última fase, a da experienciação, apresentam- se as contribuições de Eugene Gendlin, que permitem compreender a abordagem rogeriana numa perspectiva fenomenológica. Finalizando, faz-se uma conclusão onde são sintetizados os marcos mais importantes do estudo, referente às atitudes do terapeuta.

O espaço psicoterápico na psicanálise freudiana e na abordagem centrada na pessoa: um estudo comparativo

O presente trabalho realiza um estudo comparativo entre a Abordagem Centrada na Pessoa e a Psicanálise no que tange, principalmente, aos aspectos teóricos relacionados com a prática clínica. A Abordagem Centrada na Pessoa é apresentada através do pensamento de seu fundador - Carl Rogers. Enfatiza-se seus pressupostos básicos, bem como procura-se mostrar a concepção teórica que fundamenta uma prática clínica com características especiais. Evidencia-se também as contribuições de Eugene Gendlin em direção a um entendimento mais completo do processo de mudança. São assinalados os aspectos fundamentais do pensamento de Freud em termos do tratamento analítico. Atenta-se, concomitantemente, para os progressos mais recentes da Psicanálise com o objetivo de se delinear uma visão ampla desse enfoque. É realizada uma análise comparativa das referidas modalidades psicoterápicas em que tem lugar seus aspectos evolutivos. Pontos de divergência e de convergência são apresentados paralelamente à tentativa de se estabelecer um intercâmbio que favoreça a um entendimento da eficácia prática desses modelos. Ratifica-se o valor heurístico das investigações inter-teóricas. É salientada, por outro lado, a importância de um desempenho clínico que considere a totalidade dos recursos do terapeuta, tanto a nível da Psicanálise como da Abordagem Centrada na Pessoa. Finalizando, estudos interligados sobre cultura, linguagem e modelos psicoterápicos são colocados como decisivos ao aprofundamento do tema da mudança psicológica.

Anesthetic induction with guaifenesin and propofol in adult horses

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Effects of hypercapnic hyperpnea on recovery from isoflurane or sevoflurane anesthesia in horses

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)