On the way to management of west Sumatra's coastal ecosystem

Various impacts on the coast of the Indonesian province of West Sumatra are presented together with activities and achievements to address them, e.g. public awareness, public relations and capacity building, including the establishment of a marine protected area.

Ecosystem function and biodiversity on coral reefs

The article highlights a workshop held in Key West, Florida in November 1993 attended by a group of 35 international scientists where topics of ecosystem function and biodiversity on coral reefs were discussed.

Rice-fish-vegetable integrated farming: towards a sustainable ecosystem

An outline is given of procedures to take in order to adopt an integrated rice-fish-vegetable farming system in India. Vegetables, which are cultivated in the dikes of the system, may include Luffa acutangula, Vigna unguiculata and Phaseolus vulgaris . When the water depth of the field rises to 30-40 cm, fish fingerlings (Puntius javanicus, Cyprinus carpio and Labeo rohita ) and prawn juveniles (Macrobranchium rosenbergii ) may be stocked. The advantages of such a system are listed and include year round employment opportunities for the farm family and improved farm family income and nutrition.

Ecosystem-based Management for Protected Species in the North Pacific Fisheries

In the North Pacific Ocean, an ecosystem-based fishery management approach has been adopted. A significant objective of this approach is to reduce interactions between fishery-related activities and protected species. We review management measures developed by the North Pacific Fishery Management Council and the National Marine Fisheries Service to reduce effects of the groundfish fisheries off Alaska on marine mammals and seabirds, while continuing to provide economic opportunities for fishery participants. Direct measures have been taken to mitigate known fishery impacts, and precautionary measures have been taken for species with potential (but no documented) interactions with the groundfish fisheries. Area closures limit disturbance to marine mammals at rookeries and haulouts, protect sensitive benthic habitat, and reduce potential competition for prey resources. Temporal and spatial dispersion of catches reduce the localized impact of fishery removals. Seabird avoidance measures have been implemented through collaboration with fishery participants and have been highly successful in reducing seabird bycatch. Finally, a comprehensive observer monitoring program provides data on the location and extent of bycatch of marine mammals and seabirds. These measures provide managers with the flexibility to adapt to changes in the status of protected species and evolving conditions in the fisheries. This review should be useful to fishery managers as an example of an ecosystem-based approach to protected species management that is adaptive and accounts for multiple objectives.

An Assessment of Fishery Yields from the East China Sea Ecosystem

A first assessment ofimportant East China Sea fisheries was carried out using data from 1956 to 1993. Two different data sets were available: 1) catch and effort data taken from landings and boat registrations and 2) catch and effort data from skipper's logs taken at sea. The two sets provided similar trends in CPUE over the study period. Stocks of high value, low volume species have been fished heavily and now produce very low landings or have been depleted (e.g. small and large yellow croaker). Some high volume and low value species have also been heavily fished (e.g. green filefish) while others (e.g. hairtail) are still producing high landings. Surplus production models were fitted to seven stocks. All showed considerable fluctuations in landings around MSY. The green filefish stock had an estimated MSY of around 160,000 tlyr at an effort of 2,500,000 kw and was depleted by a combination of excessive effort (around 4,000,000 kw in 1993) and marked fluctuations in landings (up to 70,000 tlyr above or below MSY). A sustainable policyfor managing ECS fisheries should address the effects ofboth effort and environmental variation.

Decomposição foliar e produção secundária como indicadores funcionais em um gradiente de impacto de cobertura do solo ripário em rios tropicais

Atualmente a maior ameaça à integridade de ecossistemas aquáticos reside nas ações antrópicas, que através de alterações na cobertura vegetal ripária, atingem todos os compartimentos dos sistemas lóticos, alterando a estrutura física, química e biológica do rio e os padrões de ligação entre ecossistemas terrestres e aquáticos. A importância dos macroinvertebrados fragmentadores ainda não é bem conhecida nos trópicos. Eles podem contribuir para a decomposição de folhas em córregos, que é um processo fundamental para o fluxo de energia em rios de pequeno porte. Os processos de decomposição e produção secundária de macroinvertebrados aquáticos nos ecossistemas lóticos são intimamente relacionados com o aporte da vegetação terrestre, e podem ser sensíveis às alterações na cobertura vegetal ripária. Os objetivos desse estudo foram avaliar: (a) quais mudanças o desmatamento pode causar nos parâmetros físicos e químicos de rios; (b) os efeitos do desmatamento sobre a estrutura da comunidade de macroinvertebrados bentônicos associados às folhas, (c) nos processos ecossistêmicos, como decomposição foliar e produção secundária, e (d) a associação entre produção secundária de fragmentadores e decomposição foliar. O estudo foi realizado em 27 locais distribuídos em quatro córregos (7-8 locais por rio) de segunda-terceira ordem e que apresentavam um gradiente de desmatamento. Para estimar a taxa de decomposição, cinco pacotes de folha foram imersos em cada um dos pontos. Um pacote de folha foi retirado de cada ponto após 2, 7, 15 e 28 dias de imersão. O quinto pacote de folha foi retirado no 37 dia de imersão para as estimativas de produção secundária, biodiversidade e a diversidade funcional de insetos aquáticos. As concentrações de amônio aumentaram e a riqueza de espécies de insetos aquáticos e de EPTs (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera e Trichoptera) dos pacotes de folhas diminuíram com o aumento do desmatamento. As taxas de decomposição diminuíram com o aumento do desmatamento. Os dados sugerem que a perda de vegetação ripária pela conversão em agropecuária teve impacto em parâmetros químicos e bióticos, tanto na estrutura da comunidade de macroinvertebrados quanto no funcionamento do ecossistema. Concluímos que a restauração e preservação da mata ripária deve ser um foco central das estratégias de gestão de ecossistemas lóticos para assegurar que os processos ecossistêmicos e a estrutura das comunidades em bacias hidrográficas estejam agindo como provedores dos serviços ambientais esperados.

Episodic variations in stream water chemistry associated with acid rainfall and run-off and the effect on aquatic ecosystem, with particular reference to fish populations in N.W. England

This is the episodic variations in stream water chemistry associated with acid rainfall and run-off and the effect on aquatic ecosystems, with particular reference to fish populations in North West England produced by the North West Water Authority in 1985. This report looks at the biological, physical and chemical information collected over a five year period from over 100 sites on upland streams in the North West Region of which drained rocks of low buffering capacity. In both Lake District and South Pennine sites striking differences were found between the composition of invertebrate communities inhabiting acid-stressed and less acid-stressed streams. Electric fishing surveys showed that acidic streams (geometric mean pH <5.5) generally had abnormally low densities of salmonids ( < 0 .2m2) and that 0+ fish were very few or absent. The latter indicates recruitment failure. Salmon were more sensitive than trout to low pH.