Educación reproductiva y paternidad responsable en Nicaragua

Incluye Bibliografía

Vulnerabilidad social y económica de los jóvenes marginados en México, El Salvador, Nicaragua y Panamá

Incluye Bibliografía

Comparative analysis of fertility in seven Latin American countries

Los temas que se incluiran en un estudio comparativo sobre la fecundidad en algunos paises latinoamericanos, basado en los resultados de la Encuesta Mundial de Fecundidad, se describen junto con las variables y las categorias adoptadas. Los niveles y tendencias de la fecundidad se hallan adecuadamente descritos por la tasa global de fecundidad en los anos previos a la encuesta. Los diferenciales socio-economicos mas importantes serian la magnitud de la localidad de residencia, la educacion de ambos conyuges, la situacion ocupacional del marido, la participacion de la mujer en la actividad economica y la movilidad geografica. Variables importantes para determinar la formacion de la familia es la nupcialidad (numero y duracion de las uniones y edad a la primera union) y duracion de los intervalos intergenesicos, que a su vez pueden variar segun el tipo de resultados del embarazo y del empleo de planificacion familiar. El deseo de tener mas hijos juega un papel importante en ultima instancia en la determinacion del comportamiento reproductivo.

Guatemala: caracterización demográfica y su impacto sobre los servicios sociales; informe BID

Incluye Bibliografía

Fecundidad, planificación familiar y salud reproductiva en el Perú

Incluye Bibliografía

Los derechos de la infancia urbana

Los niños y niñas de la ciudad en América Latina y el Caribe La precariedad en que vive un alto porcentaje de niños, niñas y adolescentes de zonas urbanas en la región merece especial atención, por lo que en este número de Desafíos se abordan los contrastes en sus condiciones de vida. Luego, se muestra la precariedad media (déficit habitacional, pobreza monetaria o bajo nivel educativo) o precariedad alta (combinación de más de uno de los déficits mencionados) entre quienes viven en zonas urbanas. Se estima que cerca del 29,0% de niños, niñas y adolescentes de estas zonas vive en condiciones de precariedad alta y un 27,6% en precariedad media para un promedio de ocho países.En zonas rurales y zonas urbanas de precariedad alta, hay mayor incidencia de niños y niñas no inmunizados contra el sarampión, y de adolescentes que no asisten a la escuela secundaria ni son económicamente activos, y que son madres y padres.Dichas disparidades exigen políticas diferenciadas con fuerte arraigo local, que impacten positivamente en las condiciones de vida y en el riesgo de morbimortalidad infantil, embarazo precoz o deserción prematura del sistema educacional.Existen importantes iniciativas y políticas dirigidas a producir entornos saludables e inclusivos en zonas de mayor vulnerabilidad, con el fin de mejorar la calidad de vida de estos grupos.Junto al artículo central, se informa sobre encuentros y conferencias en la región durante el año acerca de este tema, se entregan testimonios de niños, niñas y adolescentes y opiniones de expertos en la materia.

Políticas públicas para la igualdad de género: un aporte a la autonomía de las mujeres

Prólogo de Alicia Bárcena

Fecundidad adolescente en los países desarrollados: niveles, tendencias y políticas

La salud sexual de los adolescentes sigue siendo una de las prioridades en los sistemas de salud pública tanto en los países en desarrollo como en los países desarrollados, debido a sus consecuencias negativas no solo en la salud física y psicológica y también en su impacto sobre el desarrollo del capital humano de las jóvenes. A pesar de estar caracterizados por niveles de embarazo adolescente muy bajo en comparación a los países en desarrollo, entre los países de ingreso alto se observa una muy alta variabilidad debida a sistemas sociales y culturales diferentes. El propósito de este documento es presentar niveles y tendencias de la fecundidad adolescente y sus determinantes próximos en particular la edad a la iniciación sexual, uso de métodos anticonceptivos y situación de pareja, incluyendo la prevaleciente al momento del debut sexual― en los países de ingreso alto de Europa, América del Norte y en los países anglófonos del área del Pacífico pertenecientes a la OCDE.

Hipomineralización incisivo Y molar: diagnóstico diferencial

Hypomineralized first molar often in combination with hypomineralized incisors (MIH - molar incisor hypomineralization) is a common finding in everyday practice. In this condition, hypomineralized dental enamel is fragile and soft, and it can break easily leading to an exposed dentin, and causing dental sensitivity and progression of caries lesions. The prevalence of MIH range from 3.6 to 25% in North of Europe that consider this condition a public health problem. No conclusive information was reported about the etiologic factors of MIH, however, systemic causes seem to be of importance. Several aetiological factors are mentioned as the cause of this condition and they are frequently associated with complications during pregnancy and childhood diseases during the first three years of life. MIH is frequently misinterpreted as fluorosis, hypoplasia or amelogénesis imperfect, however, this condition presents defined clinical aspects that can distinct it from the other defects.

Avaliação do perfil de risco de cárie dentária em gestantes de Araraquara, Brasil

The knowledge of risk of carried during pregnant is essential for an appropriate treatment using educational and preventives actions to mother for a good care of their oral health and that of children. The main objective of present retrospective study was to identify the risk of caries of pregnants (aged 15-44, mean= 25 years) came to clinic of Preventive Odontology of Araraquara-UNSEP from 1999 to 2007, using 166 medical records obtained by the third pregraduate year students, following the pre-established guidelines. The information collected includes: classification of caries risk diagnosis, pregnancy trimester, carbohydrates ingestion (between or during foods), dental plaques (O'Leary's plaque control registry) and the number of teeth with caries. The statistical analysis used the Chi2 and ANOVA tests. Most of patients showed a 25 % or more of teeth surfaces with dental plaques (92.1 %) and carbohydrates consumption among foods (89.2 %). The mean (SD) of carried and restores teeth was of 7.9 (5.1) and 4.0 (3.4), respectively and the posterior teeth were the more involved by caries/restorations. As regards the diagnosis of caries risk, classification of high risk was observed in the 38.5 % of pregnants, moderate in the 47.6 %) and low in the 13.9 %. There was a statistically significant association (p= 0.001) between the carbohydrates consumption and the diagnosis of caries risk. The plaque's rate was similar in the different trimesters of pregnancy (f= 0.223; p= 0.803). The caries risk of most pregnant women was high or moderate and it was associated with the consumption of carbohydrates.

Temporomandibular disorders in females: acupuncture compared to occlusal splint

To compare the effect of acupuncture and occlusal splint in the treatment of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in female patients.Method: Forty-eight female patients (mean age of 39.3±6.8 years) with diagnosed pain in muscles or joint according to RDC/TMD criteria were attended at UNESP - Aracatuba Dental School. Including criteria were reported pain in the chewing muscles and/or in the temporomandibular joint measured by a visual analogue scale (range from 0 to 10) and a reported reduction of the maximum mouth opening. Excluding factors were major occlusal problems, systemic diseases, pregnancy and age below 18 years. After randomization, the first group was treated with acupuncture performed by instructed dentist. The second group was treated with occlusal splint. The outcome variables were assessed at baseline (prior to the first treatment session) and after 1, 3 and 6 months. Primary criteria of success were improvement of mouth opening and pain reduction.Result: Acupuncture group exhibited chewing pain decrease from 5 (at baseline) to 1, 2 and 1 after 1, 3 and 6 months, respectively. In the splint group, chewing pain decreased from 4 to 2, 1 and 2 after 1, 3 and 6 months, respectively. The mouth opening (in mm) increased from 28 (at baseline) to 42, 44 and 46 after 1, 3 and 6 months, respectively in the acupuncture group. In the splint group, mouth opening improved from 29 to 40 after 1 month, and to 43 and 42 after 3 and 6 months. A significant pain reduction was noted for both groups when compared to the baseline (p<.001; Wilcoxon test). Acupuncture group had a significant clinical improvement of opening mouth (Mann-Whitney). Conclusion: The present outcomes suggest a positive association among acupuncture and occlusal splint on the reduction of chewing pain. Acupuncture was more effective in the mouth opening increase.

A reincidência da gravidez na adolescência e a evasão escolar

Pós-graduação em Educação Escolar - FCLAR

Body and sexuality during pregnancy

The objective of this ethnographic study was to understand how women experience their body's physiological processes during pregnancy and their effects on sexuality. The study involved seven women living in a poor neighborhood in Sao Paulo. Data collection was performed through participant observation and interviews using guiding questions. The data were presented in the narrative form and then organized into the following categories: realizing the changes in the body; living with the changes in the body; and feelings and sensations experienced in sexual life during pregnancy and imagining the body after pregnancy. The women referred to the changes in their bodies as discomforts, and expressed their concern that these changes would be permanent. They expressed they hoped that, after childbirth, their body would go back to what it was like before pregnancy and that they would recover their sexual desire. Recognition of these concerns is an essential tool to guarantee appropriate professional practices.

Estado nutricional e ganho de peso de gestantes

Caracterizou-se estado nutricional de 228 gestantes e sua influência no peso ao nascer. Trata-se de estudo retrospectivo desenvolvido num centro de saúde do município de São Paulo, com dados obtidos de prontuários. Realizou-se análise de regressão linear. Verificou-se associação entre estado nutricional inicial e final (p<0,001). A média de ganho total de peso diminuiu das gestantes que iniciaram a gravidez com baixo peso para aquelas que iniciaram com sobrepeso/obesidade (p=0,005), sendo insuficiente para 43,4 e 36,4% das gestantes com peso inicial adequado e para o total das gestantes estudadas, respectivamente. Entretanto, 37,1% daquelas que iniciaram a gravidez com sobrepeso/obesidade finalizaram com ganho excessivo, condição que, no final, afetou quase um quarto das gestantes. Anemia e baixo peso ao nascer foram pouco frequentes, porém, na análise de regressão linear, peso ao nascer associou-se com ganho de peso (p<0,05). Evidencia-se a importância do cuidado nutricional antes e durante a gravidez, para promoção da saúde materno-infantil.