An investigation of soil quality parameters relating to agricultural reuse and land disposal options for the management of biosolids

Sludge provides valuable nutrients to soil. Application of sludge to land is subject to a number of limitations. Its use as a soil conditioner represents a "beneficial reuse option". Primary and secondary sludge from Dublin city is treated in Ringsend treatment plant where it undergoes thermal drying. This study investigates the feasibility of land application of thermally dried biosolids (TDB) from Ringsend treatment plant.

An assessment of biological and population parameters of the Common whelk, Buccinum undatum (L.) in the region of the North West Irish whelk fishery

The Common whelk, Buccinum undatum (L.) is a conspicuous benthic scavenger in Irish waters, and is a valuable fisheries resource in South East Ireland. B. undatum is fished in many parts of its range, and previous studies have shown that certain life history parameters, which vary with location, make this species vulnerable to overexploitation. This makes research into each exploited stock essential to ensure sustainable fisheries management of the species. In 2003, interest in B. undatum as a complementary species in the inshore fishery east of the Inishowen Peninsula, North West Ireland, initiated investigation into fisheries related biological and population aspects of the species in this region. The current study presents estimates of spatial variation and density of the stock, size at age and growth rates, size and age at onset of sexual maturity, and timing of reproductive events in the region of the North West Irish whelk fishery for the period of June 2003 to May 2004. Analysis of variance of the total shell length of whelk landings to the fishery was conducted over spatial scales of fishing pot, fishing string and landings to vessels. Landings varied significantly in shell length at the spatial scale at which whelks are attracted to baited pots, but did not vary significantly over larger spatial scales. Depletion estimates of stock density from fisheries derived Catch per Unit Effort data and a mark re-capture experiment estimate 0.134 - 0.227 whelks per m2. Two independent methods of age determination found similar growth logistics functions for B. undatum.Modal analysis of length frequency distribution of landings to the fishery estimated symptotic length, Leo = 151.64 mm and Brody growth coefficient, K = 0.04. Analysis of the striae in individual opercula, where each stria was found to represent annual growth, estimated Loo = 137.73 mm and K = 0.12. Common whelks in the region of the North West Irish whelk fishery grow slowly and are long-lived, with 19 opercula striae recorded in one individual. Onset of sexual maturity is late, and no sex-specific differences in size or age at maturity were determined in the present study. Males were found to achieve sexual maturity at 83.30 ± 10.77 mm, and 8.9 - 11.1 years of age, and females at 82.62 ± 10.68 mm and 8.8 to 11.1 years of age. Systematic observations of reproductive events, including histological changes to the female ovary and male testis, and changes in the size and mass of body components, suggest that breeding occurred between the autumn and winter months of October and December 2003. Biological aspects of B. undatum in the study region are compared with previous studies from other regions, and discussed in relation to sustainable management of the fishery.

Ecocardiografia-doppler e parâmetros hemodinâmicos em cardiopatias congênitas com hiperfluxo pulmonar

FUNDAMENTO: A predição de dados de hemodinâmica pulmonar, a partir de avaliação não invasiva, poderia isentar alguns portadores de defeitos septais cardíacos congênitos da avaliação invasiva pré-operatória (cateterismo). OBJETIVO: Verificar, em avaliação simultânea, se dados obtidos pela ecocardiografia-Doppler poderiam predizer aspectos da condição hemodinâmica pulmonar em tais pacientes. MÉTODOS: Parâmetros ecocardiográficos relacionados ao fluxo sistólico pulmonar e sistêmico e ao fluxo em veia pulmonar foram relacionados a dados hemodinâmicos em 30 pacientes consecutivos com defeitos septais cardíacos (idade entre 4 meses e 58 anos, mediana 2,2 anos; pressão arterial pulmonar média entre 16 e 93 mmHg). RESULTADOS: As variáveis integral velocidade-tempo do fluxo sistólico em via de saída de ventrículo direito (VTI VSVD > 22 cm) e do fluxo em veia pulmonar (VTI VP > 20 cm) foram preditivos de níveis RVP/RVS <; 0,1 (relação entre resistências vasculares pulmonar e sistêmica), com especificidade de 0,81 e razão de chances acima de 1,0. Para valores VTI VSVD > 27 cm e VTI VP > 24 cm, a especificidade foi superior a 0,90 e a razão de chances 2,29 e 4,47 respectivamente. A razão entre os fluxos pulmonar e sistêmico (Qp/Qs > 2,89 e > 4,0, estimativas ecocardiográficas) foi útil na predição de valores Qp/Qs > 3,0 pelo cateterismo (especificidade de 0,78 e 0,91, razão de chances 1,14 e 2,97, respectivamente). CONCLUSÃO: Em portadores de defeitos septais cardíacos, a ecocardiografia-Doppler é capaz de identificar aqueles em situação de aumento de fluxo e baixos níveis de resistência vascular pulmonar.

Ecocardiografia por Doppler tecidual no diagnóstico de rejeição após transplante cardíaco

FUNDAMENTO: A biópsia endomiocárdica (BEM) é o método padrão-ouro para o diagnóstico de rejeição celular (RC) após transplante cardíaco (TC). OBJETIVO: Testar a hipótese de que o exame de imagem por Doppler tecidual (IDT) pode detectar RC > 3A e agregar informação diagnóstica, comparado ao Doppler convencional. MÉTODOS: Cinquenta e quatro pacientes com TC foram submetidos à BEM e estudo ecocardiográfico através de IDT em até 24 horas. Comparamos os pacientes com TC e RC > 3A com pacientes com TC e RC < 3A, com um grupo controle normal (13 pacientes). Foram medidas através da IDT, as velocidades sistólica (S), diastólica precoce (e'), diastólica tardia (a') relação das velocidades e'/a' no anel ventricular esquerdo, nos segmentos basal e médio das paredes septal (SEP), lateral (LAT), inferior (INF) e no anel ventricular direito. RESULTADOS: Os pacientes com TC mostraram RC > 3A em 39/129 (30,2%) das BEM. O melhor preditor isolado para o diagnóstico de RC foi a a'LAT, com sensibilidade de 76,3%, especificidade de 73,8% (p = 0,001). Na análise multivariada, a a'LAT (p = 0,001), a'SEP (p = 0,002), relação e'/a' LAT (p = 0,006), relação e'Mitral/ e'LAT (p = 0,014), SINF (p = 0,009) foram preditores de RC > 3A. Obtivemos um escore com sensibilidade de 88,2%, acurácia de 79,6%, e valor preditivo negativo de 92,9% para diagnosticar RC > 3A. O Doppler convencional (fluxo mitral e pulmonar venoso) não foi relevante para predizer a RC > 3A. CONCLUSÃO: O estudo de IDT agregou informação diagnóstica para predizer RC > 3A quando comparado ao Doppler convencional. O modelo baseado em IDT pode ser tornar um método em potencial para detectar RC > 3A após TC.

Um novo índice de doppler tecidual para a predição de fibrilação atrial futura em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca

FUNDAMENTO: O aparecimento de Fibrilação Atrial (FA) em pacientes com Insuficiência Cardíaca (IC) está em geral associado a uma alta ocorrência de complicações cardiovasculares. Constatou-se que a relação E/(E' × S') (E = velocidade transmitral diastólica inicial, E' = velocidade diastólica inicial no anel mitral e S = velocidade sistólica no anel mitral) reflete a pressão de enchimento do ventrículo esquerdo. Objetivo: Investigamos se E/(E' × S') poderia ser um preditor de FA de início recente em pacientes com IC. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados 113 pacientes consecutivos hospitalizados com IC, em ritmo sinusal, após o tratamento médico adequado. Os pacientes com histórico de FA, imagens ecocardiográficas inadequadas, cardiopatia congênita, ritmo acelerado, doença valvar primária significativa, síndrome coronariana aguda, revascularização coronária durante o seguimento, doença pulmonar ou insuficiência renal grave não foram incluídos. E/(E' × S') foi determinado utilizando a média das velocidades das bordas septal e lateral do anel mitral. A meta principal do estudo foi a FA de início recente. RESULTADOS: Durante o período de seguimento (35,7 ± 11,2 meses), 33 pacientes (29,2%) desenvolveram FA. A média de E/(E' × S') foi de 3,09 ± 1,12 nesses pacientes, ao passo que foi de 1,72 ± 1,34 no restante (p < 0,001). O corte de relação E/(E' × S') ótima para predizer FA de início recente foi de 2,2 (88% de sensibilidade, 77% de especificidade). Havia 64 pacientes (56,6%) com E/(E' × S') < 2,2 e 49 (43,4%) com E/(E '× S') > 2,2. A FA de início recente foi maior em pacientes com E/(E' × S') > 2,2 que em pacientes com E/(E' × S') < 2,2 [29 (59,1%) versus 4 (6,2%), p < 0,001]. Na análise multivariada de Cox incluindo as variáveis que previram FA em análise univariada, a relação E/(E' × S') foi o único preditor independente de FA de início recente (relação de risco = 2,26, 95% de intervalo de confiança = 1,25 - 4,09, p = 0,007). CONCLUSÃO: Em pacientes com IC, a relação E/(E' × S') parece ser um bom preditor de FA de início recente.

Avaliação do ventrículo direito pelo ecocardiograma com doppler tecidual na embolia pulmonar aguda

FUNDAMENTO: A avaliação da função Ventricular Direita (VD) pelo ecocardiograma em pacientes com Tromboembolismo Pulmonar (TEP) é complexa, frequentemente qualitativa; o Doppler tecidual tem sido utilizado para avaliação semiquantitativa dessa câmara, com algumas limitações. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a função do VD no TEP pelo ecocardiograma com Doppler tecidual, complementando com o peptídeo atrial natriurético (BNP). MÉTODOS: Foram estudados pacientes com TEP pelo ecocardiograma com Doppler tecidual e BNP até 24 horas do diagnóstico, obtendo-se as velocidades miocárdicas (s'), strain, strain rate e índice de performance miocárdica do VD; disfunção do VD foi iagnosticada por hipocinesia da câmara, movimento anormal septal e relação VD/VE >1. De acordo com o BNP os pacientes foram divididos em Grupo I, BNP < 50 pg/mL e Grupo II, BNP > 50 pg/mL. RESULTADOS: De 118 pacientes, 100 (60 homens, idade = 55 ± 17 anos) foram analisados; observou-se disfunção do VD em 28%, mais frequentemente no grupo II (19 vs. 9 pacientes, p < 0,001). O grupo II era mais idoso (64 ± 19 vs. 50 ± 15 anos), apresentava menor velocidade de s' (10,5 ± 3,5 vs. 13,2 ± 3,1 cm/s) e maior pressão pulmonar (48 ± 11 vs. 35 ± 11 mmHg), p < 0,001 para todos. O ponto de corte de s' para disfunção do VD foi de 10,8 cm/s (especificidade = 85%, sensibilidade = 54%), com moderada correlação entre o BNP e a onda s'(r = -0,39). CONCLUSÃO: No TEP, a disfunção do VD pelo ecocardiograma se acompanha de elevação do BNP; apesar confirmar adequadamente a presença de disfunção do VD, o Doppler tecidual apresenta sensibilidade limitada para este diagnóstico.

Um Novo Indice de Doppler Tecidual para Prever Morte Cardiaca em Pacientes com Insuficiencia Cardiaca

Fundamento: Foi demonstrado que um novo índice de Doppler Tecidual, E/(E'×S'), incluindo a proporção entre a velocidade diastólica precoce transmitral e a do anel mitral (E/E'), e a velocidade sistólica do anel mitral (S'), tem uma boa precisão como preditor da pressão de enchimento do ventrículo esquerdo. Objetivo: Investigar o valor de E/(E'×S') para prever a morte cardíaca em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca. Métodos: Foi realizado sucessivamente o ecocardiograma em 339 pacientes hospitalizados com insuficiência cardíaca, em ritmo sinusal, após tratamento médico adequado, no momento e um mês depois da alta. O agravamento de E/(E'×S') foi definido como um aumento do valor padrão. O ponto final foi a morte cardíaca. Resultados: Durante o período de acompanhamento (35,2 ± 8,8 meses), ocorreu a morte cardíaca em 51 pacientes (15%). O melhor valor mínimo para E/(E'× S') inicial na previsão da morte cardíaca foi de 2,83 (76% de sensibilidade, 85% de especificidade). No momento da alta, 252 pacientes (74,3%) apresentaram E/(E'×S') ≤ 2,83 (grupo I), e 87 (25,7%) apresentaram E/(E'×S') > 2,83 (grupo II), respectivamente. A morte cardíaca foi significativamente maior no grupo II em relação ao grupo I (38 mortes, 43,7% contra 13 mortes, 5,15%, p < 0,001). Através da análise de regressão multivariada de Cox, incluindo as variáveis que afetaram os resultados na análise univariada, a relação E/(E'×S') no momento da alta mostrou-se o melhor preditor independente da morte cardíaca (taxa de risco = 3,09, 95% intervalo de confiança = 1,81-5,31, p = 0,001). Pacientes com E/(E'×S') > 2,83 no momento da alta e com um agravamento após um mês apresentaram o pior prognóstico (todos p < 0,05). Conclusão: Em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca a relação E/(E'×S') é um poderoso preditor da morte cardíaca, especialmente quando esta estiver associada com o seu agravamento.

Assessing Strategies for Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction at the Outpatient Clinic

Background: Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFPEF) is the most common form of heart failure (HF), its diagnosis being a challenge to the outpatient clinic practice. Objective: To describe and compare two strategies derived from algorithms of the European Society of Cardiology Diastology Guidelines for the diagnosis of HFPEF. Methods: Cross-sectional study with 166 consecutive ambulatory patients (67.9±11.7 years; 72% of women). The strategies to confirm HFPEF were established according to the European Society of Cardiology Diastology Guidelines criteria. In strategy 1 (S1), tissue Doppler echocardiography (TDE) and electrocardiography (ECG) were used; in strategy 2 (S2), B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) measurement was included. Results: In S1, patients were divided into groups based on the E/E'ratio as follows: GI, E/E'> 15 (n = 16; 9%); GII, E/E'8 to 15 (n = 79; 48%); and GIII, E/E'< 8 (n = 71; 43%). HFPEF was confirmed in GI and excluded in GIII. In GII, TDE [left atrial volume index (LAVI) ≥ 40 mL/m2; left ventricular mass index LVMI) > 122 for women and > 149 g/m2 for men] and ECG (atrial fibrillation) parameters were assessed, confirming HFPEF in 33 more patients, adding up to 49 (29%). In S2, patients were divided into three groups based on BNP levels. GI (BNP > 200 pg/mL) consisted of 12 patients, HFPEF being confirmed in all of them. GII (BNP ranging from 100 to 200 pg/mL) consisted of 20 patients with LAVI > 29 mL/m2, or LVMI ≥ 96 g/m2 for women or ≥ 116 g/m2 for men, or E/E'≥ 8 or atrial fibrillation on ECG, and the diagnosis of HFPEF was confirmed in 15. GIII (BNP < 100 pg/mL) consisted of 134 patients, 26 of whom had the diagnosis of HFPEF confirmed when GII parameters were used. Measuring BNP levels in S2 identified 4 more patients (8%) with HFPEF as compared with those identified in S1. Conclusion: The association of BNP measurement and TDE data is better than the isolated use of those parameters. BNP can be useful in identifying patients whose diagnosis of HF had been previously excluded based only on TDE findings.

Impact of Atrial Fibrillation Ablation on Left Ventricular Filling Pressure and Left Atrial Remodeling

Background:Left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction is associated with new-onset atrial fibrillation (AF), and the estimation of elevated LV filling pressures by E/e' ratio is related to worse outcomes in patients with AF. However, it is unknown if restoring sinus rhythm reverses this process.Objective:To evaluate the impact of AF ablation on estimated LV filling pressure.Methods:A total of 141 patients underwent radiofrequency (RF) ablation to treat drug-refractory AF. Transthoracic echocardiography was performed 30 days before and 12 months after ablation. LV functional parameters, left atrial volume index (LAVind), and transmitral pulsed and mitral annulus tissue Doppler (e' and E/e') were assessed. Paroxysmal AF was present in 18 patients, persistent AF was present in 102 patients, and long-standing persistent AF in 21 patients. Follow-up included electrocardiographic examination and 24-h Holter monitoring at 3, 6, and 12 months after ablation.Results:One hundred seventeen patients (82.9%) were free of AF during the follow-up (average, 18 ± 5 months). LAVind reduced in the successful group (30.2 mL/m2 ± 10.6 mL/m2 to 22.6 mL/m2 ± 1.1 mL/m2, p < 0.001) compared to the non-successful group (37.7 mL/m2 ± 14.3 mL/m2 to 37.5 mL/m2 ± 14.5 mL/m2, p = ns). Improvement of LV filling pressure assessed by a reduction in the E/e' ratio was observed only after successful ablation (11.5 ± 4.5 vs. 7.1 ± 3.7, p < 0.001) but not in patients with recurrent AF (12.7 ± 4.4 vs. 12 ± 3.3, p = ns). The success rate was lower in the long-standing persistent AF patient group (57% vs. 87%, p = 0.001).Conclusion:Successful AF ablation is associated with LA reverse remodeling and an improvement in LV filling pressure.

Effects of Ischemic Postconditioning on the Hemodynamic Parameters and Heart Nitric Oxide Levels of Hypothyroid Rats

Background: Ischemic postconditioning (IPost) is a method of protecting the heart against ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. However, the effectiveness of IPost in cases of ischemic heart disease accompanied by co-morbidities such as hypothyroidism remains unclear. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of IPost on myocardial IR injury in hypothyroid male rats. Methods: Propylthiouracil in drinking water (500 mg/L) was administered to male rats for 21 days to induce hypothyroidism. The hearts from control and hypothyroid rats were perfused in a Langendorff apparatus and exposed to 30 min of global ischemia, followed by 120 min of reperfusion. IPost was induced immediately following ischemia. Results: Hypothyroidism and IPost significantly improved the left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) and peak rates of positive and negative changes in left ventricular pressure (±dp/dt) during reperfusion in control rats (p < 0.05). However, IPost had no add-on effect on the recovery of LVDP and ±dp/dt in hypothyroid rats. Furthermore, hypothyroidism significantly decreased the basal NO metabolite (NOx) levels of the serum (72.5 ± 4.2 vs. 102.8 ± 3.7 μmol/L; p < 0.05) and heart (7.9 ± 1.6 vs. 18.8 ± 3.2 μmol/L; p < 0.05). Heart NOx concentration in the hypothyroid groups did not change after IR and IPost, whereas these were significantly (p < 0.05) higher and lower after IR and IPost, respectively, in the control groups. Conclusion: Hypothyroidism protects the heart from IR injury, which may be due to a decrease in basal nitric oxide (NO) levels in the serum and heart and a decrease in NO after IR. IPost did not decrease the NO level and did not provide further cardioprotection in the hypothyroid group.

Right Ventricular Doppler Echocardiographic Study of Indeterminate Form of Chagas Disease

Background: Patients with indeterminate form of Chagas disease/cardiac normality (ICD/CN) exhibited normal electrocardiograms and chest X-rays; however, more sophisticated tests detected some degree of morphological and functional changes in the heart. Objective: To assess the prevalence of systolic and diastolic dysfunction of the right ventricle (RV) in patients with ICD/CN. Methods: This was a case–control and prevalence study. Using Doppler two-dimensional echocardiography (2D), 92 patients were assessed and divided into two groups: group I (normal, n = 31) and group II (ICD/CN, n = 61). Results: The prevalence of RV systolic dysfunction in patients in groups I and II was as follows: fractional area change (0.0% versus 0.6%), mobility of the tricuspid annulus (0.0% versus 0.0%), and S-wave tissue Doppler (6.4% versus 26.0%, p = 0.016). The prevalence of global disorders such as the right myocardial performance index using tissue Doppler (16.1% versus 27.8%, p = 0.099) and pulsed Doppler (61.3% versus 68%, p = 0.141) and diastolic disorders such as abnormal relaxation (0.0% versus 6.0%), pseudonormal pattern (0.0% versus 0.0%), and restrictive pattern (0.0% versus 0.0%) was not statistically different between groups. Conclusion: The prevalence of RV systolic dysfunction was estimated to be 26% (S wave velocity compared with other variables), suggesting incipient changes in RV systolic function in the ICD/CN group.

Left Atrial Function in Patients with Chronic Chagasic Cardiomyopathy

Background:Chagas disease is a cause of dilated cardiomyopathy, and information about left atrial (LA) function in this disease still lacks.Objective:To assess the different LA functions (reservoir, conduit and pump functions) and their correlation with the echocardiographic parameters of left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic functions.Methods:10 control subjects (CG), and patients with Chagas disease as follows: 26 with the indeterminate form (GI); 30 with ECG alterations (GII); and 19 with LV dysfunction (GIII). All patients underwent M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiography, pulsed-wave Doppler and tissue Doppler imaging.Results:Reservoir function (Total Emptying Fraction: TEF): (p <0.0001), lower in GIII as compared to CG (p = 0.003), GI (p <0.001) and GII (p <0.001). Conduit function (Passive Emptying Fraction: PEF): (p = 0.004), lower in GIII (GIII and CG, p = 0.06; GI and GII, p = 0.06; and GII and GIII, p = 0.07). Pump function (Active Emptying Fraction: AEF): (p = 0.0001), lower in GIII as compared to CG (p = 0.05), GI (p<0.0001) and GII (p = 0.002). There was a negative correlation of E/e’average with the reservoir and pump functions (TEF and AEF), and a positive correlation of e’average with s’ wave (both septal and lateral walls) and the reservoir, conduit and pump LA functions.Conclusion:An impairment of LA functions in Chagas cardiomyopathy was observed.

Influences of alternative fuels and EGR on thermodynamic parameters and emissions of a heavy duty engine

Heavy duty Diesel engine, alternative fuels, EGR, exhaust emissions, HC, NOx, FSN

Diastolic Function in Paced Children with Cardiac Defects: Septum vs Apex

AbstractIn children with structural congenital heart disease (CHD), the effects of chronic ventricular pacing on diastolic function are not well known. On the other hand, the beneficial effect of septal pacing over apical pacing is still controversial.The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different right ventricular (RV) pacing site on left ventricular (LV) diastolic function in children with cardiac defects.Twenty-nine pediatric patients with complete atrioventricular block (CAVB) and CHD undergoing permanent pacing were prospectively studied. Pacing sites were RV apex (n = 16) and RV septum (n = 13). Echocardiographic assessment was performed before pacemaker implantation and after it, during a mean follow‑up of 4.9 years.Compared to RV septum, transmitral E-wave was significantly affected in RV apical pacing (95.38 ± 9.19 vs 83 ± 18.75, p = 0.038). Likewise, parameters at the lateral annular tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) were significantly affected in children paced at the RV apex. The E´ wave correlated inversely with TDI lateral myocardial performance index (Tei index) (R2= 0.9849, p ≤ 0.001). RV apex pacing (Odds ratio, 0.648; confidence interval, 0.067-0.652; p = 0.003) and TDI lateral Tei index (Odds ratio, 31.21; confidence interval, 54.6-177.4; p = 0.025) predicted significantly decreased LV diastolic function.Of the two sites studied, RV septum prevents pacing-induced reduction of LV diastolic function.

Methodological Gaps in Left Atrial Function Assessment by 2D Speckle Tracking Echocardiography

Abstract The assessment of left atrial (LA) function is used in various cardiovascular diseases. LA plays a complementary role in cardiac performance by modulating left ventricular (LV) function. Transthoracic two-dimensional (2D) phasic volumes and Doppler echocardiography can measure LA function non‑invasively. However, evaluation of LA deformation derived from 2D speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) is a new feasible and promising approach for assessment of LA mechanics. These parameters are able to detect subclinical LA dysfunction in different pathological condition. Normal ranges for LA deformation and cut-off values to diagnose LA dysfunction with different diseases have been reported, but data are still conflicting, probably because of some methodological and technical issues. This review highlights the importance of an unique standardized technique to assess the LA phasic functions by STE, and discusses recent studies on the most important clinical applications of this technique.