Essays in Gender Economics

This thesis consists of three papers on gender economics. Chapter 1 studies whether people dislike collaborating with someone who corrects them and whether the dislike is stronger when that person is a woman. Having a good relationship with colleagues is integral in group work, potentially leading to successful collaborations. However, there are occasions when people have to correct their colleagues. Using a quasi-laboratory experiment, I find that people, including those with high productivity, are less willing to collaborate with a person who has corrected them even if the correction improves group performance. In addition, I find suggestive evidence that men respond more negatively to women���s corrections, which is not driven by their beliefs about the difference in women���s and men���s abilities. These findings suggest that there is a behavioral bias in group work that distorts the optimal selection of talents and penalizes those who correct others��� mistakes, and the distortion may be stronger when women correct men. Chapter 2 studies the role of gender and cognitive skills on other peoples��� generosity. Using a novel experimental design where I exogenously vary gender and cognitive skills and sufficiently powered analysis, I find neither the two attributes nor their interactions affect other people���s generosity; if anything, people are more generous to women with high potential. Chapter 3 studies how increased legal tolerance toward domestic violence affects married women���s welfare using the domestic violence decriminalization bill introduced to the Russian national congress in 2016. Using difference-in-differences and flexibly controlling for macroeconomic shocks, I find that the bill decreased married women���s life satisfaction and increased depression, especially among those with a college degree and a highly qualified white-collar occupation supposed to be more sensitive to gender regressive atmosphere. Consistent with this conjecture, people became more tolerant toward general and domestic violence after the bill.

Estudio de la micobiota y sus micotoxinas en ingredientes y raciones de animales dom��sticos. Estrategias orientadas a la prevenci��n de las micotoxicosis. Studies on mycobiota and incidence of mycotoxins in raw material and feedstuff for domestic animals. Different strategies for mycotoxicosis prevention.

Numerosas investigaciones han desarrollado estrategias para la remoci��n de micotoxinas en alimentos por diferentes m��todos, aunque muchos de ellos no han llegado a ser utilizados debido a los elevados costos o a las dificultades pr��cticas involucradas en el proceso de detoxificaci��n. Estos argumentos estimulan a los investigadores a desarrollar nuevas estrategias de decontaminaci��n que eviten el uso de agentes qu��micos y que reduzcan las p��rdidas en el valor nutritivo y la palatabilidad de los alimentos decontaminados. Una de las alternativas promisorias es la detoxificaci��n biol��gica. Las levaduras capaces de adsorber micotoxinas y con habilidades probi��ticas o prebi��ticas son promisorias para reducir la exposici��n humana a las micotoxinas. En el tracto gastrointestinal se encuentra normalmente un gran n��mero de especies de bacterias comensales y pat��genas; sin embargo, cuando se incrementa la cantidad de microorganismos pat��genos se pueden producir alteraciones de la salud y muerte. La industria argentina de alimentos destinados a animales necesita reducir los niveles de micotoxinas presentes en ingredientes o en insumos terminados. Si bien los resultados obtenidos en el mundo en la tem��tica son preliminares y promisorios, en nuestro pa��s a��n no se han desarrollado estrategias biol��gicas de decontaminaci��n de micotoxinas aplicadas a estos alimentos. Estudios de incidencia de micoflora y detecci��n de micotoxinas en alimentos balanceados para aves, llevados a cabo por nuestro grupo de investigaci��n en la regi��n del sur de C��rdoba demostraron la presencia de los principales g��neros toxicog��nicos (Aspergillus, Penicillium y Fusarium) y sus micotoxinas asociadas (aflatoxinas, zearalenona y fumonisinas). En relaci��n a porcinotecnia, la zona sur de la provincia de C��rdoba es considerada una de las tres zonas de mayor densidad porcina en Argentina. Sin embargo, la contaminaci��n de los granos con micotoxinas representa un serio problema debido a que producen rechazo del alimento, disminuci��n de la tasa de crecimiento y reducci��n inmunol��gica. Si consideramos la evoluci��n en la producci��n lechera en los ��ltimos a��os ha seguido una l��nea de intensificaci��n que ha conllevado un cambio en la utilizaci��n de los alimentos, evolucionando del simple pastoreo a los sistemas de alimentaci��n ��nica, basados en la formulaci��n de alimentos balanceados que constituyen la clave de la alimentaci��n de los animales. Diferentes estudios epidemiol��gicos usando t��cnicas moleculares han demostrado que con frecuencia la infecci��n por A. fumigatus ocurre como consecuencia de la adquisici��n ex��gena del hongo. La magnitud del problema se manifiesta en la continua b��squeda de medidas de prevenci��n y control de estas micotoxicosis. Debido a este impacto negativo que ejercen las toxinas f��ngicas lo cual, afecta los par��metros productivos como ganancia de peso y conversi��n alimenticia con graves p��rdidas a la industria animal tanto en el mercado interno como externo.

Political violence and economic development in Latin America: issues and evidence

Includes bibliography

Crimes of violence : a staff report submitted to the National Commission on the Causes & Prevention of Violence /

Report of the Task force on Individual Acts of Violence.

Domestic medicine or a treatise on the prevention and cure of diseases ... with an appendix containing a dispensatory for the use of private practitioners /

Mode of access: Internet.

Domestic medicine; or, The family physician : being an attempt to render the medical art more generally useful, by shewing people what is in their own power both with respect to the prevention and cure of diseases. Chiefly calculated to recommend a proper attention to regimen and simple medicines.

Signatures: [a]-c���, B-Z���, Aa-Zz���, Aaa-Nnn��� (Nnn��� blank).

Final report to the Illinois General Assembly : addressing the educational and related needs of children and youths who are parents, expectant parents, or survivors of domestic or sexual violence to ensure their ability to stay in school, stay safe, and successfully complete their education.

"June 2010."

The farmer's veterinary adviser; a guide to the prevention and treatment of disease in domestic animals.

Bound with the author's The lung plague of cattle. Ithaca, 1880 [c1879]

Evaluation of alcohol outlet density and its relation with violence

OBJECTIVES: The current study set out to investigate alcohol availability in a densely populated, residential area of suburban S��o Paulo associated with high levels of social deprivation and violence. Gun-related deaths and a heavy concentration of alcohol outlets are notable features of the area surveyed. Given the strong evidence for a link between alcohol availability and a number of alcohol-related problems, including violent crime, measures designed to reduce accessibility have become a favored choice for alcohol prevention programs in recent years. METHODS: The interviewers were 24 residents of the area who were trained for the study. It was selected an area of nineteen streets, covering a total distance of 3.7 km. A profile of each alcohol outlet available on the area was recorded. RESULTS: One hundred and seven alcohol outlets were recorded. The number of other properties in the same area was counted at 1,202. Two measures of outlet density may thus be calculated: the number of outlets per kilometer of roadway (29 outlets/km); and the proportion of all properties that sold alcohol (1 in 12). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study is compared with others which are mainly from developed countries and shown that the area studied have the highest density of alcohol outlet density ever recorded in the medical literature. The implication of this data related to the violence of the region is discussed. By generating a profile of alcohol sales and selling points, it was hoped to gain a better understanding of alcohol access issues within the sample area. Future alcohol prevention policy would be well served by such knowledge.

Violence against metropolitan bus drivers and fare collectors in Brazil

OBJECTIVE To analyze the correlation between sociodemographic factors and working conditions of bus workers in a metropolitan area and violence against them.METHODS This cross-sectional study used a nonprobabilistic sample estimated according to the number of workers employed in bus companies located in three cities in the Belo Horizonte metropolitan region in 2012 (N = 17,470). Face-to-face interviews were conducted using a digital questionnaire. The factors associated with violence were analyzed in two stages using Poisson regression, according to each level. The magnitude of the association was evaluated using prevalence ratios with robust variance and a statistical significance of 5%, and 95% confidence intervals were obtained.RESULTS The study sample comprised 782 drivers and 691 fare collectors; 45.0% participants reported at least one act of violence in the workplace in the last 12 months, with passengers being predominantly responsible. The age of the bus workers was inversely associated with violence. Chronic diseases, sickness absenteeism, and working conditions were also associated with violence.CONCLUSIONS The findings on the correlation between violence and working conditions are essential for implementing prevention strategies by transportation service managers.

Somewhere near reality: artistic portrayal of violence in post WWII British realistic drama

ABSTRACT - I will explore and present the portrayal of violence in some British plays that were staged between 1951 and 1965, in order to discuss the role, impact and aim of its representation. Thus, I will consider John Whiting���s Saint���s Day (1951), Ann Jelicoe���s The Sport of my Mad Mother (1956), Arnold Wesker (Chicken Soup with Barley (1958), Harold Pinter���s Birthday Party (1958), David Rudkin���s Afore Night Come (1962) and Edward Bond���s Saved (1965). My aim is to discuss the way how theatre in the post WWII changed the traditional ways of representing violence. On one hand, violence and reality became more and more familiar and domestic, permitting a representation of multiple and non-agonic violence; and, on the other hand, the violence that was depicted often changed the way one perceived reality itself, being part of a socially engaged artistic attitude.

National suicide prevention strategy for Afghanistan (NSPS)

RESUMO: Do suic��dio no Afeganist��o �� uma prioridade de sa��de p��blica. O Afeganist��o �� um pa��s de baixo rendimento, emergindo de tr��s d��cadas de conflitos. H�� uma alta preval��ncia de sofrimento psicol��gico, perturba����es mentais e abuso de subst��ncias. Existem v��rias quest��es sociais, tais como, desequil��brio/viol��ncia de g��nero, pobreza, atitudes e costumes obsoletos, r��pidas mudan��as s��cio-culturais, viola����o dos direitos humanos e especialmente dos direitos das mulheres e das crian��as. Estes fatores de risco contribuem para o aumento da vulnerabilidade da popula����o em rela����o ao suic��dio. A relativa alta taxa de suic��dio no Afeganist��o �� especialmente significativa comparada com as taxas baixas em todos os pa��ses isl��micos. Os estudos mostraram predomin��ncia de suic��dio nas mulheres (95%) e em pessoas jovens. Existe, por isso, uma necessidade urgente do pa��s ter uma estrat��gia de preven����o do suic��dio. A estrat��gia foi desenvolvida pela cria����o de um grupo t��cnico/ de assessoria multi-sectorial de diferentes intervenientes tais como governo, ONGs, ag��ncias doadoras, as fam��lias das v��timas e outraas partes interessadas. A estrat��gia baseia-se os seguintes valores chave:, respeito pelas diversidades; sensibilidade para as quest��es s��cio-cultura-religiosa e de g��nero; promo����o da dignidade da sociedade; respeito pelos direitos humanoss.. Os 'seis pontos estrat��gicos' s��o: envolvimento das principais partes interessadas e cria����o de colabora����o intersectorial coordenada; fornecimento de cuidados ��s pessoas que fazem tentativas de suic��dio e ��s suas fam��lias; melhoria dos servi��os para pessoas com doen��a mental e problemas psicossociais; promover uma comunica����o e imagem adequada dos comportamentos suicidas, pelos meios de comunica����o; reduzir o acesso aos meios de suic��dio e coligir informa����o sobre as taxas de suic��dio, os fatores de risco, os fatores protetores e as interven����es eficazes. A estrat��gia nacional de preven����o do suic��dio ser�� inicialmente implementada por 5 anos, com uma avalia����o anual do plano de ac����o para entender os seus pontos fortes e limita����es. Recomenda����es e sugest��es ser��o incorporadas nos pr��xima planos anuais para uma interven����o eficaz. Um sistema de monitoriza����o ir�� medir o progresso na implementa����o da estrat��gia.-----------------------------ABSTRACT: Suicide in Afghanistan is a public health priority. Afghanistan is a low-income country, emerging from three decades of conflicts. There is high prevalence of mental distress, mental disorders and substance abuse. There are multiple social issues, such as gender imbalance/violence, poverty, obsolete attitudes and customs, rapid social-cultural changes, human right violations, and especially women and children rights. These risk factors contribute to increase the vulnerability of the population for suicide. The relative high rate of suicide in Afghanistan is especially significant as the rates are low in all Islamic countries. Research studies have shown predominance of suicide in women (95%) and in young age people. There is an urgent need for the country to have a suicide prevention strategy. The strategy has been developed by establishing a multi-sectoral technical/advisory group of different stakeholders from government, NGOs, donor agencies, victim���s families, and interested parties. The strategy is based on the following key values, namely, respect for diversities; sensitiveness to socio-culture-religious and gender issues; promotion of the society dignity and respect for the human rights of people. The six ���Strategic directions��� are: involving key stakeholders and creating coordinated inter-sectoral collaboration; providing after care for people making a suicide attempt and their families; improving services for people with mental disorders and psycho-social problems; promoting the safe reporting and image of suicidal behaviour by media; reducing access to the means of suicide and gathering information about suicide rates, risk factor, protective factors and effective interventions. The National Suicide Prevention Strategy will be initially implemented for 5 years, with an annual evaluation of the action plan to understand the strengths and limitations. Recommendations and suggestions will be incorporated into the next annual plans for effective intervention. A monitoring framework will measure progress in implementing the strategy.