Adesão ao tratamento da hipertensão arterial por idosos da ESF São Vicente

A Hipertensão Arterial Sistémica é um problema de saúde pública cujo controle, de forma continuada, visa prevenção de alterações irreversíveis no organismo e relacionadas a morbimortalidade cardiovascular. O controle da Hipertensão Arterial está diretamente relacionado ao grau de adesão do paciente ao regime terapêutico, seja ele medicamentoso ou não. A área de abrangência da ESF São Vicente, dentre seus principais problemas de saúde, possui como destaque a Hipertensão Arterial e a adesão ao tratamento da mesma principalmente na população idosa pelo seu predomínio. Portanto, o estudo tem por objetivo elaborar um projeto de intervenção para aumentar a adesão ao tratamento de pacientes idosos hipertensos. Para o desenvolvimento do Plano de Intervenção será utilizado o Método do Planejamento Estratégico Situacional - PES. Portanto, foram realizadas entrevistas individuais semanais, com os pacientes portadores de HAS, abordando questões relativas às características sóciodemográficas, clínicas, cumprimento do tratamento não farmacológico e farmacológico e elementos intervenientes na sua adesão terapêutica. As ações de intervenção consistiram em práticas de educação em saúde com os usuários, a família e os profissionais por meio de palestras, oficinas temáticas, consultas educativas, criação de espaços para discussão de dúvidas e realização de consulta interdisciplinar com auxilio da psicologia, fisioterapia e educação física. Não obstante, os resultados obtidos através da implantação de programas efetivos de educação em hipertensão com estímulo ao autocuidado e as modificações do estilo de vida são notadamente positivos, sobrepondo os custos relacionados à sua implementação. Os resultados de este projeto apontam que é necessária uma constante e criteriosa avaliação dos determinantes da adesão e não da adesão do tratamento do paciente envelhecido, de forma a estabelecer estratégias para reduzir ou eliminar a não adesão e proporcionar promoção à saúde, longevidade a essa população com qualidade de vida

Dificuldade de controle e adesão ao tratamento de doenças crônicas - hipertensão e diabetes - em uma Unidade de Saúde de Girau do Ponciano - Alagoas

A Unidade Básica de Saúde Paraná está localizada no povoado Paraná, zona rural de Girau do Ponciano, PSF número XIII, e serve como porta de entrada no sistema de saúde, exceto nos casos de urgência e emergência.Atendecerca de 650 famílias distribuídas em 19 povoados circunvizinhos. Em relação às doenças mais prevalentes, observa-se a dificuldade em controlar algumas doenças crônicas, como as cardiovasculares, principalmente Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica (HAS) e Diabetes Mellitus (DM).O baixo nível socioeconômico e cultural da comunidade dificulta o entendimento sobre a continuidade do tratamento de doenças crônicas, através de mudança do estilo de vida e terapia medicamentosa contínua. Por serem considerados problema de saúde pública com curso assintomático, evolução clínica lenta e prolongada, o controle e a adesão ao tratamento da HAS e DM deve ser minucioso, pois tendem a evoluir com complicações em longo prazo. Devido à prevalência dessas doenças na comunidade e a grande dificuldade de controle dos seus parâmetros ideais, foi realizado o projeto de intervenção, baseado na verificação dos prontuários e na observação da conduta dos pacientes frente às orientações dos profissionais de saúde. Cabe aos profissionais de saúde encontrar soluções para diminuir as barreiras entre os usuários e o sistema de saúde, favorecendo a adesão ao tratamento, mostrando seus benefícios e adotando uma visão holística do portador de HAS e DM

Adesão ao tratamento da diabetes mellitus: possibilidade de readequação da realidade situacional de uma Unidade de saúde

Com o envelhecimento da população as doenças crônicas estão aumentando sua prevalência contribuindo consideravelmente para a morbidade e mortalidade da população. Entre essas, o diabetes mellitus apresenta uma diversidade de fatores que contribuem para níveis aumentados de glicemia. E é uma das principais causas de alterações sistêmicas, prejudiciais a órgãos como o coração, rins e cérebro, elevando o risco de doenças cardiovasculares. Os tratamentos farmacológicos e não farmacológicos são estratégias terapêuticas importantes para controle das lesões em órgãos-alvos e redução das complicações. Para isso é importante a ação dos profissionais de saúde para promover a adesão do paciente à terapêutica, tendo em vista a complexidade das transformações na vida do mesmo. Neste sentido, na Unidade Básica de Saúde da Família (UBSF) Miranda II de Araguari (MG), 3,5 % dos pacientes da área de abrangência é diabético, cerca de 70% faz acompanhamento médico periódico, sendo que do total de pacientes, em torno de 40% apenas possuem controle adequado dos níveis. A adesão aos esquemas terapêuticos estabelecidos, não medicamentoso e/ou medicamentoso contribui para o controle inadequado da doença. Diante da realidade demonstrada, objetiva-se propor um projeto de intervenção definindo os motivos que dificultam a adesão ao tratamento do diabetes mellitus, levando-se em consideração os pacientes em sua realidade social e os profissionais de saúde. Para isso, a Equipe de Saúde da UBSF Miranda II trabalhou com o Planejamento Estratégico Situacional Simplificado, realizando o diagnóstico situacional, a revisão bibliográfica e a construção do Plano de Ação. Para o acompanhamento do projeto de intervenção, foram elaboradas planilhas simplificadas. O projeto possui como finalidade promover um acompanhamento mais próximo dos pacientes diabéticos, aumentando a adesão ao tratamento evitando-se as complicações. Além disso, objetiva-se orientar a equipe de saúde a solucionar as demandas da população a partir de uma educação permanente tornando as ações da mesma, mais eficazes.

Tabagismo: Tratamento na atenção básica

O vídeo fala sobre o tratamento do tabagismo na atenção básica, indicadores do tabagismo, apoio medicamentoso, aquisição de medicamentos e os municípios capacitados e implantados para o tratamento do fumante.

Método para avaliação da conduta visual de lactentes

The purpose of this study is to introduce a method to evaluate visual functions in infants in the first three months of life. An adaptation of the Guide for the Assessment of Visual Ability in Infants (Gagliardo, 1997) was used. The instrument was a ring with string. It was implemented a pilot study with 33 infants, selected according to the following criteria: neonates well enough to go home within two days of birth; 1 to 3 months of chronological age; monthly evaluation with no absence; subjects living in Campinas/SP metropolitan area. In the first month we observed: visual fixation (93,9%); eye contact (90,9%); horizontal tracking (72,7%); inspects surroundings (97,0%). In the third month, we observed: inspects own hands (42,4%) and increased movements of arms (36,4%). This method allowed the evaluation of visual functions in infants, according to the chronological age. Alterations in this function will facilitate immediate referral to medical services for diagnoses.

PARAFAC: uma ferramenta quimiométrica para tratamento de dados multidimensionais. Aplicações na determinação direta de fármacos em plasma humano por espectrofluorimetria

Since the last decade, the combined use of chemometrics and molecular spectroscopic techniques has become a new alternative for direct drug determination, without the need of physical separation. Among the new methodologies developed, the application of PARAFAC in the decomposition of spectrofluorimetric data should be highlighted. The first objective of this article is to describe the theoretical basis of PARAFAC. For this purpose, a discussion about the order of chemometric methods used in multivariate calibration and the development of multi-dimensional methods is presented first. The other objective of this article is to divulge for the Brazilian chemical community the potential of the combination PARAFAC/spectrofluorimetry for the determination of drugs in complex biological matrices. For this purpose, two applications aiming at determining, respectively, doxorrubicine and salicylate in human plasma are presented.

Avaliação da qualidade de vida em pacientes idosos um ano após o tratamento cirúrgico de fraturas transtrocanterianas do fêmur

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the impact that trochanteric hip fractures produce on life quality of elderly patients, treated surgically, during one year of monitoring. METHODS: Were selected 73 elderly with transtrochanteric femur fracture, aged equal or over than 65 years and of both sexes. All participants underwent a standardized questionnaire which obtained information on lifestyle habits, functionality, physical activity, ambulation and cognitive state. Were excluded patients who died, not walking, with neurological diseases and pathological fractures. RESULTS: The average age was 80.17 ± 7.2 years and 75% was female. When comparing the summation of activities of daily living (p = 0.04) and instrumental daily living (p = 0.004) obtained before and after fracture, the patients become more dependent after fracture. Activities of daily living that worsened after fracture were bathing (p = 0.04), toileting (p = 0.02) and dressing (p = 0.04). All instrumental activities of daily living showed a significant difference, with functional dependence after fracture, increased need for walking aid (p = 0.00002), aged (p = 0.01) and not doing housework (p = 0.01). The low score on the test Minimental was associated with a greater dependence to perform activities of daily living before (p = 0.00002) and after (p = 0.01) fracture. CONCLUSION: After a year, activities of daily living that depended on the lower limbs worsened significantly, all instrumental activities of daily living were significantly worse in more than 50% of patients and more than half of patients who walked without support lost this ability.

Sistema MINUS® - técnica minimamente invasiva para o tratamento das fraturas transtrocanterianas do fêmur

The MINUS system was developed as a minimally invasive procedure that uses a diaphyseal cephalic extramedullary implant for the treatment of transtrochanteral fractures of the femur in elderly patients. The implant consists of a sliding screw coupled to a plate adapted to the minimally invasive technique. The surgical access is approximately three centimeters in length located on the lateral surface of the hip, below the projection of the small trochanter. A perfectly adapted instrument was used for the procedure, which also requires the use of an image intensifier, reducing surgery time and rate of bleeding. The objective of this study is to present a new instrument and implant, developed specifically for treatment with the minimally invasive technique, reducing the length of the conventional surgical access from 10 to three centimetres. This new implant was given the commercial name of MINUS System.

O comportamento de crianças em tratamento odontológico: intervenção psicofarmacológica

The present investigation evaluated the effects of diazepam used to manage uncooperative behavior of child dental patients. Six participants received placebo or diazepam (0,3 mg/kg weight) before formal dental treatment at total 54 sessions that were all recorded in videotapes. The analysis of recorded child (crying, body and/or head movements, escape and avoidance) and dentist's behavior management procedures (distraction, explanation, positive reinforcement) indicates no differences by using a double-blind Wilcoxon design (p>0.05). It is suggested the necessity of methodological refinement in studies that combine psychological and pharmacological handling strategies.

Medo, ansiedade e controle relacionados ao tratamento odontológico

The aim of this study was to test fear, anxiety and control related to dental treatment. The subjects were 364 children with ages between 7 and 13 years. Three questionnaires with multiple choice questions were applied in groups of 10 children. The first instrument was the 15-item dental subscale from the Children’s Fear Survey Schedule9. The subjects rated their level of fear on a 5-point scale. The second survey instrument was the 20-item subscale from the State Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children16. This measure was used to capture how anxious the child was, in general. The third instrument was the Child Dental Control Assessment19. It contained 20 items to assess perceived control and 20 items to assess desired control. The results of the survey indicated that dental fear and anxiety were slightly higher for females when compared with male subjects (P < 0.05). Older children (11 to 13 years old) obtained higher fear scores than younger ones (7 to 9 years old). Concerning perceived control, the results indicate that younger children perceive more control than older ones. For desired control, the results indicate that younger children reported higher percentages than older ones. In this study, patients who had undergone anesthesia during treatment revealed higher fear scores when compared with those who had not. Dental fear etiology seems to be related to a procedure that may involve pain or lack of control.

Atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of pathological aggression in children and adolescents: literature review and clinical recommendations

Objective: To review the literature about the use of atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of pathological aggression in children and adolescents. Method: The databases MEDLINE, SciELO, and LILACS were searched for publications in Portuguese or English from 1992 to August 2011 using the following keywords: mental disease, child, adolescent, treatment, atypical antipsychotic, aggressive behavior, aggression, and violent behavior. Results: Sixty-seven studies of good methodological quality and clinical interest and relevance were identified. Studies including children and adolescents were relatively limited, because few atypical antipsychotics have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). All the medications included in this review (risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, ziprasidone, aripiprazole and clozapine) have some effectiveness in treating aggression in children and adolescents, and choices should be based on clinical indications and side effects. Conclusions: There are few studies about the effectiveness and safety of atypical antipsychotics for the pediatric population, and further randomized controlled studies with larger groups of patients and more diagnostic categories, such as severe conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder, should be conducted to confirm the results reported up to date and to evaluate the impact of long-term use.

Diabetologia intervencional: uma nova abordagem para o tratamento cirúrgico do diabetes tipo 2

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Consenso brasileiro para a abordagem clínica e tratamento do hipotireoidismo subclínico em adultos: recomendações do Departamento de Tireoide da Sociedade Brasileira de Endocrinologia e Metabologia

INTRODUCTION: Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH), defined as elevated concentrations of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) despite normal levels of thyroid hormones, is highly prevalent in Brazil, especially among women and the elderly. Although an increasing number of studies have related SCH to an increased risk of coronary artery disease and mortality, there have been no randomized clinical trials verifying the benefit of levothyroxine treatment in reducing these risks, and the treatment remains controversial. OBJECTIVE: This consensus, sponsored by the Thyroid Department of the Brazilian Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism and developed by Brazilian experts with extensive clinical experience with thyroid diseases, presents these recommendations based on evidence for the clinical management of SCH patients in Brazil. MATERIALS AND METHODS: After structuring the clinical questions, the search for evidence in the literature was initially performed in the MedLine-PubMed database and later in the Embase and SciELO - Lilacs databases. The strength of evidence was evaluated according to the Oxford classification system and established based on the experimental design used, considering the best available evidence for each question and the Brazilian experience. RESULTS: The topics covered included SCH definition and diagnosis, natural history, clinical significance, treatment and pregnancy, and the consensus issued 29 recommendations for the clinical management of adult patients with SCH. CONCLUSION: Treatment with levothyroxine was recommended for all patients with persistent SCH with serum TSH values > 10 mU/L and for certain patient subgroups.

Politetrafluoroetileno e esclera humana no tratamento cirúrgico de perfuração escleral em coelhos

Purpose: An experimental study to evaluate the behavior of polytetrafluoroethylene (Gore-Tex®) compared with human sclera, in scleral perforations induced in rabbits eyes was performed. Methods: Twenty-two eyes of rabbits were submitted to scleral perforation followed by Gore-Tex® graft in the left eye and human sclera graft in the right eye respectively. During one month the postoperative evolution was analyzed every day: intensity of hyperemia, presence of infection, secretion, rejection and tonicity of the eyes. Results: No cases of secretion, infection or rejection were observed. The histological sections showed fibrosis in the eyes with Gore-Tex®, good adhesion and epithelization. Conclusion: The Gore-Tex® showed to be a plausible material to be used as graft in scleral defects with some advantages such as easy obtention, good handling and durability.

Avaliação e conduta em escolares portadores de visão subnormal atendidos em sala de recursos

Purpose: To identify improvement in visual performance of low vision students after assessment and management conducted at the Low Vision Service of State University of Campinas (UNICAMP). Method: Fourteen low vision students aged six to 30 years, attended in a room with resources for visual deficiency in Americana and Santa Bárbara d'Oeste -- SP during 1998 received complete ophthalmologic examination, specialized low vision assessment and educational intervention. Results: The most prevalent cause of vision loss was operated congenital cataract with four cases (28.6%), followed by congenital bilateral toxoplasmic macular scars and eye malformation, both with two cases (14.3%) cases each. Eight students (57.2%) had acuity classified as severe vision loss, four (28.6%) profound, one (7.1%) moderate and one (7.1%) nearly normal vision. Twelve (85.7%) were behind expected school grade. Optical aids were prescribed for 12 (85.8%) students but only 7 (58.3%) acquired the aids thus improving significantly their school performance. Conclusion: All students improved school performance even considering that 12 (85.7%) had severe to profound vision loss. As a group their performance could even be better if the optical aid prescriptions were acquired by all. This indicates the need of a social work to support such needs. For good results at school and effective student inclusion a partnership between school, family and specialized education is necessary. We recommend to promote the benefits of the resource room.