Les colònies d'estiuejants (1865-1936)

Article dedicat a les colònies d'estiuejants de final del segle XIX i primeres dècades del XX a la comarca de la Selva

The undergraduate level (1st study cycle) as a fundamental platform/ standard for the development of Urban and Regional Planning in higher education programs

The ongoing reforms, which were introduced under the Bologna Process and have already been extended outside of Europe , are a unique opportunity for reinforcing and structuring a common platform of understanding among members, based on the full time undergraduate courses in ( Urbanismo) Urban and Regional Planning. The training programs at this 1st cycle level, will obviously continue with the 2nd and 3rd cycles (Bachelor's Degree, Master's Degree and PhD Degree or 3+2+3 years). The training programs at this full time 1st cycle level, can also becomes the framework of understanding for the development of research in the urban fields at national and international levels.

La asimilación de la filosofía útil en Nueva Granada: el caso de José Félix de Restrepo, 1773-1791

Esta tesis investiga la asimilación de la filosofía útil en la Nueva Granada, a través del caso de José Félix de Restrepo, entre 1773 y 1791. En aras de contribuir al estudio de uno de los ámbitos de la Ilustración, el educativo. De tal manera, esta tesis se encuentra compuesta por dos capítulos. El primer capítulo está dedicado a la formación educativa de José Félix de Restrepo en la ciudad de Santa fe. Aquí, tengo en cuenta la tensión que se gestó desde mediados del siglo XVIII entre el canon escolástico y el canon moderno de educación. Tensión que marcó la formación de Restrepo y que lo llevó en su primer periodo como docente a enfrentar múltiples desafíos. Mientras que en el segundo capítulo estudio la estadía de Restrepo en Popayán, luego de haber pasado por un proceso de apropiación de la filosofía útil en Santafé, y la forma en la que durante sus tres periodos de clases logró difundir en sus estudiantes los conocimientos adquiridos en el Colegio de San Bartolomé. Conocimientos que contribuyeron significativamente a que en una ciudad donde no residió el centro de poder, es decir periférica, como Popayán, se fuera estableciendo un “nuevo polo de apropiación del pensamiento experimentalista”.

La asimilación de la filosofía útil en Nueva Granada: el caso de José Félix de Restrepo, 1773-1791

La inserción de la ciencia en el virreinato de la Nueva Granada a partir de las reformas escolares de finales del siglo XVIII ha sido tema de amplio debate en la historiografía universitaria colombiana. Este libro, precisamente, inserta el caso de José Félix de Restrepo a esta discusión, investigando cómo fue la asimilación y la difusión de la «filosofía útil» en su experiencia como estudiante y catedrático, durante las transformaciones que sufrió la educación luego de la expulsión de los jesuitas. José Félix de Restrepo fue una importante figura cultural y política de finales del siglo XVIII y de los primeros años del siglo XIX. Si bien no fue un pensador destacado, como sí lo fueron muchos de sus estudiantes, es innegable su labor como educador y difusor de la ciencia a finales del período colonial. Por esta razón, el rastreo de sus actividades educativas entre 1773 y 1791 es una importante fuente histórica para entender el dinamismo con el que la ciencia se insertó en los programas educativos de los colegios coloniales.

Bt cotton, pesticides, labour and health - A case study of smallholder farmers in the Makhathini Flats, Republic of South Africa

This paper describes some of the results of a detailed farm-level survey of 32 small-scale cotton farmers in the Makhathini Flats region of South Africa. The aim was to assess and measure some of the impacts (especially in terms of savings in pesticide and labour as well as benefits to human health) attributable to the use of insect-tolerant Bt cotton. The study reveals a direct cost benefit for Bt growers of SAR416 ($51) per hectare per season due to a reduction in the number of insecticide applications. Cost savings emerged in the form of lower requirements for pesticide, but also important were reduced requirements for water and labour. The reduction in the number of sprays was particularly beneficial to women who do some spraying and children who collect water and assist in spraying. The increasing adoption rate of Bt cotton appears to have a health benefit measured in terms of reported rates of accidental insecticide poisoning. These appear to be declining as the uptake of Bt cotton increases. However, the understanding of refugia and their management by local farmers are deficient and need improving. Finally, Bt cotton growers emerge as more resilient in absorbing price fluctuations.

Economic impact of genetically modified cotton in India

This paper presents the results of a study aimed at measuring the economic impact of genetically modified cotton in Maharashtra State, India. It is the first study of its kind in India in that the data have been collected from farmers growing the crop under market conditions, rather than from trials. The research compares the performance of more than 9,000 Bt and non-Bt cotton farm plots in Maharashtra over the 2002 and 2003 growing seasons. Results show that Bt cotton varieties have had a significant positive impact on average yields and on the economic performance of cotton growers.

Explaining contradictory evidence regarding impacts of genetically modified crops in developing countries. Varietal performance of transgenic cotton in India

A study of the commercial growing of different varieties of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cotton compares the performance of growing official and unofficial hybrid varieties of Bt cotton and conventional (non-Bt) hybrids in Gujarat by 622 farmers. Results suggest that the official Bt varieties (MECH 12 and MECH 162) significantly outperform the unofficial varieties. However, unofficial, locally produced Bt hybrids can also perform significantly better than non-Bt hybrids, although second generation (F-2) Bt seed appears to have no yield advantage compared to non-Bt hybrids but can save on insecticide use. Although hybrid vigour is reduced, or even lost, with F-2 seed the Bt gene still confers some advantage. The F-2 seed is regarded as 'GM' by the farmers (and is sold as such), even though its yield performance is little better than the non-GM hybrids. The results help to explain why there is so much confusion arising from GM cotton release in India.