Efficacy of a cognitive and behavioural psychotherapy applied by primary care psychologists in patients with mixed anxiety-depressive disorder: a research protocol

Background: In contrast with the recommendations of clinical practice guidelines, the most common treatment for anxiety and depressive disorders in primary care is pharmacological. The aim of this study is to assess the efficacy of a cognitive-behavioural psychological intervention, delivered by primary care psychologists in patients with mixed anxiety-depressive disorder compared to usual care. Methods/Design: This is an open-label, multicentre, randomized, and controlled study with two parallel groups. A random sample of 246 patients will be recruited with mild-to-moderate mixed anxiety-depressive disorder, from the target population on the lists of 41 primary care doctors. Patients will be randomly assigned to the intervention group, who will receive standardised cognitive-behavioural therapy delivered by psychologists together with usual care, or to a control group, who will receive usual care alone. The cognitive-behavioural therapy intervention is composed of eight individual 60-minute face-to face sessions conducted in eight consecutive weeks. A follow-up session will be conducted over the telephone, for reinforcement or referral as appropriate, 6 months after the intervention, as required. The primary outcome variable will be the change in scores on the Short Form-36 General Health Survey. We will also measure the change in the frequency and intensity of anxiety symptoms (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory) and depression (Beck Depression Inventory) at baseline, and 3, 6 and 12 months later. Additionally, we will collect information on the use of drugs and health care services. Discussion: The aim of this study is to assess the efficacy of a primary care-based cognitive-behavioural psychological intervention in patients with mixed anxiety-depressive disorder. The international scientific evidence has demonstrated the need for psychologists in primary care. However, given the differences between health policies and health services, it is important to test the effect of these psychological interventions in our geographical setting.

Pretreatment with Resveratrol Prevents Neuronal Injury and Cognitive Deficits Induced by Perinatal Hypoxia-Ischemia in Rats

Despite advances in neonatal care, hypoxic-ischemic brain injury is still a serious clinical problem, which is responsible for many cases of perinatal mortality, cerebral palsy, motor impairment and cognitive deficits. Resveratrol, a natural polyphenol with important anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, is present in grapevines, peanuts and pomegranates. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the possible neuroprotective effect of resveratrol when administered before or immediately after a hypoxic-ischemic brain event in neonatal rats by analyzing brain damage, the mitochondrial status and long-term cognitive impairment. Our results indicate that pretreatment with resveratrol protects against brain damage, reducing infarct volume, preserving myelination and minimizing the astroglial reactive response. Moreover its neuroprotective effect was found to be long lasting, as behavioral outcomes were significantly improved at adulthood. We speculate that one of the mechanisms for this neuroprotection may be related to the maintenance of the mitochondrial inner membrane integrity and potential, and to the reduction of reactive oxygen species. Curiously, none of these protective features was observed when resveratrol was administered immediately after hypoxia-ischemia.

O sentido da técnica e a técnica sem sentido: dilemas do ato médico na hipermodernidade

A modernidade caracteriza-se por um período em que ocorreram profundas revoluções em curtos intervalos de tempo. Nela, o mundo analógico foi substituído, gradativamente, pelo digital e o mundo material passou a dividir espaço com a realidade virtual. Inicialmente representada pelo mito prometeico, a modernidade foi tomada pelo impulso fáustico que hoje se traduz no desejo de recriar a condição humana. Os tecnoprofetas da Inteligência Artificial anunciam para breve as maravilhas da pós-humanidade e se ocupam com criação de máquinas espirituais que, acreditam eles, libertarão o homem de sua condição orgânica. Ciente de que a sociedade se organiza em torno da ótica tecnocientífica e de que as inovações alteram significativamente o modo como a maioria dos seres humanos se relaciona com o tempo, com o espaço e com a vida, este estudo discute o modelo de desenvolvimento tecnológico, por entender que ele não mais constitui assunto de domínio exclusivamente técnico, mas, também, de interesse político. Ademais, com vistas a problematizar o que dá sentido à técnica, faz-se uma crítica ao modelo atual, no qual ela, a técnica, subordinada à razão intrumental, funciona como instrumento de alienação e discute as condições necessárias a sua democratização. O estudo começa examinando dois fenômenos considerados determinantes na configuração do cenário atual: o capitalismo cognitivo e a reificação-tecnológica, entendidos como construções monopolizadas pela ótica capital-tecnocientífica. A seguir, faz-se uma análise sobre as noções de técnica, tecnologia e razão técnica e discute-se o impacto do desenvolvimento tecnológico no ato médico. A medicina representa uma atividade de grande valor social para o bem estar humano, embora, nas últimas décadas, venha enfrentando uma quebra no vínculo de confiança entre médicos e pacientes, além de uma crise na identidade desse profissional que hoje enfrenta dificuldades para preservar sua autonomia, face ao mercado das novas tecnologias e estratégias de gestão. Nesse contexto, surgem novas questões a serem elaboradas e a serem respondidas por diferentes atores e áreas de conhecimento da sociedade que desejem contribuir com reflexões e propostas que façam frente aos problemas específicos de nosso tempo. O trabalho sugere, ainda, que noções como Vontade - no sentido arendtiano, ou como o Olhar atento - Josep Esquiról e como Habilidade artesanal - Richard Sennett, podem nos ajudar a compreender as incumbências de uma re-orientação ética, se quisermos construir um diálogo com a razão tecnocientífica em prol da liberdade humana.

Optimal control predicts human performance on objects with internal degrees of freedom.

On a daily basis, humans interact with a vast range of objects and tools. A class of tasks, which can pose a serious challenge to our motor skills, are those that involve manipulating objects with internal degrees of freedom, such as when folding laundry or using a lasso. Here, we use the framework of optimal feedback control to make predictions of how humans should interact with such objects. We confirm the predictions experimentally in a two-dimensional object manipulation task, in which subjects learned to control six different objects with complex dynamics. We show that the non-intuitive behavior observed when controlling objects with internal degrees of freedom can be accounted for by a simple cost function representing a trade-off between effort and accuracy. In addition to using a simple linear, point-mass optimal control model, we also used an optimal control model, which considers the non-linear dynamics of the human arm. We find that the more realistic optimal control model captures aspects of the data that cannot be accounted for by the linear model or other previous theories of motor control. The results suggest that our everyday interactions with objects can be understood by optimality principles and advocate the use of more realistic optimal control models for the study of human motor neuroscience.

Addressing the cognitive and social influence inhibitors during the ideation stages of technology roadmapping workshops

Technology roadmapping workshops are essentially a social mechanism for exploring, creating, shaping and implementing ideas. The front-end of a roadmapping session is based on brainstorming in order to tap into the group's diverse knowledge. The aim of this idea stimulation activity is to capture and share as many perspectives as possible across the full scope of the area of interest. The premise to such group brainstorming is that the sharing and exchange of ideas leads to cognitive stimulation resulting in a greater overall group idea generation performance in terms of the number, variety and originality of ideas. However, it must be recognized that the ideation stage in a roadmapping workshop is a complex psychosocial phenomenon with underlying cognitive and social processes. Thus, there are downsides to group interactions and these must be addressed in order to fully benefit from the power of a roadmapping workshop. This paper will highlight and discuss the key cognitive and social inhibitors involved. These include: production blocking, evaluation apprehension, free riding/social loafing, low norm setting/matching. Facilitation actions and process adjustments to counter such negative factors will be identified so as to provide a psychosocial basis for improving the running of roadmapping workshops. © 2009 PICMET.

Modelling cognitive impairment to improve universal access

The purpose of this study is to develop a model of cognitive impairment to help designers consider the range of issues which affect the lives of people living with such impairment. A series of interviews with experts of cognitive impairment was conducted to describe and assess the links between specific medical conditions, including learning disability, specific learning difficulties, autistic spectrum disorders, traumatic brain injury and schizophrenia, and the types of cognitive impairment associated with them. The results reveal some of the most prevalent and serious types of impairment, which - when transformed into design guidance - will help designers make mainstream products more inclusive also for people with cognitive impairment. © 2011 Springer-Verlag.