Pay roll voucher #14 from the Engineer Department of Port Dalhousie and Thorold Railway Extension for the Southern Division for the month of April, 1857 approved by F. Shanly, chief engineer and Francis A. Doyle, assistant engineer, April 28, 1857

Pay roll voucher #14 from the Engineer Department of Port Dalhousie and Thorold Railway Extension for the Southern Division for the month of April, 1857 approved by F. Shanly, chief engineer and Francis A. Doyle, assistant engineer, April 28, 1857.

Pay roll voucher # 17 from the Engineer Department of Port Dalhousie and Thorold Railway Extension, for the Northern Division for the month of May, 1857, approved by F. Shanly, chief engineer and W.G. Thompson, assistant engineer, May 27, 1857

Pay roll voucher # 17 from the Engineer Department of Port Dalhousie and Thorold Railway Extension, for the Northern Division for the month of May, 1857, approved by F. Shanly, chief engineer and W.G. Thompson, assistant engineer, May 27, 1857.

Pay roll voucher #16 from the Engineer Department of Port Dalhousie and Thorold Railway Extension, for the office approved by F. Shanly, chief engineer, May 30, 1857

Pay roll voucher #16 from the Engineer Department of Port Dalhousie and Thorold Railway Extension, for the office approved by F. Shanly, chief engineer, May 30, 1857.

Pay roll voucher #18 from the Engineer Department of Port Dalhousie and Thorold Railway Extension, for the Southern Division approved by F. Shanly, chief engineer and F.A. Doyle assistant engineer, May 31, 1857

Pay roll voucher #18 from the Engineer Department of Port Dalhousie and Thorold Railway Extension, for the Southern Division approved by F. Shanly, chief engineer and F.A. Doyle assistant engineer, May 31, 1857.

Pay roll voucher #20 from the Engineer Department of Port Dalhousie and Thorold Railway Extension, for the Northern Division approved by F. Shanly, chief engineer and W.G. Thompson, assistant engineer (copy) June 1857

Pay roll voucher #20 from the Engineer Department of Port Dalhousie and Thorold Railway Extension, for the Northern Division approved by F. Shanly, chief engineer and W.G. Thompson, assistant engineer (copy) June 1857.

Pay roll voucher #21 from the Engineer Department of Port Dalhousie and Thorold Railway Extension, for the Southern Division approved by F. Shanly, chief engineer and Francis A. Doyle, assistant engineer (copy) June 29, 1857

Pay roll voucher #21 from the Engineer Department of Port Dalhousie and Thorold Railway Extension, for the Southern Division approved by F. Shanly, chief engineer and Francis A. Doyle, assistant engineer (copy) June 29, 1857.

Pay roll voucher #19 from the Port Dalhousie and Thorold Railway Extension, for the office approved by F. Shanly, chief engineer (copy), July 1, 1857

Pay roll voucher #19 from the Port Dalhousie and Thorold Railway Extension, for the office approved by F. Shanly, chief engineer (copy), July 1, 1857.

Pay roll voucher #26 from the Engineer Department of Port Dalhousie and Thorold Railway Extension, for the Southern Division, for the month of July, 1857 approved by F. Shanly, chief engineer and Francis A. Doyle (copy), July 28, 1857

Pay roll voucher #26 from the Engineer Department of Port Dalhousie and Thorold Railway Extension, for the Southern Division, for the month of July, 1857 approved by F. Shanly, chief engineer and Francis A. Doyle (copy), July 28, 1857.

Pay roll voucher #24 from the Engineer Department of Port Dalhousie and Thorold Railway Extension, for the office, for the month of July, 1857 approved by F. Shanly, chief engineer (copy), July 31, 1857

Pay roll voucher #24 from the Engineer Department of Port Dalhousie and Thorold Railway Extension, for the office, for the month of July, 1857 approved by F. Shanly, chief engineer (copy), July 31, 1857.

Pay roll voucher #25 from the Engineer Department of Port Dalhousie and Thorold Railway Extension, for the Northern Division, for the month of July, 1857 approved by F. Shanly, chief engineer and W. G. Thompson (copy), July 30, 1857

Pay roll voucher #25 from the Engineer Department of Port Dalhousie and Thorold Railway Extension, for the Northern Division, for the month of July, 1857 approved by F. Shanly, chief engineer and W. G. Thompson (copy), July 30, 1857.

Letter to the Welland Canal Office from Welland Woodruff, Government Director of the Welland Canal Company

Letter to the Welland Canal Office from Welland Woodruff, Government Director of the Welland Canal Company in which he dissents from giving an extension of time to the St. Catharines Water Power Company to extend the lease of water from this time. This is a copy of the original, March 11, 1837.

Letter to Mr. Welland D. Woodruff from Thos. Wiley, Architect, St. Catharines

Letter to Mr. Welland D. Woodruff from Thos. Wiley, Architect, St. Catharines regarding tenders for the proposed lily pond, May 17, 1916.

The chief American poets : selected poems by Bryant, Poe, Emerson, Jong fellow, whittier, Holmes, Lowell, Whitman and Lanier

UANL

Outlines of a System of polítical Economy; written with a view to prove to government and the country, that the cause of the present agricultural distress is entirely artificial..

UANL

The Backing of Government Debt and the Price Level

This paper studies the interdependence between fiscal and monetary policies, and their joint role in the determination of the price level. The government is characterized by a long-run fiscal policy rule whereby a given fraction of the outstanding debt, say d, is backed by the present discounted value of current and future primary surpluses. The remaining debt is backed by seigniorage revenue. The parameter d characterizes the interdependence between fiscal and monetary authorities. It is shown that in a standard monetary economy, this policy rule implies that the price level depends not only on the money stock, but also on the proportion of debt that is backed with money. Empirical estimates of d are obtained for OECD countries using data on nominal consumption, monetary base, and debt. Results indicate that debt plays only a minor role in the determination of the price level in these economies. Estimates of d correlate well with institutional measures of central bank independence.